Comparison of two kinds of intramedullary nails in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in adults

Background  Intramedullary nails have been widely used in treating femoral shaft fractures. However, end caps falling into soft tissue intraoperatively may cause trouble to surgeons, prolong operative time and increase radiation exposure. Additionally, difficulties may be encountered when removing nails because of callus formation over the nail tip. We performed a prospective study to compare two types of nails in managing femoral shaft fractures.

Methods  Group I consisted of seventy-four patients with unilateral femoral shaft fractures treated with cannulated interlocking anatomical femoral intramedullary nails. Group II consisted of seventy-eight patients treated with cannulated interlocking anatomical femoral intramedullary nails with tail wires. The patients’ ages, fracture severity, duration of operation, fluoroscopy time, blood loss and falls of end caps into soft tissue were recorded. Nails were removed after fracture healing. The duration of operation and blood loss during nail removal were recorded.

Results  There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age and fracture severity (P >0.05). End caps fell into soft tissue 17 times in 15 cases in group I and 21 times in 16 cases in group II. An average of seven minutes was spent recovering a lost cap in group I. In group II, all lost caps were recovered immediately. The duration of operation and fluoroscopy time in group II was significantly less than in group I (P <0.05). Asymptomatic palpable nodules were detected in 4 cases in group II. Nail removals were performed on 58 patients in group I and 69 patients in group II. The duration of operation, blood loss and complications in group II were less than in group I (P <0.05).

Conclusion  Intramedullary nails with tail wires facilitate both fracture fixation and nail removal, which can be used to treat femoral shaft fractures with less radiation exposure, shorter surgical time and fewer complications.

     

Arthroscopic reduction and fixation for isolated greater tuberosity fractures

Background  Traditionally, displaced greater tuberosity fractures are treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Arthroscopic treatment and outcome of greater tuberosity fractures is far from comprehensive. The objective of the current study was to assess the surgical procedure and outcome of an arthroscopic method in the treatment of isolated greater tuberosity fractures.

Methods  From January 2006 to December 2009, 23 patients with isolated greater tuberosity fractures were treated with an arthroscopic procedure using three cannulated screws combined with washers. During follow-up, radiographs and the constant shoulder score (CSS) were used to evaluate the outcome.

Results  Three cannulated screws with washers were used to fix the fractured fragment of the greater tuberosity under an arthroscope. All incisions healed at primary intention without infection. The mean duration of follow-up was 20 months (range 18–36 months). Fracture fixation was excellent, and fractures healed 2–6 months (mean 3.8 months) after surgery. At final follow-up, the CSS was 92 (range 86–100).

Conclusions  The described arthroscopic procedure provides anatomical reduction and firm fixation for isolated greater tuberosity fractures. It is a successful and minimally invasive procedure with satisfying therapeutic effects as well as excellent functional recovery.

     

Sex, age, and annual incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty: a university affiliated hospital survey of 3118 Chinese patients

Background  In recent years, the number of patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty in China has rapidly increased. However, the incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex, age and, annual incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty based on 3118 Chinese patients who underwent the procedure during the period of 2000–2011.

Methods  Total knee arthroplasties were performed on 511 males and 2607 females in our hospital during the period of 2000–2011. The sex, age, and annual incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty were evaluated.

Results  The annual incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty increased from 35 knees in 2000 to 681 knees in 2011. The average annual percentage increase in incidence was 33.2%. Females accounted for 83.2% of the patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty. In both males and females, the highest incidence was observed in the group aged 65–74 years.

Conclusions  This study demonstrated a rapid increase in the incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty in our Chinese study population. The sex and age incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty in our study population differed from those reported in Western populations.

     

A new experimental model to study healing process of metaphyseal fracture

Background  There are few researches for the healing of metaphyseal fractures; moreover, the animal models to study the metaphyseal fractures are usually made by the oscillating saw osteotomy without reliable fixation, which is not in accordance with our current clinical practice. In this study, we established a new model to observe the healing process of metaphyseal fractures.

