无创性肢体缺血预适应对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌基质金属蛋白酶的影响

目的观察大鼠无创性肢体缺血预适应(LIP)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤后心肌形态学、梗死面积和心肌MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1的影响。方法通过连续3 d每天1次3个循环的下肢无创性5 min缺血、5 min再灌建立LIP模型。大鼠随机分成3组,心肌缺血再灌注组(I/R)、心肌缺血预适应组(CIP)和LIP组。以HE染色法观察心肌形态学改变;红四氮唑染色法确定心肌梗死范围,IS=IA/AAR×100%;免疫组化法测定心肌MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1水平。结果缺血30 min再灌注120 min后,I/R组IS为(44.5±8.1)%;与I/R组比较,CIP和LIP均能明显改善心肌损伤的形态学改变,降低心肌细胞的肿胀、减少间质出血和炎性细胞的浸润。CIP使IS降低35.7%,缺血区心肌MMP-2降低42.1%,MMP-9降低43.3%,TIMP-1水平增加40.0%;LIP使IS降低42.9%,缺血区心肌MMP-2降低41.2%,MMP-9降低46.6%,TIMP-1水平增加53.8%。结论LIP不仅能改善缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌形态学改变、减少心肌梗死面积,而且能降低心肌细胞基质的损伤,起到保护心肌的作用。     

预适应和后适应对缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠心肌组织炎症因子的影响

目的:观察缺血预适应(IPC)、缺血后适应(IPOC)对大鼠心肌组织缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤后Toll样受体(TLR)及下游炎症因子的影响。方法:SD大鼠60只,通过SPSS软件随机分为假手术组(冠状动脉前降支下置线不结扎,n=15);I/R组(冠状动脉前降支结扎30min,再灌注60min,n=15);IPC组(冠状动脉前降支3次3min/5min的缺血/再灌注循环,然后结扎30min后,再持续灌注60min,n=15);IPOC组(冠状动脉前降支结扎30min,3次10s的缺血/再灌注循环,再持续灌注60min,n=15)。实验结束后测定大鼠血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)水平;氯化硝基四氮唑兰(NBT)染色测定大鼠左室心肌梗死面积;免疫组织化学法测定心肌组织TLR-2、4的表达;酶联免疫吸附法测定心肌组织白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。结果:与I/R组比较,IPC组、IPOC组大鼠血清CK-MB和cTNT水平显著降低(P<0.01),心肌梗死面积显著减小(P<0.01),心肌组织TLR-2、4表达和炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、MCP-1、TNF-α含量显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);与IPC组比较,IPOC组减小I/R大鼠心肌梗死面积,降低血清CK-MB及心肌组织IL-6等作用和IPC组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:IPOC与IPC同样具有减轻心肌I/R损伤程度和缩小心肌梗死范围等作用,抑制TLR-2、4的表达可能是其保护I/R心肌的一个重要途径。     

延迟预适应对兔心脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的:观察延迟缺血预适应(IschemicPreconditioning,IPC)对兔在体心脏缺血再灌注(Ischemia/Reperfusion,I/R)损伤的保护作用。方法:方法18只兔随机分为3组:假手术组(CON组,n=6),缺血再灌注组(I/R组,n=6),预适应组(IPC组,n=6)。采用免疫组化方法检测诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)及内皮型一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)在心肌及冠状动脉内皮中的表达情况。结果:IPC组的梗死面积明显小于I/R组。在心肌中,IPC组iNOS表达明显高于I/R组与CON组,而eNOS无显著性差异。在内皮中,IPC组eNOS表达明显高于I/R组,与CON组无显著性差异,而iNOS均无表达。结论:延迟缺血预适应能缩小兔缺血再灌注后心肌梗死面积。     

缓激肽和阿片受体在骨骼肌缺血预适应对心脏保护中的作用

目的:研究骨骼肌缺血预适应对心肌的保护作用，并探讨缓激肽（BK）和阿片受体在此机制中可能的作用。方法:采用非开胸法建立猪心脏缺血再灌注（I/R）模型,通过球囊堵塞左股动脉造成骨骼肌短暂缺血，分别使用BK的B2受体拮抗剂烟酸己可碱（HOE-140）、阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮及神经节阻滞剂六烃己胺进行干预，并于心脏I/R前左股动脉局部注射外源BK。以伊文思蓝和三硝基四氮唑红确定心肌缺血和梗死范围，观察各组梗死范围的差异。结果:远端预适应组（RP组）心肌梗死范围明显小于对照组（CONT组）（NZ/IZ:24.1%±1.5% vs 51.1%±2.3%,P <0.05）；预处理前分别使用HOE-140（32.3%±1.4% vs 24.1%±1.5%）或纳洛酮(38.5%±1.5% vs 24.1%±1.5%) 可部分阻断RP的心肌保护作用，且HOE-140和纳络酮联合使用，更进一步阻断这种保护（NZ/IZ:46.6%±2.9% vs 24.1%±1.5%）。I/R前局部给予外源BK注射，可模拟RP的心肌保护作用（39.2%±1.7% vs 51.1%±2.3%）；而六烃己胺对RP心肌保护无影响。结论:骨骼肌RP对心肌产生保护。BK和阿片受体同时参与此保护，并且两者保护作用可以叠加；且此过程不依赖神经反射。     

