二氧化碳气成藏的断裂控制作用

对二氧化碳(CO_2)气成藏来说,各种级别不同性能断裂的存在是必不可少的条件,按其在成藏过程中功能的不同可以分为成气、疏气、储气和封气四种类型。断裂对幔源-岩浆成因CO_2气最重要的作用是对幔源气的运移疏导作用。幔源CO存在于地下深处,其释放的途径有两种:一是没有岩浆喷发和侵入的情况下,沿深断裂直接释放;二是在岩浆喷溢、侵入过程中冷却时释放的幔源气,断裂作为岩浆喷溢、侵入的通道。岩浆活动为幔源型CO_2成藏提供了主力气源,深大断裂为CO_2提供了运聚的通道和赋存的空间。断裂对变质成因CO_2气的最重要的作用是对CO_2气的生成和疏导作用。在动力变质作用中,断裂活动的构造热使碳酸盐岩分解释放CO_2,压扭性断裂带与张启性断裂的交汇带即成为变质成因CO_2的生成与排放中心;在接触变质作用,断裂不仅作为岩浆或高温热液的通道使得围岩变质释放CO_2,而且也是变质成因CO_2运移释放的通道。     

接触变质条件下变碳酸岩CO2释放与定量计算——以郯庐断裂南段肥东县双山为例

为了探讨接触变质带内变碳酸盐岩变质过程CO₂释放的数量和排放CO₂的物理、化学及地质条件,根据递进变质反应和时间积分流体通量模型,定量分析和定量计算了双山地区变碳酸盐岩在接触变质作用中释放CO₂的通量。计算结果得到CO₂的通量值为0.729×104~2.446×104 mol/cm2,CO₂的来源以接触变质反应释放为主;CO₂的生成释放与变质程度呈正相关关系。自白云石带至方解石带变质流体中X_CO2不断升高,但钙铝榴石带由于岩浆水影响,流体通量最高而X_CO2急剧下降。      

脆韧性剪切带变碳酸盐岩CO2的释放能力：—以郯廊断裂系南段双山断裂为例

为求算经受动力变质作用岩石释放CO2的能力，特选择变碳酸岩区的一条脆韧性断层岩，对其进行构造蚀变岩石矿物学和地球化学分析，求得每100克碳酸质母岩在蚀变反应过程中可释放33．90克CO2气体分子，其质量占母岩质量的1／3；流体在岩石动力蚀变中起重要作用。     

广西灌阳地区碳酸盐岩层滑断裂构造地球化学系统

灌阳地区碳酸盐岩中的层滑断裂构造地球化学系统具有典型的结构分带性、变形二重性和成分互补性。在这个系统中存在着Cu→Fe3 →V→Si→Al→Mn→Ba→Ni→Sr→Ag→Bi→Ga→In→Pb→Fe2 →Cr→Co→Zn→Mg→Ca→CO2的稳定性递减序列。影响构造地球化学分异的因素是原岩的性质、应力、温度和流体。构造地球化学作用的基本类型有：动力分异作用、压溶作用和氧化还原作用。层滑断裂带并非还原环境，碳质富集源自有机碳的氧化。Sr是高应力环境同构造重结晶方解石带的特征元素，Zn是低应力环境裂隙充填型方解石脉的特征元素。     

阿尔泰海西造山带区域变质作用类型与地壳演化

新疆阿尔泰海西造山带主要发育两期区域变质作用.第一期变质作用属于区域低温动力变质作用类型,以形成低绿片岩相矿物组合为特征,变质温度较低,而应力作用较强,是造山作用初期热流活动较弱,构造变形强烈环境下的产物.第二期变质作用属于区域动力热流变质作用类型,以形成典型的递增变质带为特征.这一期代表造山作用主期热流活动强烈,伴随有构造变形和岩浆活动.不同的变质作用类型代表了不同的大地构造环境,记录了造山带的演化历史和动力学过程.     

鄂东北早元古代沉积变质锰矿元素矿物组合特征

鄂东北早元古代沉积变质锰矿是我国时代最古老的锰矿之一,是由早元古代锰质碳酸盐岩经区域变质作用而成,后又经风化富集形成工业矿床。由于特殊的地质构造背景和成矿作用的多阶段性,元素和矿物组合复杂,具有独特性。本文研究了各种组分的演变关系和元素集散因素,为锰质碳酸盐岩在高压绿片岩相区域动力变质及其后表生作用中的演变提供了一个实例。     