Methods  Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. The fracture model was created by splitting the medial tibial plateau in rabbits, then reset, and fixed with compression screws. At 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively, the tibial specimens were collected; firstly, a general observation and an X-ray examination of the specimens was done, and then they were embedded in methylmethacrylate and cut into sections with hard tissue slicer. The sections were stained with Giemsa reagent and examined under light microscopy.

Results  There was no fracture displacement in the tibial specimens of all time points, except for one showing a collapse. No external callus formation could be observed by X-ray and general examination. After 1 week of the operation, the fracture gap was filled by mesenchymal tissue; 2 weeks postoperatively, a large number of woven bones were formed; from the third week onwards, the woven bone began to turn into lamellar bone, and new trabecular structure began to form. In all of the slices, no obvious chondrocytes formed in fracture areas; thus, there was no endochondral ossification.

Conclusions  This model was an ideal fracture animal model and suitable for the study of metaphyseal fracture healing. The X-ray and histological images demonstrated that metaphyseal fracture healing was a process of direct bone healing through intramembranous bone formation under the conditions of minor trauma, good reduction, and firm fixation.

     

创伤骨科患者创伤严重程度和血浆D二聚体水平的相关分析

Background  The correlation between the plasma D-dimer level and deep vein thrombosis has not been conclusive in various studies. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and the severity of orthopedic trauma by retrospective examination of orthopedic trauma cases.

Methods  Clinically acute trauma and non-acute trauma patients were selected and their plasma D-dimer levels were measured. Plasma D-dimer levels in patients of these two groups were compared. The relationship between the plasma D-dimer level and the severity of the trauma was also studied.

Results  There were 548 cases in the acute trauma group and 501 cases in the non-acute trauma group. The levels of plasma D-dimer were significantly higher in the acute trauma group than in the non-acute trauma group (P <0.01). In the acute trauma group, the correlation between the D-dimer level and the number of fractures was a positive linear correlation (r=0.9532).

Conclusions  Elevated plasma D-dimer is common in trauma patients. The D-dimer level and the number of fractures in the trauma patients are closely correlated. D-dimer is not only an indicator for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus, but also an indicator of the severity of trauma in acute trauma patients.

     

Risk factors and pain status due to diabetic neuropathy in chronic long-term diabetic patients in a Chinese urban population

Background  With economic growth and urbanization there have been significant changes in the life style and diet of urban residents in large cities of China, which is experiencing a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes. While high prevalence of diabetes has been reported, little is known of the long-term effects of diabetes in such a large population. The aim of this study was to estimate the morbidity rate of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in a Chinese urban diabetic population with more than 10 years’ disease duration, and evaluate the relevant risk factors. The clinical manifestation of DPN and pain status was also assessed.

Methods  Five hundred and sixty-five diabetes patients were recruited into the study. Symptoms and examination helped diagnose neuropathy. The clinical manifestation of DPN was assessed with a visual analog pain score (VAS). Diabetic complication status was determined from medical records. Serum lipids and lipoproteins, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and the urinary albumin excretion rate were measured.

Results  The morbidity rate of DPN was 46.6%. HbA1c, hyperlipidemia, and retinopathy were significantly associated with neuropathy, and these risk factors were correlated with other diabetic micro and/or macrovascular complications. The average VAS pain score of the DPN patients was 4.12±2.07. Severe and moderate pain was experienced by 11.4% and 40.5% respectively of DPN patients. About 3.7% of diabetic subjects had lower limb ulcer or amputation.

Conclusions  The morbidity rate of DPN for diabetic patients with >10 years duration is very high compared to the range reported for other populations in the world. The risk factors for DPN include HbA1c, hyperlipidemia, and retinopathy. In long-standing diabetic patients, DPN was not associated with diabetic duration, and half of the DPN patients experienced considerable daily suffering.

