探讨肝原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的病理学特征

目的探讨肝原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤的临床病理特征、免疫表型和基因重排特点。方法对2例原发于肝黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤进行回顾性研究,包括临床病理观察、免疫组化检测及多聚酶链反应（PCR）检测基因重排。结果2例均为偶然发现肝占位性病变,肿瘤组织主要由中心细胞样B细胞和单核细胞样B细胞构成,均见肿瘤细胞侵犯胆管上皮、侵袭肝细胞索形成淋巴上皮病变,肿瘤细胞CD20、CD79α和Pax-5（＋）,T细胞标记（-）,IgH基因均呈单克隆重排。结论原发性肝MALT型淋巴瘤是一种惰性淋巴瘤,多为偶然发现的肝占位性病变,诊断及鉴别诊断需要结合病理形态、免疫组化标记及必要的基因重排检测。     

结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤3例临床病理观察

目的探讨结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤(NLPHL)的临床病理特征和病理诊断。方法复习3例NLPHL患者的临床病理资料、免疫表型、EBV原位杂交及抗原受体基因重排PCR检测结果。结果 3例NLPHL中,淋巴结结构破坏,淋巴组织呈结节性或结节-弥漫性增生,可见进行转化的生发中心(PTGC),小淋巴细胞背景中散在大型单个核或多分叶核异型肿瘤细胞。免疫组化:3例肿瘤细胞CD20、PAX5、Oct-2和BOB.1均(+);仅1例CD30弱(+);2例bcl-6(+);CD3、CD15和LMP1(-);CD21(+)显示扩大的不规则滤泡树突细胞网。3例EBV原位杂交均(-)。运用激光显微切割收集肿瘤细胞并对其进行抗原受体基因重排PCR检测,2例IgH单克隆性重排(+)(1例为Fr2a,1例为Fr3a),3例TCRγ多克隆性重排。结论 NLPHL是一种罕见的具有独特临床病理特征的霍奇金淋巴瘤亚型,细致的形态学观察及完善的免疫组化检查有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

采用PCR检测淋巴结细胞IgH和TCRγ基因重排对淋巴增殖病的诊断意义

采用PCR体外基因扩增技术研究10例活检淋巴结细胞IgH和TCRγ基因重排,并与组织病理和免疫表型分析进行了对比研究。结果表明:6例病理诊断为非何杰金淋巴瘤(NHL)者中,4例发生相应的IgH或TCR_γ基因克隆性重排,与免疫表型分析一致,另2例同时发生了IgH和TCR_γ基因双重重排。2例病理诊断为坏死性淋巴结炎者,免疫表型分析起源于B细胞,均检测到IgH基因克隆性重排,证明系克隆性恶性B淋巴细胞增殖。表明用PCR检测IgH和TCR_γ基因重排,对恶性淋巴细胞增殖病诊断的敏感性和特异性高于组织病理学和免疫表型分析,具有重要临床应用价值。     

伴淋巴上皮涎腺炎样特征的胸腺增生临床病理学观察

目的探讨伴淋巴上皮涎腺炎样特征的胸腺增生临床病理学特征、免疫组化表型及鉴别诊断。方法收集2例LESA样胸腺增生患者的临床病理学资料,通过光镜形态学观察、免疫组织化学染色、原位杂交、Ig基因重排检测,并复习相关文献。结果 2例患者中,男性1例,女性1例,发病年龄56和66岁(平均年龄61岁)。肿瘤最大径6 cm、13 cm。镜下:低倍镜下肿瘤呈分叶状结构,叶状结构周围为脂肪组织;具有生发中心的淋巴滤泡增多,滤泡间区可见浆细胞;胸腺上皮细胞增生,可见大量胸腺小体,胸腺上皮呈岛状、巢状,并相互汇合形成梁状结构;囊性变,囊壁内衬胸腺上皮,囊内见均质嗜酸性物及胆固醇裂隙,常伴异物巨细胞反应;淋巴细胞浸润胸腺上皮形成淋巴上皮病变。免疫组织化学CD20、CD79α示B细胞,CD3、CD5示T细胞,CK、CK19显示淋巴上皮病变,原位杂交EBER阴性,未检测到Ig基因发生单克隆重排。结论 LESA样胸腺增生类似于涎腺良性淋巴上皮病变,是胸腺增生的一种新病理学形态,镜下主要表现为淋巴样组织浸润和淋巴上皮病变,预后良好,手术切除后,无复发和转移。     

罕见肝脾αβ T细胞淋巴瘤伴骨髓侵犯的临床病理观察

目的探讨肝脾T细胞淋巴瘤(HSTCL)的临床病理特征。方法对1例肝脾αβT细胞淋巴瘤,通过组织学形态、免疫组化及T细胞淋巴瘤克隆性基因重排进行分析,并复习文献。结果患者男性,49岁。咳嗽、发热,血小板减少1周。3年前因脾大、脾功能亢进行脾切除术。免疫组化:骨髓活检组织CD3、CD56弥漫(+),Ki-67增殖指数为40%;肝活检组织LCA、CD2、CD3、CD56弥漫(+),Ki-67增殖指数为70%;脾活检组织LCA、CD2、CD3、CD56弥漫(+),Ki-67增殖指数为70%。T细胞淋巴瘤克隆性基因重排:β链重排。结论肝脾αβT细胞淋巴瘤是较为特殊的外周T细胞淋巴瘤,预后较差,可以通过免疫组化及基因重排等相关检查协助诊断,病理诊断肝脾αβT细胞淋巴瘤应与肝脾γδT细胞淋巴瘤、淤血性脾肿大、毛细胞白血病、淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤、侵袭性NK细胞白血病/淋巴瘤鉴别。     

