药品的滥用问题及其控制

由于药品的两重性 ,又显示出药品的特殊性。仅强调药品的特殊性 ,而忽略了对药品社会属性的研究是片面的 ,不利对药品进行有效的监管。药品的特殊性是药品社会属性的反映 ,只有对药品的属性进行全面的探讨 ,才能使药品更好地造福于人类 ,对社会发展服务。1　药品的滥用由于药物的滥用 ,在世界不少国家发生了“药疗事件”或“药害事件” ,导致数以万计用药者的残疾和死亡。使用 2 ,4 二硝基酚减肥 ,结果引起白内障和骨髓抑制 ;使用反应停(ｔｈａｌｉｄｏｍｉｄｅ)造成婴儿畸形的“反应停惨案”。造成药品滥用的原因 ,一是由于药物的特殊属性…     

芬太尼的滥用及监测管理

目的:了解芬太尼的药理特性及滥用风险,分析其国内的滥用情况,为该药在临床的合理使用及科学监管提供参考。方法:检索国内外芬太尼滥用的文献报道,汇总近年来国内外药物滥用数据中有关芬太尼的数据并进行分析。结果:芬太尼由于其独特的药理特性存在被滥用的可能,文献报告和监测数据表明,自芬太尼上市以来欧美国家相继发生芬太尼滥用现象,北京市也存在芬太尼滥用的监测报告。结论:芬太尼类化合物的不合理使用会带来严重的安全隐患,临床医生、患者、药品监管部门都应当增强对其滥用风险的认识,积极避免不合理用药情况的出现。     

滥用皮质激素的原因分析及解决对策

皮质激素滥用情况日益严重，其原因是多方面的，与医生、患以及其他因素密切相关。为了防止滥用皮质激素，应该从4个方面着手,开展继续教育工作，提高医务人员的道德素质和业务水平；加强宣传教育工作；加强处方审核和管理工作；加强皮质激素的销售管理。     

滥用抗生素的现状及其对策

目的正确使用抗生素。方法制定合理使用抗生素的措施。结果抵制滥用抗生素。结论合理用药造福后代。     

氯胺酮滥用及其危害

氯胺酮于1962年首次被合成,系NMDA-受体拮抗剂,主要用于静脉麻醉。镇痛作用时可产生迷幻状态,出现镇静和记忆丧失;亚麻醉状态时可产生分离状态(人格解体或去真实感);高剂量时可出现严重的视、听幻觉分离(K-洞);停药后反应主要有激动不安、神智混乱或精神病症状;反复使用极易成瘾。氯胺酮滥用对家庭、生活技能和社交参与等均会产生负面影响;用药后的异常状态常会使用药者被抢劫、攻击,或被强奸。氯胺酮滥用者多死于过量中毒、溺水和交通事故,也有死于自杀者。     

试论抗生素滥用的法律责任及其规制

目的 为健全抗生素应用的管理体系提供参考.方法 阐述抗生素滥用的现状与危害,对抗生素滥用的原因及其相关的法律责任进行分析.结果与结论 从国家、医疗机构、患者等不同角度提出对策与建议.     

试论抗生素滥用的法律责任及其规制

目的为健全抗生素使用的管理体系提供参考。方法阐述抗生素使用的现状与存在问题,对抗生素滥用的原因及其相关的法律责任进行分析。结果与结论从国家、医疗机构、患者等不同角度提出对策与建议。     

我国抗生素滥用现状及其对策

自50多年前青霉素被发明利用以来,以青霉素为代表的抗生素挽救了无数伤员患者的生命,为人类健康立下了不可磨灭的功勋。然而,近年来我们对抗生素的滥用,已到了无以复加的地步。所谓滥用抗生素,主要是指违反抗生素的使用原则,无指征、无目标、超剂量、超疗程、追求高档、喜好多联地使用抗生素。抗生素滥用问题是一个世界性难题。而在我国已成为世界上滥用抗生素最严重的国家之一。     