     

Curative effect of radiotherapy at various doses on subcutaneous alveolar echinococcosis in rats

Background  Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a disease in human and animals, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory. This study aimed to investigate the curative efficacy of different doses of locally applied radiotherapy on alveolar echinococcosis in rats.

Methods  Rats infected with Echinococcus multilocularis were randomly divided into 4 groups of 15 rats each: low-, middle-, and high-irradiation groups and a control group. Rats in the control group underwent no treatment, while rats in the irradiation groups received 6-MeV radiotherapy at 20 Gy/8 f, 40 Gy/8 f, and 60 Gy/8 f respectively, once every 3 days for a total of 8 times. One month after radiotherapy, wet weight and AE vesicle inhibitory rate were detected in rats of each group. Histopathologic and ultrastructural observations of tissues with AE lesions were performed.

Results  In the treatment groups, an obvious inhibitory effect was found in AE rats; the inhibitory rates were 50%, 72%, and 82%, respectively. There were also statistical differences in pathological changes and average wet weight of the lesions compared with the control group (P <0.05). In the treatment groups, injuries of various degrees were found in the ultrastructure of the laminated and germinal layers in the capsular wall of AE, and injury was most severe in the high-dose group.

Conclusion  Radiotherapy has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of AE.

     

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score correlated with dyspnea score in a large sample of Chinese patients

Background  The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) is an easy to use health-related quality of life questionnaire, the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale is a classic dyspnea scale which is widely used, while the correlation between them is still not clear. This study investigated the use of the Chinese translation of CAT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and its correlation with the mMRC dyspnea scale.

Methods  The multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 329 hospitals throughout China from March 1 to April 30, 2010. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients completed both the assessment test and the dyspnea scale during a single study visit.

Results  Six thousand, four hundred and thirty-seven patients were evaluated; 74.9% were male and the mean age was (64.9±10.0) years. Median test scores in dyspnea grades 0 to 4 were 14, 16, 22, 26 and 32, respectively; these differences were statistically significant. The CAT score was moderately correlated with mMRC dyspnea grade (r=0.579, P <0.001). There was no significant difference in mean CAT score between males and females, and patients of high and low socioeconomic status. Primary analysis suggested that CAT scores were higher in older patients (>65 years) than in younger patients (≤65 years) and increased with duration of formal education, but these findings were repudiated by further analysis of subgroups according to mMRC dyspnea grade.

Conclusions  There was no obvious confounding factor influencing use of the CAT in Chinese patients. CAT scores were moderately correlated with the mMRC dyspnea scale.

     

Photodynamic therapy of condyloma acuminata in pregnant women

Background  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an emerging technique for the treatment of genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced benign and premalignant lesions. We report here in a case series of condyloma acuminata (CA) in pregnancy successfully treated with ALA-PDT.

Methods  Five pregnant patients with CA received three to four times treatment respectively. Patients were followed up for 6–23 months after treatment.

Results  The clearance rate of genital warts was 100%. No recurrence was found during the follow-up period. Major adverse events reported were mild erosion, pain, and local edema. All pregnancies resulted in healthy live births without delivery complications.

Conclusions  PDT with topical ALA seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of CA in pregnancy. It demonstrated high clearance rate of warts, was well-tolerated by patients, and showed no adverse effects on mothers or fetuses. ALA-PDT may be an ideal strategy of treatment for pregnant women with CA.