岩溶生物地球化学研究的进展与问题

在CO2-水-碳酸盐岩活跃的代谢体系中,由于参与岩溶作用过程的二氧化碳来源复杂,因而研究碳酸盐岩环境中二氧化碳在生物介导下所耦联的物质循环过程及其与全球变化的关系成为岩溶生物地球化学学科的主要内容,并使其成为现代岩溶学的重要分支。在分析国内外岩溶学、地球化学、生物学等交叉学科研究成果的基础上,本文简要评述了基于岩溶生物地球化学特性的水土流失与石漠化过程,碳酸盐岩矿物在生物作用下的化学风化、元素释放规律以及控制元素循环的界面过程,碳酸盐岩区土壤－大气界面下的气体循环及其控制因素和过程,碳酸盐岩区有机污染物在环境中的来源、分布规律与降解,微型生物在岩溶水体碳循环过程中的作用等主题的主要研究进展和存在的科学问题。因此,需要以CO2为核心把岩溶环境中不同尺度上生物有机体参与的地球化学过程联系起来,但人们对生物有机体是如何通过协同作用而改变岩溶环境的,还了解得很少。如果能查明碳酸盐岩一土壤一水一生物相互作用产生的功能,岩溶生物地球化学将进一步拓展CO2-水-碳酸盐岩相耦合的岩溶作用过程,并在岩溶资源领域和全球变化领域有广阔的应用前景。因此,岩溶生物地球化学需要多学科的协同研究,特别是加强生物过程与岩溶过程的耦合研究,方能解决岩溶领域存在的生态环境问题。      

桂西天峨—凤山地区碳酸盐岩台地韧性剪切变形带

桂西天峨—凤山地区泥盆纪至二叠纪碳酸盐岩台地相地层均不同程度地发生过韧性剪切变形变质作用。在碳酸盐岩台地边缘,主要沿石炭系、二叠系的一定层位,形成了一套浅变质强变形、面型展布的钙质韧性剪切变形带,剪切变形带由强、弱变形亚带及两者之间过渡亚带组成。显微镜下观察发现:强变形带内变质变形岩石具糜棱结构,韧性剪切变形构造发育,属糜棱岩系列。研究表明,区内钙质韧性剪切变形带属浅层次逆冲型,主要是弧—陆碰撞挤压构造环境下变形分解作用的产物。     

动力变质作用形成的天然气分析

动力变质作用导致岩石的机械破碎 ,在碳酸盐岩地区由于断裂的动力增温作用使得岩石发生变质反应释放出二氧化碳。同时在断裂发育过程中流体的参与、岩脉的热作用对碳酸盐岩的变质热分解也起了一定的作用 ,并使变质反应复杂化。我国东部郯庐断裂带范围内碳酸盐岩或其它类型的含碳岩石较为发育 ,并具备动力变质成气和成藏的有利地质条件。     

荣成地区特别富^18O的榴辉岩的成因

荣成地区的M类榴辉岩特别富集18O,这样富18O的榴辉岩在大别山-苏鲁超高压变质带还尚未见报导。异常高的δ18O值表明M类榴辉岩与围岩-大理岩在变质过程中发生过强烈的氧同位素交换。稳定同位素、流体包裹体等证据揭示氧同位素交换可能发生在超高压岩石的折返过程中,由于叠加的麻粒岩相退变质作用使同俯冲的新元古代海相碳酸盐岩发生了去碳酸盐化作用,产生了富CO2的变质流体。这种退变质流体特别富18O,成为M类榴辉岩与围岩碳酸盐岩交换的媒介。所观测到的M类榴辉岩内矿物之间,以及榴辉岩与围岩大理岩之间都基本达到了高温下的氧同位素平衡。由于荣成地区各类榴辉岩记录的变质温度普遍高于大别山和苏鲁南段的榴辉岩,因此这一地区的榴辉岩在折返过程中一般都叠加有麻粒岩相和／或角闪岩相的退变质作用。退变质流体,特别是麻粒岩相退变质期间产生的富CO2流体,是造成这一地区M类榴辉岩有别于其它地区M类榴辉岩-特别富18O的根源。     

造山带超高压变质流体中气体组成及成藏条件初探

传统的油气地质研究和勘探开发几乎都是集中在盆地,而造山带作为板(陆)块的碰撞、会聚带,为无机成因气形成和释放的有利场所,是天然气地质理论研究的一个新领域。本文利用激光拉曼探针技术对大别造山带超高压变质岩中流体包裹体进行了成分分析,结果表明超高压变质流体中不仅含有CO₂(>50%)、H₂、N₂、H₂S等,还有高含量的幔源烃类气(CH₄等,含量最高达23.6mol%)。同时,超高压变质带中还发育有浅层碳酸盐岩及其它含碳岩石经动力变质作用可形成大量的CO₂气。大别超高压变质带中具有无机成因气成藏的可能条件,带内广泛发育的推覆构造、韧性断层及糜棱岩可以作为无机成因气成藏的圈、盖和保存条件。本文成果可为油气地质研究和勘探开发提供新的思路、方向和领域。     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan-Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time--integrated fluid flux. The value (0.729- 2.446×104 mol/cm2) of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.     