“摇头丸”滥用者与海洛因滥用者个性特征比较

目的·· :了解“摇头丸”滥用者与海洛因滥用者的个性特征差异。方法·· :对各24例“摇头丸”滥用者与海洛因滥用者进行艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)调查,并与正常人组进行对照比较。结果·· :“摇头丸”滥用组P分低于海洛因滥用组及正常对照组 (P<0.01),但海洛因滥用组与正常对照组差异无显著性 ;“摇头丸”滥用组与海洛因滥用组E分均高于正常对照组 (P<0.01),两组之间E分差异无显著性。结论·· :“摇头丸”滥用者与海洛因滥用者个性特征无明显差异,但与正常组比较 ,两组均有显著的外向倾向。     

Correlates of Concurrent Khat and Tobacco Use in Yemen

Background: Habitual substance use poses public health threat. This is a growing concern in countries where one or more substances are commonly used. Many individuals in Middle Eastern and East African countries use khat (Catha edulis), a stimulant often accompanied by smoking. However, few systematic attempts have been made to characterize patterns of concurrent khat and tobacco use. Objectives: To examine correlates such as gender and patterns of khat and tobacco use in concurrent users and khat-only users. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a face-to-face interview method including 151 (74 women) concurrent users of khat and tobacco and 141 (76 women) khat-only users in Yemen. Data collection was completed in 2012. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regressions were conducted to examine gender and khat use group differences in use patterns. Results: Reported frequency and intensity of khat use were greater in men than in women. Men and women khat users used different tobacco products and beverages while using khat. Khat use was more frequent in concurrent users relative to khat-only users. Earlier age of onset of khat use was associated with greater number of cigarettes smoked during a typical khat session. Approximately 70% of concurrent users reported initiating khat use prior to tobacco use. Conclusions/Importance: The results provide support for gender differences in khat and tobacco use, differences in khat use pattern between concurrent users of khat and tobacco and khat-only users, and positive associations between khat and tobacco use.     

Khat Use is Associated with Tobacco,Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use: A Cross-Sectional Examination in the United States

No study has systematically examined khat (Catha edulis) use and its linkages with other substance use in the United States. This study provides novel findings related to the associations of khat with other substance use among immigrants in metropolitan areas of Minnesota where large East African communities reside. Using a convenience sampling, a total of 261 individuals completed a brief face-to-face interview during which demographic information and substance use were assessed. The proportion of lifetime and current use were 30% and 6.6% for khat, 35% and 18% for tobacco, 35% and 21% for alcohol, and 13% and 10% for other illicit drugs. Self-report history of khat use was associated with tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. Tobacco use was related to alcohol and use of other drugs. The results suggest that a history of khat use is useful in identifying individuals who are vulnerable to substance-use-related problems. The findings indicate the need for more research on khat in the U.S.     

Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects

The chewing of fresh leaves of the khat bush (Catha edulis) is common in certain countries of East Africa and the Arab peninsula, because this material has a stimulating effect. During the last decade, important progress has been made in understanding the pharmacology of this drug. Its actions are mainly due to the alkaloid cathinone, a substance that can be called a natural amphetamine.     

On the medico-social aspects of khat (Catha edulis) chewing habit

Regular consumption of khat from Catha edulis seriously affects the social and economic life of the subject and therefore is hazardous both to the individual and the community. Increasing awareness of the prevalence of khat chewing, often together with other drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, it is essential to further assess the health and socio-economic consequences of khat habituation in order to take further appropriate medical and social measures to limit its availability and use.     

Khat in the Neighbourhood—Local Government Responses to Khat Use in a London Community

There is increasing fear among the general public about khat, its use and users, and associated crime. In many English cities, neighborhoods with growing Somali populations and emerging khat-using scenes and markets have to find ways of managing the impact of the negative image of khat. This case study describes and analyzes how a local municipal authority can respond constructively by generating an evidence base, engaging in consultation, and endeavoring to identify the actual relationship between reported criminality and public nuisance and the alleged patterns of use and distribution of khat. It is argued that it is important to frame the khat in the community not as a “drug problem” but as a wider public health issue, for which appropriate solutions can be developed.     