     

Ilizarov外固定架在终末期复杂性踝关节炎融合术中的应用

目的 对Ilizarov环形外固定架在终末期复杂性踝关节炎融合术中的临床效果进行分析.方法 选取2013年1月至2014年5月, 于解放军昆明总医院收的治终末期复杂性踝关节病损患者 (n=19) 为研究对象, 行Ilizarov外固定架踝关节融合术, 术后定期复查X线片.分别于术前及末次随访采用视觉模拟评分 (VAS) 评价、美国矫形足踝协会 (AOFAS) 的踝与后足评分.结果 19例患者术后获得830个月 (平均14.7个月) 随访, 术中患者均未发生重要血管、神经损伤.末次随访时踝部疼痛明显缓解、畸形得到改善, X线提示所有患者均获得完全融合, 融合时间1116个周, 平均14.7周.术前静息、负重VAS评分平均分别为4.9分、7.9分, 术后分别为1.2分、1.9分, 差异有统计学意义 (P<0.001) .AOFAS术前评分 (58.74±4.00) 分, 术后末次随访为 (93.21±4.47) 分, 差异有统计学意义 (P<0.001) .结论 Ilizarov环形外固定架在终末期复杂性踝关节炎融合术中疗效满意, 具有持续提供轴向压应力, 软组织创伤小, 融合率高的优势.     

直接入路治疗三踝骨折

目的：探讨采用直接入路治疗三踝骨折的临床疗效。方法2000年1月-2012年1月采用直接入路内固定治疗的47例三踝骨折患者。根据骨折方式和软组织损伤情况制定直接入路手术方案。术后采用Burwell-Charn_ley标准评估骨折复位情况,采用AOFAS踝后足评分和VAS评分进行临床评估。结果本组47例患者平均随访时间24.2月（10-45月）,骨折愈合时间平均13.6周（10-26周）。按Burwell-Charnley标准,本组优23例,良16例,中6例,差2例,优良率82.98%（39/47）。平均AOFAS评分86.5分（71-97分）;平均VAS评分1.4分（0-6分）。4例发生浅表感染,局部换药后治愈;2例开放性骨折出现深部感染,去除内固定改为外固定支架固定后治愈;3例患者出现轻度的畸形愈合;4例延迟愈合;10例患者X线有不同程度的关节退变,其中2例因关节炎程度较重伴有长期疼痛进行了关节融合,其余患者X线虽有关节炎表现但踝关节功能良好。结论直接入路治疗三踝骨折的临床疗效令人满意。     

不稳定踝关节骨折38例手术治疗分析

[目的]分析手术治疗不稳定踝关节骨折的效果。[方法]回顾分析38例不稳定踝关节骨折行手术治疗患者临床资料,用Danish-Weber法对骨折分类,并用AOFAS踝与后足评分系统评分方法评出获随访的38例患者得分,研究影响踝关节骨折手术疗效的相关因素。[结果]38例患者AOFAS踝与后足评分平均为90分(65～95分),3例评分<75分。通过分析各影响因素与AOFAS踝与后足评分结果的关系,得出对影响踝关节功能预后的单因素Logistic逐步回归模型的是年龄和骨折类型,合并症被排除在模型之外。[结论]影响踝关节骨折术后关节功能的主要因素是年龄和骨折类型,及时发现可能导致踝关节不稳定的因素,正确判断骨折的类型,明确有无伴随韧带损伤并选择适合的固定方法,是防止日后继发踝关节创伤性关节炎的最有效措施。     

关节镜下微骨折术与自体骨软骨移植术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤比较

目的 对比分析关节镜下微骨折术与自体骨软骨移植术对距骨骨软骨损伤患者踝关节功能及术后并发症的影响。方法 选取2017年1月至2021年1月临床收治的60例距骨骨软骨损伤患者随机分为A组与B组,A组给予自体骨软骨移植术治疗,B组给予关节镜下微骨折术治疗,比较两组患者治疗效果,术前、术后6个月视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale, VAS）、Cobb角、美国矫形外科足踝协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, AOFAS）踝-后足评分、踝关节活动度及术后并发症发生率。结果 A组患者治疗效果总有效率为93.33%,较B组（80.00%）显著提高（P<0.05）。术前两组VAS评分、Cobb角差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后6个月均显著下降,且A组患者下降更显著（P<0.05）。术前两组AOFAS评分、踝关节活动度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后6个月均显著上升,且术后A组患者上升更显著（P<0.05）。A组患者术后并发症发生率为2.13%,较B组（17.02%）显著降低（P<0.05）。结论 与关节镜下微骨折术相比,自体骨软骨移植术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤效果更显著,可改善患者踝关节活动度,缓解疼痛,减少术后并发症发生,值得临床推广。     