基于蛋白质组学的缺血预适应心肌保护相关机理研究

目的：缺血预适应（IPC）是强有力的对抗心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的心肌保护措施，但其保护作用相关的机制仍不完全清楚。本研究旨在识别缺血预适应处理后小鼠心肌差异表达蛋白，为缺血预适应进一步的基础及临床研究提供新思路。方法：用雄性成年C57BL/6小鼠建立心肌I/R损伤模型（缺血60 min/再灌注24 h）和IPC模型[3个（缺血5 min/再灌注5 min）循环的预适应+缺血60 min/再灌注24 h]，用伊文思蓝和2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑双重染色的方法测量心肌梗死面积。提取各组心肌总蛋白，通过将串联质谱标签、高效液相色谱分级技术以及基于质谱的定量蛋白质组学技术相结合，以差异表达量变化>1.2倍作为显著上调的阈值，<1/1.2作为显著下调的阈值，筛选差异表达蛋白。对差异表达蛋白进行同源蛋白簇功能分类统计。分别用qPCR和Western blot技术对差异显著的蛋白β-羟丁酸脱氢酶1(Bdh1)进行mRNA及蛋白水平上的验证。结果：与单纯I/R组相比，IPC干预后心梗面积降低33%(P<0.05)。定量蛋白质组学结果显示，与假手术组比较，I/R组表达下调的蛋...     

心肌缺血预处置对心肌组织11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸的影响

目的 :观察心肌缺血预处置和再灌注损伤时心肌内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -环氧二十碳三烯酸 (1 1 ,1 2 -epoxye icosatrienoicacid ,1 1 ,1 2 -EET)的改变 ,探讨内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -EET在缺血预处置中的作用。方法 :使用雄性Wistar大鼠 ,通过结扎 (60min)和松开 (30min)冠状动脉左前降支 ,复制心肌缺血 /再灌注模型 ;采用缺血 5min ,再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 5组 :①假手术组 (sham) ;②缺血再灌注组 (I/R) ;③短阵缺血预处置组 (SI) ;④短阵缺血预处置缺血 /再灌注组 (SI+I/R)。采用气相色谱法测定心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET的含量 ,并观察再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果 :I/R组 +dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax以及LVDP均低于、心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET高于sham组及SI +I/R组 (P <0 0 1 ) ;而SI+I/R组心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET也高于sham组 (P <0 0 1 )。结论 :整体动物心肌再灌注使大量内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -EET释放 ,是再灌注损伤机制之一 ;缺血预处置抑制再灌注时心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET的增加 ,可能与缺血预处置心肌保护作用有关。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38的激活在四逆汤预处理诱导大鼠心肌延迟预适应中的作用

目的：探讨四逆汤能否诱导心肌延迟预适应及其机制。 方法： SD大鼠分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注(I/R）组、延迟缺血预处理组、四逆汤预处理组。延迟缺血预处理组采用经典大鼠冠脉结扎，缺血5 min，再灌5 min，反复循环3次，24 h后缺血1 h，再灌1 h。四逆汤预处理组给予四逆汤灌胃(5 mL·kg-1·d-1)连续3 d，末次灌药24 h后缺血1 h，再灌1 h。以心肌梗死面积、心肌酶为评价指标，测定心肌中NO2-/NO3-的含量并通过免疫组化检测大鼠心肌p38 MAPK及PKC的表达。 结果： 延迟缺血预处理组及四逆汤预处理组心肌梗死面积、血清CK、LDH的值明显少于I/R组，NO2-/NO3-含量显著高于I/R组，p38 MAPK和PKC发生转位且蛋白表达明显高于I/R组。 结论： 四逆汤能诱导心肌延迟预适应，其机制与p38 MAPK的激活可能有关。     

