外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下葡萄几种抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物含量的影响

本文以二年生‘克瑞森’无核葡萄为材料,探明外源水杨酸（SA）对高温胁迫下葡萄体内几种酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的影响及其在抗高温胁迫中的作用。实验结果表明,与对照相比,外源SA可以促进高温胁迫下葡萄叶片内ASA和GSH含量的积累,维持较高的APX、GR、SOD、POD和CAT活性。外源SA可能通过提高高温胁迫下葡萄体内抗氧化水平,削弱了高温胁迫对葡萄植株的氧化胁迫伤害作用。     

木薯‘新选048’二倍体及其同源四倍体对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为研究不同倍性木薯对干旱胁迫耐受能力的差异,本研究以木薯品种‘新选048’二倍体及其同源四倍体盆栽苗为材料,设置不同程度的干旱胁迫,研究干旱对2个倍性木薯苗形态、渗透调节物质、抗氧化能力及内源激素的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加强,2个倍性的木薯叶片均出现下垂、萎蔫、变黄,进而干枯的症状,二倍体表现更为严重。可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)含量基本随着胁迫程度的加剧而逐渐增加,二倍体更为敏感,积累量大于四倍体。2个倍性材料的抗氧化相关指标基本随着干旱程度的加强而升高,四倍体总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比二倍体高,而过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比二倍体低。随着干旱程度的增加,2个倍性材料的赤霉素(GA)含量先上升后下降,在四倍体中的含量始终大于二倍体;吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量变化不规则;玉米素核苷(ZR)含量在二倍体中逐渐下降,而在四倍体中先轻微上升后下降,在四倍体中下降幅度较大,但ZR含量在四倍体中始终大于二倍体中的含量;脱落酸(ABA)含量先上升后下降,轻度胁迫下四倍体大于二倍体,其他程度胁迫下二倍体大于四倍体。综合分析,在干旱胁迫下,四倍体木薯产生较强的抗氧化能力,同时通过GA、ZR和ABA的协同作用,延长叶片的功能期,从而达到比二倍体抗旱的效果。     

UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

‘阳光玫瑰’雄性不育株花蕾发育期抗氧化酶活性和内源激素含量的变化北大核心CSCD

以葡萄品种‘阳光玫瑰’及其实生后代雄性不育株‘Y-14’为试材,研究花蕾发育期抗氧化酶活性和内源激素含量的变化,阐明葡萄雄性不育新种质的生理生化特征。结果表明:(1)与‘阳光玫瑰’相比,雄性不育株‘Y-14’花蕾的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增高。(2)‘Y-14’花蕾的生长素(IAA)含量高于‘阳光玫瑰’,而脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于‘阳光玫瑰’;‘Y-14’花蕾的赤霉素含量(GA_(3))在花蕾发育前期低于‘阳光玫瑰’,而其茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在后期显著低于‘阳光玫瑰’;‘Y-14’花蕾的反式玉米素核苷(TZR)含量较‘阳光玫瑰’偏低。(3)在单核早期,‘Y-14’花蕾的ABA含量变化平缓,而‘阳光玫瑰’的ABA含量急剧升高,与此同时GA_(3)含量开始高于‘阳光玫瑰’,而MeJA含量则在单核早期低于‘阳光玫瑰’且差异逐渐显著。研究认为,‘阳光玫瑰’实生后代不育株‘Y-14’花蕾发育期SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA、IAA、ABA、GA_(3)、MeJA含量异常变化可能导致了雄性不育的发生,而且单核早期可能是‘Y-14’雄性不育产生的关键时期。     

黄瓜花期高温胁迫对叶片衰老特性和内源激素的影响

为了研究黄瓜花期高温胁迫对植株叶片衰老特性及内源激素的影响,本研究以黄瓜‘南杂2号’(Nan ZaⅡ)品种为试材,利用人工气候箱设计3个温度处理:昼温/夜温分别为36℃/26℃、39℃/29℃、42℃/32℃,以昼温/夜温24℃/18℃为对照(CK),持续时间设计1、3、5和7 d。处理完成后分别测定黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量和顶芽内源激素含量。结果表明:42℃/32℃处理7 d时黄瓜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量,POD、SOD活性,顶芽IAA、GA3、ZT含量分别较CK降低了16.61%、23.17%、73.33%、17.89%、56.90%、94.16%、54.32%、90.68%;而叶片MDA含量、CAT活性和顶芽ABA含量分别较CK增加了62.66%、28.06%和294.35%;短期高温胁迫增加了黄瓜叶片的叶绿素含量,随着温度的升高,胁迫时间的延长叶片叶绿素b含量逐渐降低;短期高温胁迫增加了叶片抗氧化酶活性,随着高温胁迫的加剧,抗氧化酶活性表现出逐渐降低的趋势;高温胁迫下黄瓜顶芽ABA含量表现出增加的趋势,而IAA、GA3和ZT含量的变化则相反。本研究揭示了黄瓜花期高温胁迫下叶片衰老特性和内源激素含量的变化规律,为黄瓜栽培的温度管理提供科学依据。     