踝关节周围韧带的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的观察踝关节周围韧带形态,探讨踝关节骨折合并韧带损伤的治疗方法。方法 15例30侧成人踝关节标本,解剖并观察踝关节周围韧带的形态。采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分标准,对2008年6月—2010年6月间采用切开复位和坚强内固定并修复重建断裂韧带的踝关节骨折合并韧带损伤的21例病人的资料进行分析。结果踝关节周围有韧带加强。外侧韧带分为距腓前韧带、跟腓韧带和距腓后韧带,长度依次为(16.89±4.28)(、23.12±5.32)、(23.40±5.73)mm。内侧韧带呈三角形,其前、中、后部纤维的长度分别为(20.63±6.24)(、15.19±5.43)、(17.16±6.45)mm。21例固定加韧带修复治疗病人优良16例,可4例,差1例,优良率76.2%。结论踝关节周围韧带是维持踝关节正常功能的重要结构;踝关节骨折手术复位及内固定并修复损伤韧带,行早期合理功能锻炼,是提高疗效和预防创伤性骨关节炎的关键。     

微型锁定钢板与无头空心螺钉在斜型内踝骨折治疗中的疗效对比

目的 通过分析微型锁定钢板与无头空心螺钉在斜型内踝骨折治疗中的临床疗效,为临床提供最佳的治疗方案。 方法 回顾性分析第二军医大学附属长海医院2013年4月-2015年1月共收治内踝骨折患者44例,男性27例,女性17例;年龄20~67岁,平均(42.6±6.3)岁。致伤原因:扭伤23例,运动伤16例,交通伤5例。合并伤:双踝骨折7例,三踝骨折5例,所有骨折均为闭合性损伤;受伤至手术时间:4 h~3 d;按照内固定选择不同分为2组:A组18例,采用微型锁定钢板固定;B组26例,采用无头空心螺钉固定;通过门诊随访及X线片评定骨折愈合率、并发症发生率及美国足与踝关节协会踝与后足功能评分(AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale)。 结果 44例患者术后获12~18个月随访,平均(13.9±0.4)个月;骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均(12.4±0.9)周,无伤口感染及愈合不良,无内固定断裂、松动、骨折不愈合等并发症发生;按照AOFAS踝与后足功能评分,A组评分平均为(92.8±5.6)分,B组评分平均为(93.0±4.7)分,较术前2组功能均显著提高,但2组间比较评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 对于斜型内踝骨折,微型锁定钢板与无头空心螺钉都可以提供有效的断端加压及较好的临床结果,但无头空心螺钉具有费用低、可经皮复位骨折、软组织剥离较少等优点,是一种安全有效的方法,值得临床推广应用。      

植骨在跟骨关节内骨折手术治疗中的应用

目的 评价植骨在跟骨关节内骨折切开复位钢板内固定手术治疗中的价值.方法 2005年1月至2011年8月,接受切开复位钢板内固定手术治疗的跟骨关节内骨折182例.男159例,女23例;平均41.2岁.单纯左侧跟骨骨折68例,单纯右侧跟骨骨折86例,双侧跟骨骨折28例,均为闭合骨折.骨折根据Sander分型:Ⅱ型27例,Ⅲ型109例,Ⅳ型46例.182例患者分为植骨组(94例)、未植骨组(88例),分型比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).手术均应用跟骨外侧切口,切开复位异型钢板内固定术.采用美国足踝外科学会(AOFAS)评分行足踝功能评分.结果 10例患者3个月后失随访,172例获得随访,随访时间平均14.2个月.骨折愈合时间8～15周,平均12周,骨折均愈合,无神经损伤,骨髓炎.未植骨组29例负重后关节面出现塌陷,21例合并距下关节创伤性关节炎.植骨组未出现关节面塌陷,1例合并距下关节创伤性关节炎.植骨组优68例,良20例,可5例,差1例;未植骨组优44例,良26例,可7例,差9例,优良率为87.9％.两组术后的AOFAS评分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 植骨对提高跟骨关节内骨折手术疗效有重要意义.     