11,12-EET和缺血预处置对在体大鼠正常及再灌注心肌磷酸化ERK和p38MAPK表达的影响

目的:观察11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸(11,12-EET)和缺血预处置对大鼠再灌注心肌组织磷酸化ERK1/ERK2和p38 MAPK表达的影响,了解大鼠心肌磷酸化ERK1/ERK2和p38 MAPK表达与预处置有否关系。方法: 使用雄性Wistar大鼠,通过结扎(60 min)和松开(30 min)冠状动脉左前降支,复制缺血/再灌注模型;采用缺血5 min,再灌注5 min两次造成缺血预处置。大鼠经手术并静脉给予6.24×10^-8mol/L 11,12-EET,稳定20 min,结扎冠脉复制缺血/再灌注模型。实验分5组:①正常组(norm);②假手术组(sham);③缺血再灌注组(I/R);④短阵缺血预处置组(SI+I/R);⑤11,12-EET预处置缺血/再灌注组(EET+I/R)。采用Western blot法测定心肌细胞外调节的蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)和p38 MAPK的表达程度,并观察再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果: 再灌注30 min时,I/R组+dp/dt_max%、-dp/dt_max%和LVDP均显著低于sham组、SI+I/R组和EET+I/R组(P＜0.05);而I/R组大鼠心肌ERK1/2磷酸化表达明显高于sham组(P＜0.05),明显低于SI+I/R组和EET+I/R组(P＜0.05);I/R组大鼠心肌p38 MAPK磷酸化表达I/R组显著高于sham组、norm组、SI+I/R及EET+I/R组(P＜0.05)。结论:6.24×10^-8 11,12-EET mol/L具有保护心功能的作用,这种保护作用可能与大量激活磷酸化ERK1/2和抑制p38 MAPK有关。     

连接蛋白43在远端缺血预处理防治兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中对血脊髓屏障的作用及机制

目的:探讨连接蛋白43(Cx43)在远端缺血预处理(RIPC)防治兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(SCIRI)中对血-脊髓屏障(BSCB)的作用及机制。方法:36只健康日本大耳白兔,按照完全随机数字法分为3组(每组12只):假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)、远端缺血预处理组(I/R+R组)。分别于恢复灌注后48h行后肢神经运动功能评分,HE染色观察脊髓组织病理变化及正常运动神经元数量,TUNEL凋亡染色观察脊髓组织神经细胞凋亡情况,伊文思蓝(EB)检测血脊髓屏障的通透性,荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测脊髓组织Cx43mRNA水平,Western blot检测脊髓组织Cx43、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及基质金属蛋白酶-2/9(MMP-2/9)蛋白表达变化。结果:与Sham组比较,I/R组后肢神经运动功能评分显著降低(P0.05),脊髓结构损伤严重,凋亡神经细胞数明显增加(P0.01),血脊髓屏障渗透性明显增加,Cx43 mRNA及Cx43、TNF-α、IL-1β和MMP-2/9蛋白表达均显著增加(P0.05);与I/R组比较,I/R+R组后肢神经运动功能评分增高(P0.05),脊髓损伤较轻,正常运动神经元数量增加(P0.05),凋亡神经性细胞数明显减少(P0.05),血脊髓屏障渗透性明显降低,Cx43mRNA及Cx43、TNF-α、IL-1β和MMP-2/9蛋白表达均显著减少(P0.05)。结论:RIPC可以保护SCIRI时BSCB的完整性,减轻脊髓损伤,改善后肢神经运动功能,其保护机制可能与RIPC抑制Cx43的表达,从而下调TNF-α、IL-1β及MMP-2/9蛋白表达水平有关。     

缺血后处理和CGS-21680后处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察缺血后处理和选择性腺苷A2a受体激动剂CGS-21680后处理对兔缺血再灌注损伤心肌的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:健康新西兰大耳白兔36只,随机分成三组:缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(IPO组)、CGS-21680后处理组,每组12只。建立兔心肌I/R模型,于再灌注末颈静脉取血测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB);采用伊文思蓝和NBT染色后计算各组兔心肌梗死范围;原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测各组兔心肌细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测各组心肌组织半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)mRNA和Bcl-2mR-NA的表达。结果:(1)与I/R组比较,IPO组和CGS-21680后处理组CK-MB水平显著下降,心肌梗死范围分别减少34.5%、31.2%。(2)TUNEL法结果:IPO组和CGS-21680组的细胞凋亡指数(AI)分别为9.57±1.34%和11.31±0.97%,与IR组(18.32±1.75%)相比明显降低并有显著差异(P0.01)。(3)荧光定量RT-PCR结果:与IR组比较,IPO组和CGS-21680组的促凋亡基因Caspase-3mRNA的表达明显下调,抗凋亡基因Bcl-2mRNA的表达显著上调,P均0.05。结论:缺血后处理和CGS-21680后处理可减少心肌梗死范围,减少细胞凋亡,保护I/R损伤心肌,其机制可能与下调促凋亡基因Caspase-3和上调抗凋亡基因Bcl-2的表达有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.