Two Discrete UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts in the Central Orogenic Belt, China

INTRODUCTION Anew ultrahigh pressure ( UHP) metamorphicbelt ,the South Altun-North Qaidam-North QinlingUHP metamorphic belt ,has been recently discoveredand widely discussed by different workers (Yang J Set al .,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1998 ;Zhang J Xetal .,2002 ,1999 ; Zhang G et al .,2001 ; Hu et al .,1996 ,1995 ,1994) . Detailed studies have also beencarried out onthe Dabie-Sulu UHP/ HP metamorphicbelt inthe central orogenic belt (COB) of China (Gaoet al .,2002 ;Sun et al …     

超高压变质岩的全球分布与地球演化节律

高压、超高压变质作用不是一个局部的孤立的地质现象，而是一个时空跨度大、范围广、影响构造观的重要科学问题。文中讨论了世界上三类（１３个）典型超高压变质地区的地质学岩石学特点，从全球构造的角度研讨了超高压变质的时空分布，从而得到下列认识：（１）所有高压、超高压变质岩均分布于全球活动带及其次级褶皱带内，超高压变质岩常常保存于多期变质和变形的基底片麻岩块体中，与深位壳型剪切带关系密切。（２）现有的年代学资料说明大部分超高压变质带出现于显生宙不同时代的褶皱带（造山带）内。（３）超高压变质演化的多阶段性，说明了地球从收缩到膨胀的节律现象。（４）从欧亚大陆范围看来，从北而南，从陆到洋超高压变质有逐渐变新的趋势，可能说明欧亚大陆从中生代以来，有从大陆向大洋方向增生的总趋势。     

Structural boundaries and biotite and garnet 'isograds' in the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand

The Otago and Alpine Schist belts of southern New Zealand have traditionally been treated as structurally continuous metamorphic belts with minor modification by brittle faulting. Mapping of biotite and garnet isograds has been hindered by rock types unfavourable for index mineral growth. Closer examination of well-exposed boundaries between metamorphic zones shows that they juxtapose rocks of different type and structural history. Apparent structural continuity across these zones is due to development of a locally pervasive boundary-parallel foliation on both sides of the boundary, in a broad boundary zone (up to 2  km wide). This feature has implications for mapping and metamorphic petrology in other metamorphic belts, where structural continuity has traditionally been assumed. True metamorphic isograds may be rare, and metamorphic zones may more commonly represent structural slices of complex, tectonically disrupted metamorphic piles.     

扬子地块东北缘中元古代的大地构造

扬子地块东北缘存在四条主要的中元古代变质带，自南向北依次为江南变质带，沿江变质带，云台－张八岭变质带和连云港－泗阳变质带。它们分别为中元古代的古弧后盆地，火山岛弧，裂谷及弧前盆地。扬子地块东北缘中元古代为活动大陆边缘构造体系，苏胶变质造山带应解体，其中一部分属扬子大陆边缘体系。     

从Pb同位素组成看东秦岭官坡超高压变质岩片的走势

通过研究表明,东秦岭官坡超高压变质岩片具有较高的放射性成因铅同位素组成：^206Pb／^204Pb=18．089～18．772,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．571～15．631,^208Pb／^204Pb=38．299～38．829。其铅同位素组成与秦岭岩群及二郎岩坪群一致,而与大别超高压变质带有明显的区别。结合构造分析可以判断,东秦岭超高压变质带与大别超高压变质带是两个不同的构造带,中央造山带内可能至少发育有两条超高压变质带。     

Geophysical profiling across the Sulu ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China

The largest ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt in the world is located along the Dabie–Sulu region, which tectonically belongs to the east part of the central orogenic belt of China. Integrated geophysical investigations of using deep seismic reflection, MT, and geothermal observations have been carried out in the Sulu area since 1997. The results of integrated interpretation suggest the existence of three features: (1) a rift beneath the Lianshui basin by the Jiashan–Xionshui fault; (2) a special crustal pattern, called the magmatic multi-arch structure occurs beneath the northern Sulu UHPM zone; and (3) a northwest-dipping regional thrust crosses the Sulu crust, representing the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belts after collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. A magmatic multi-arch structure consists of some arched reflectors that occur in both the lower and the upper crust where arched reflectors coincide with granitoid plutons. The multi-arch structures are common in eastern China where many Mesozoic granitoid plutons of different scales occur. The crustal structures in the Sulu metamorphic belts resulted from intensive dynamic processes following the Triassic collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. The formation and exhumation of UHPM rocks followed the collision, and then intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Dabie–Sulu terranes took place in the early and middle Jurassic. In the late Jurassic, the Sulu lithosphere turned to an extensional regime, large-scale granitic intrusions occurred in eastern China; these likely resulted from lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric uplifting. The granitic intrusions came to a climax during the Cretaceous and were followed by rifting along existing faults in the early Eogene, resulting in many petroleum basins. The granitoid emplacement that generated the magmatic multi-arch structure and the rift were consequences of the lithospheric thinning process, and deep intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belt might partially contribute to the lithospheric thinning.     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan–Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time-integrated fluid flux. The value （0.729- 2.446×10^4 mol/cm^2） of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.