手术治疗踝关节骨折的回顾性分析

目的：总结踝关节骨折的临床特征,评价手术治疗的中长期效果,分析术后并发症的原因。方法：回顾性分析本院1996年1月-2008年1月手术治疗的踝关节骨折患者326例,随访225例患者,随访4～120月,平均（38.4±4.4）月,按照美国足踝足外科协会（AOFAS）后足评分系统及相关客观检查进行随访,并分析影响踝关节骨折预后的因素。结果：随访225例踝关节骨折患者,手术治疗的优良率为80.4%,其中68例患者术后VAS评分平均为（3.1±1.4）分,急诊手术与择期手术的优良率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：高能量损伤仍是导致踝关节骨折的最主要原因,年龄、性别、分型、骨折数目、类型、合并脱位、手术时机、复位质量对预后有显著性影响。     

慢性踝关节不稳合并后踝撞击同期手术中长期疗效及影响因素分析

目的 对慢性踝关节不稳合并后踝撞击综合征患者术后进行3~9年的随访,探讨其中长期疗效,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法 2010年2月—2015年12月于北京大学第三医院运动医学研究所接受外踝韧带修复和后踝关节镜清理同期手术的患者共47例,随访42例,其中男性26例、女性16例,平均年龄(28.9±10.0)岁。通过问卷及查体记录患者的临床症状、关节稳定性、活动度及运动机能等,对比术前和术后疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)后足评分、运动机能Tegner评分,并分析临床评分与患者年龄、性别、身高、体重指数、受伤时间、手术用时、软骨损伤等因素的相关性。结果 平均随访时间为(71.8±22.8)个月。患者术后VAS评分、AOFAS评分及Tegner评分均优于术前水平(1.0 vs. 5.0, 92 vs. 80, 6.5 vs. 2.0, P均<0.001),疗效优良率为97.6%,术后VAS评分(t=2.719,P=0.10)、AOFAS评分(t=-2.853,P=0.10)、Tegner评分(t=-3.443,P=0.001)和恢复运动时间(t=2.814,P=0.008)均与患者年龄呈负相关,术后VAS评分与软骨损伤呈负相关(Z=-2.195,P=0.028)。结论 慢性踝关节不稳合并后踝撞击同期手术后的中长期临床效果良好,患者年龄与临床疗效呈负相关,合并软骨损伤可加重患者术后疼痛。     

经皮空心螺钉与保守治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折的效果比较

目的 探讨经皮空心螺钉与保守治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月～2010年12月解放军总医院收治52例第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折患者,其中34例采取经皮空心螺钉手术治疗（空心螺钉组）,18例患者采取保守治疗（保守治疗组）,比较分析两组患者愈合时间、愈合及预后情况（功能评分及疼痛评分）。结果 52例患者获得随访,随访时间为12～36个月,平均18个月;经皮空心螺钉组骨折愈合时间为（10．2±2．3）周,美国足踝协会（AOFAS）中前足功能评分为（92.3±4．2）分,VAS疼痛评分为（0．9±0．4）分;保守治疗组骨折愈合时间为（12．2±1．2）周,AOFAS中前足功能评分为（89．0±3．2）分,视角模拟评分法（VAS）疼痛评分为（1．2±0．4）分;经皮空心螺钉组在骨折愈合时间（P=0．012）及AOFAS评分（P=0．005）方面优于保守治疗组,两组之间差异有统计学意义。结论 经皮空心螺钉治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折愈合时间短,骨折愈合佳,功能恢复良好．但部分患者存在腓肠神经刺激症状。