The effects of dl-cathinone, d-amphetamine and cocaine on avoidance responding in rats and their interactions with haloperidol and methysergide

The effects of dl-cathinone (dl-CAT), d-amphetamine (d-A), and cocaine (COC) on conditioned shock avoidance responding and their interactions with haloperidol and methysergide on this behavior were studied in male Wistar rats. All three stimulants produced significant increases in intertrial interval (ITI) responding and in the number of avoidance responses and a decrease in avoidance latencies. These actions were antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol (0.07 and 0.15 mg/kg, IP). Pretreatment with methysergide (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, IP) increased the effects of all three stimulants on ITI responding, but not on the other two parameters. These results suggest that the effects of these stimulants on avoidance responding may be mediated by dopaminergic systems. In addition, these stimulant-induced changes on ITI responding probably also involve actions on serotonergic systems.     

Genotoxic effect of Catha edulis (khat) crude extract after sub-chronic administration in rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of a crude extract of khat (Catha edulis, Forsk) leaves in rats. Two groups were fed khat crude extract, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight, for 90 days and were compared with a control group. The alkaline (pH > 13) version of comet assay was used in this study. However, no previous published work has been undertaken and showed the effect of khat on DNA migration in the comet assay. To compare the comet assay results with another genetic endpoint, blood samples were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations. These results showed no DNA damage detected using comet assay in both the khat treated groups, while the results of chromosomal aberrations assay showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the 2000 mg/kg body weight treated group compared to the control group.     

Khat Abuse in Yemen: A Population-Based Survey

Khat is a centuries old substance of abuse produced on a large scale in Yemen. Beta-ketoamphetamine, otherwise called cathinone, is the main contributor to the stimulant effect of khat. A recent unpublished study from Yemen found that the percentage of native users may be as large as 70%. The objective of the current study was to evaluate this figure, to study users' personal characteristics in order to find out whether there are subgroups, particularly, at risk of abuse, and to assess the immediate adverse effects of the compound as well as the main motivations for abuse. The entire population of a randomly selected district of Yemen's capital city Sana'a was used. Self-administered questionnaires were applied. Of 600 questionnaires distributed only 200 were completed and usable. One hundred fifty nine persons (80%) were users. Eighty-six percent of the males and 50% of the females were users ( p < 0.001). The majority of the users were between 15 and 30 years old. The numbers of females and males in different age classes were similarly distributed. Daily adverse effects included tiredness, gastrointestinal and cardiac complaints, and headache occurring in between 38 and 85% of the users (95% confidence interval). The main reasons for chewing khat was for accomplishing study and hard work in the males and attending social events in the females (difference between genders at p < 0.05). Our study shows that about 80% of the Yemeni people use khat on a daily basis. The proportion of male users is larger than that of females. This may be a consequence of the dominant role of the males in the Yemeni society. Both time and money are lost among users, which must affect their lifes profoundly. This is particularly serious because the majority of users are between 13 and 30 years and thus in an active age of life. Khat has a wide range of unpleasant daily side effects and enhances the risks of infectious diseases. Studying serious adverse effects was not the objective of our survey but many case reports are currently being published.     

The Physiological and Ergogenic Effects of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Extract

Background: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a natural psychoactive substance which contains two main addictive substances; Cathine and Cathinone. Khat is widely used in east Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula. Khat chewers believe that it improves work capacity and increases energy level and alertness. That is why we aimed in this study to investigate the physiological and ergogenic effects of khat extract. Methods: This study is an experimental study conducted at the Substance Abuse Research Centre in Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Thirty healthy young volunteers were randomly assigned into two experimental groups. The first group ingested 45 g of grounded khat leaves extract mixed with juice in the first session then placebo (juice only) in the second session. While the second group ingested the placebo in the first session and the grounded khat leaves with juice in the second session. Experiments were done between December 2012 and March 2013. We recorded the blood pressure, heart rate, grip strength, and reaction time every 15 min for 75 min after each ingestion. The study proposal was reviewed and approved by Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Medical Research Centre in Jazan University. Results: The results showed the consumption of 45 g of grounded khat leaves contributed to the increase in blood pressure (SBP & DBP) and reaction time (p < 0.05); but had no significant effect on heart rate and grip strength (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that Khat has an acute effect on some physiological parameters. These findings support the prohibition of cathinone and cathine by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA, 2016).