原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤29例临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析2005—2014年间天津医科大学肿瘤医院收治的29例原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤的临床病理资料,并进行文献复习。结果全部病例均经术后病理确诊,男性8例,女性21例,平均发病年龄66.7岁;26例伴有淋巴细胞性/桥本氏甲状腺炎病史;29例均为B细胞淋巴瘤,其中18例病理类型为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,10例病理类型为黏膜相关淋巴组织结外边缘区淋巴瘤,1例为伯基特淋巴瘤。原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤以甲状腺结构的破坏及形成淋巴上皮病变为基本形态特点,瘤细胞免疫组化均表达CD20等B细胞标记,而不表达甲状腺滤泡上皮来源标记。结论原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤老年女性多见,病理类型多为B细胞来源的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,大部分伴有淋巴细胞性/桥本氏甲状腺炎的背景,诊断需与甲状腺炎症、甲状腺未分化癌及髓样癌等鉴别,必要时需借助于免疫组化及基因重排等方法。     

亲毛囊性蕈样肉芽肿的临床病理分析

目的探讨亲毛囊性蕈样肉芽肿(FMF)的临床及病理特征。方法对2例早期FMF患者的临床及病理特征、免疫表型、基因重排及鉴别诊断等进行分析,并结合文献进行讨论。结果 2例FMF患者均为男性,平均确诊年龄为55岁。临床表现为皮肤红斑或斑块伴脱屑及瘙痒。病理表现为真皮浅、深层血管周围、胶原间、毛囊上皮及周围异形淋巴细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,1例伴有毛囊及皮脂腺内黏蛋白沉积且TCR基因重排检测阴性。免疫组化显示CD3、CD4(+),CD7(-),CD8点灶状(+)或(-),Ki67增殖指数均10%。结论 FMF是一种少见的皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,是蕈样肉芽肿(MF)的一种亚型,以毛囊内及其周围异型性淋巴细胞浸润为特征。早期确诊困难,需要临床表现结合病理活检、免疫组化或基因检测。     

浆膜腔淋巴瘤21例临床病理分析

目的回顾性分析21例浆膜腔积液中细胞学诊断为淋巴瘤的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断与鉴别诊断及治疗与预后。方法收集西京医院2014-01—2016-05间由浆膜腔积液诊断为淋巴瘤者21例,对其进行常规涂片、染色、离心包埋切片、免疫细胞化学染色,及对部分病例进行基因重排分析,并对照其细胞学诊断和活检组织病理诊断的符合率。结果 21例中,男性14例,女性7例,年龄2~87岁,中位年龄64岁。14例为胸腔积液,6例为腹腔积液,1例为心包积液。21例全部为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。细胞学经免疫细胞化学染色或基因重排明确分型的13例,2例淋巴浆细胞样淋巴瘤,3例弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤,1例原发性渗出性淋巴瘤,2例浆母细胞淋巴瘤,1例血管免疫母细胞性淋巴瘤,1例T淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤,1例B淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤,2例小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤。其余8例中4例因有淋巴瘤病史,未行免疫细胞化学染色,2例经免疫细胞化学染色证实为B细胞性淋巴瘤。结论浆膜腔积液中淋巴瘤病例较少见,临床症状不典型,易误诊为转移癌或结核性浆膜腔积液。对浆膜腔积液进行仔细的形态学观察,同时离心包埋做免疫细胞化学染色和基因重排检测可有助于诊断和分型。     

19例淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症的临床病理观察

目的探讨淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对19例淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症进行骨髓活检、免疫组化染色、流式细胞免疫表型及MYD88 L265P及CXCR4 WHIM基因突变检查并复习相关文献。结果男11例,女8例。肿瘤性淋巴细胞增生模式以弥漫型为主,其周围及淋巴细胞间常见浆细胞增生,背景常见肥大细胞。免疫表型为:CD5、CD43、Bcl-6、CD103阴性;FMC7、IgM及泛B抗原阳性;3例(3/12)表达CD11c,2例(2/14)表达CD13,2例(2/19)表达CD10。9例行MYD88 L265P基因测序均检测到突变,6例行CXCR4 WHIM基因测序有3例检测到移码突变。结论淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症是一种较少见的病种,诊断需结合临床表现、病理组织学特点、免疫组化和/或相关基因检测诊断。     

老年人EBV阳性的弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤伴显著类上皮肉芽肿反应及T细胞克隆性扩增

目的探讨老年人EBV阳性的弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤(DLBCL)的组织形态特征、免疫组化、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗与预后。方法对1例淋巴结发生的老年人EBV阳性的DLBCL行HE和免疫组化染色,同时行TCR基因和免疫球蛋白基因的克隆分析。结果患者男性,60岁。颈部、腋窝及锁骨上窝淋巴结肿大3个月。组织学表现为富于组织细胞与T细胞的大B细胞性淋巴瘤(THRBCL),肿瘤显示NF-κb途径激活,同时伴有显著类上皮反应及T细胞克隆性扩增。结论老年人EBV阳性的DLBCL是新近发现的一类EBV阳性的单克隆性B淋巴细胞增生性疾病,其临床和病理特征独特,需与伴有肉芽肿反应的EBV阳性的淋巴组织增生性疾病或淋巴瘤进行鉴别,本例同时伴有显著类上皮肉芽肿反应和克隆性T细胞扩增非常罕见。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。