高温对水稻开花期剑叶抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响

以杂交水稻‘Ⅱ优838’为研究材料,检测了高温胁迫下‘Ⅱ优838’开花期剑叶中叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及SOD、CAT、POD基因的表达水平。结果显示,高温胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中叶绿素含量及叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的比值(Chl a/Chl b)降低且下降幅度显著低于‘冈优725’(对照);SOD和POD活性增高且增幅显著大于‘冈优725’,但CAT活性降低且降幅显著小于‘冈优725’;热胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中SOD、CAT和POD基因的表达量显著增加。说明‘Ⅱ优838’在开花期遭遇高温胁迫后能保持较高的光合效率,并通过提高抗氧化保护酶的基因表达水平以维持较高的活性来应答高温胁迫,这为深入剖析水稻高温胁迫下的生理反应和适应机理提供了参考。     

‘锦斛1号’铁皮石斛对干旱胁迫的生理响应

目的：探寻不同水分处理对‘锦斛1号’生长及生理生化指标的影响。方法：试验采用盆栽控水方法，测定持续性梯度干旱胁迫处理下‘锦斛1号’株高、茎粗、叶片含水量、根系活力、叶绿体色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、丙二醛含量，对‘锦斛1号’的栽培管理及抗旱选育提供理论基础。结果：干旱胁迫对‘锦斛1号’株高、茎粗、叶片含水量无显著影响，随着干旱程度加重，根系活力明显增强，叶绿体色素显著降低，过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低，过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈先下降后上升趋势，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性差异不大，丙二醛（MDA）含量减少，脯氨酸（Pro）含量先增加后减少，可溶性蛋白质含量减少，可溶性糖含量先增加后减少。结论：干旱胁迫下，‘锦斛1号’依靠CAT和SOD活性的增加来保护膜系统，通过积累可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质来维持较高的渗透压抵御干旱胁迫‘，锦斛1号’具有抵抗干旱胁迫的能力，且在重度干旱下仍能自我调节。     

锌钼营养对苦瓜产量、叶片多胺、激素含量与活性氧代谢的影响

苦瓜(株洲长白Momordica charantia cv．Zhuzhou Changbai)叶片喷施硫酸锌和钼酸钠均可显著增加苦瓜产量,提高叶片多胺(PAs)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,减少脱落酸(ABA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和自动氧化速率(AOR),从而抑制膜脂过氧化,延缓叶片衰老。苦瓜产量与叶片IAA、GA3、PAs、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著正相关,而与MDA、AOR、ABA呈极显著负相关,叶片MDA含量与ABA、AOR呈极显著正相关,而与PAs、IAA、GA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈显著负相关。     

低温条件下拔节期小麦叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以扬麦16和徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究拔节期-3 ℃和-5 ℃低温胁迫对小麦植株受冻率、叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长,小麦植株冻害等级与冻害指数增加,-5 ℃处理72 h两品种五级冻害率均为100%.低温处理结束当天,小麦叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫程度加重呈先升高后降低的趋势;处理结束后3 d,ABA、ZR含量及抗氧化酶活性较处理结束当天升高;至处理结束后6 d,与自然生长的对照处理接近.低温胁迫叶片中赤霉素（GA₃）含量下降,处理结束后3和6 d,扬麦16叶片中GA₃含量呈上升趋势,徐麦30则表现为先升高后下降.-5 ℃ 72 h重度胁迫处理叶片中ABA、ZR、GA₃含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性均较对照显著下降.相关分析表明,较高的ABA、ZR含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性以及较低的GA₃含量可减缓低温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害.     

外源ABA对楸树幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解效应及其生长生理响应特征

以2年生楸树(苏楸1号和008-1)扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽试验法,分析盐胁迫(0.5%NaCl)处理下楸树幼苗生长、生理的变化,并分析不同浓度外源ABA(15、25、35 mg/L)对盐胁迫(30 d)楸树幼苗的缓解效应及其生理生化特性,以探索重度盐胁迫下适合楸树幼苗生长的适宜外源ABA浓度,为增强盐碱地楸树的耐盐性、提高盐碱地的利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)0.5%NaCl胁迫下,两品种楸树幼苗叶片表现出不同程度的盐害症状,且‘苏楸1号’叶片盐害症状较‘008-1’严重;随胁迫时间延长,两品种楸树幼苗的相对电导率(REC)均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素(Chl)、相对含水量(RWC)均呈降低趋势,可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,但‘008-1’的REC显著低于‘苏楸1号’,Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD均显著高于苏楸1号,表明‘008-1’的耐盐性较‘苏楸1号’更强。(2)喷施外源ABA使得盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树的苗高显著增加、新叶提前萌发,表明外源ABA在一定程度上能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树生长的影响;喷施外源ABA降低了盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树幼苗叶片的REC,提高了Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,促进了内源激素生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累。研究表明,楸树品种‘008-1’的耐盐性更强;外源喷施适宜浓度ABA能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树幼苗生长的影响,降低幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,促进幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,增强渗透调节能力,并提高盐胁迫下幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,促进植物对内源激素含量的调节,从而提高楸树的耐盐性,且以25 mg/L ABA处理的效果最好。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。