稻谷中镉元素残留分布特征分析

收集一定数量受镉污染的稻谷样品,通过砻谷机、碾米机和旋风磨粉机等仪器,将稻谷样品制成糙米、糠粉,精米及稻壳等样品,采用原子吸收分光度计石墨炉法,参照国家标准<食品中的镉的测定>分别测定上述样品中的镉含量,分析稻谷中镉元素的分布特征,探讨能否通过深加工的方式降低稻谷的镉含量,使加工后大米满足<粮食卫生标准>规定的稻谷(包括大米)的镉污染限量要求.     

稻谷加工过程中重金属的变化规律及品种差异

在湖南省选择5种不同品种的稻谷样品,经过砻谷和碾白将稻谷加工成不同加工精度的大米,分别测定其了总砷、汞、铅、镉的含量,旨在探讨加工精度与重金属含量的变化规律及品种间的差异性。结果表明,四种重金属在稻谷中分布极不均匀,除稻壳外,重金属含量由外到内逐渐降低;随着加工精度的提高,稻谷中的总砷、汞、铅、镉含量均呈下降趋势。因此,通过加工精度的提高,可在一定程度上降低加工产品中总砷、汞、铅、镉的含量,当稻谷的碾米率达到20%时,其总砷、汞、铅、镉含量的下降率可达53.7%、29.2%、57.5%和33.3%。此外,四种重金属在稻谷中的分布呈现一定的品种差异,     

大米加工过程中增碎原因及其解决途径

该文论述造成大米增碎原因及其解决途径。只有根据稻谷品质,选用工艺性能优良大米加工 机械设备及适宜大米加工工艺流程,采用多级轻碾、多级轻抛及强拉风低温碾米、低温抛光大米生产技 术,将稻谷加工成适宜精度等级大米,才能最大限度降低大米加工过程中增碎量,从而提高大米加工企 业经济效益。     

大米降碎工艺的分析与探讨

从稻谷品质、稻谷加工前经受的各种处理、加工工艺几方面分析了稻米加工过程中碎米产生的原因,并对大米加工的降碎工艺进行系统的探讨.这对改进稻米加工工艺和设备、正确掌握操作技能、提高大米加工水平、增加企业经济效益具有现实意义.     

稻谷加工工艺对产品镉含量的影响

研究稻谷加工工艺(砻谷、碾米)与稻谷镉去除率的关系,明确通过砻谷、碾米工艺获得大米镉含量达标的可能性,为制定镉超标稻谷的加工利用技术提供科学依据。以不同镉含量的稻谷为材料,通过砻谷、碾米获得不同加工精度的大米;使用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测其镉含量,分析稻谷在砻谷、碾米过程中镉含量的动态变化。结果表明:1)稻谷经砻谷加工后镉含量降低;镉含量低于0.226 mg/kg的稻谷,通过砻谷获得镉含量达标(0.2 mg/kg)的糙米。2)碾米加工可降低大米的镉含量,当碾米精度为23.83%时对镉的去除效果最佳;镉含量低于0.288 mg/kg的糙米,通过碾米获得镉含量达标的大米。3)镉含量高于0.323 mg/kg的稻谷,应考虑其他加工途径去除或降低大米或产品的镉含量。     

云南不同地区稻谷中5种重金属元素分布特征

目的 研究8个不同地区稻谷中五种重金属元素含量, 分析不同地区稻谷中重金属元素分布特征。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测稻谷中总铬、镉、总砷、铅、总汞5种重金属元素含量; 利用主成分分析法对不同地区稻谷中重金属元素分布特征进行分析判别。结果 云南省不同地区稻谷中重金属元素具有不同特征, 超标率较低, 但是检出率较高, 尤其是总铬和镉的污染较为广泛。结论 云南省稻谷中重金属含量总体处于食品安全风险较低水平。但仍需进一步控制环境中重金属污染源头, 并做好稻谷中重金属水平的持续监测与风险评估。     

大米加工过程中增碎的原因及其解决途径

介绍了大米加工的发展过程及其工艺流程，并详细地论述了造成大米增碎的原因及其解决途径。只有根据稻谷的品质，选用工艺性能优良的大米加工机械设备及适宜的大米加工工艺流程，采用多级轻碾、多级轻抛及强拉风低温碾米、强拉风低温抛光大米的生产技术，将稻谷加工成适宜精度等级的大米，才能最大限度地降低大米加工过程中的增碎量，从而提高大米加工企业的经济效益。     

大米食用安全的隐患及控制

针对目前大米食用安全中出现的重金属污染、农药残留、添加剂滥用等问题,从稻谷种植、储藏和加工、包装和运输三个环节进行分析,提倡开展有机稻谷种植、推广低温储粮技术、规范添加剂的使用管理、应用大米的保鲜抗菌包装等,对于控制大米质量安全、提高其食用品质具有一定的借鉴意义.     

稻谷重金属检测和去除方法的研究进展

现代工业快速发展导致部分稻谷污染了一定程度的重金属,解决稻谷重金属污染问题是保障粮食安全的重要内容。本文基于国内外的研究现状,首先总结比较了重金属检测方法的优缺点,其次总结了重金属在稻谷中的分布及存在形态,最后重点综述了对稻谷加工各个环节产物采取的重金属去除方法,展望了今后的研究方向,为重金属污染稻谷的合理利用提供借鉴。     

稻谷水热加工过程中镉迁移规律研究

目的研究稻谷在蒸谷米水热加工过程中镉的迁移规律。方法以蒸谷米小试装置及生产线采集样品为研究对象,在优化碾米时间的基础上,在排除水分含量差异对测定结果的前提下,利用统计分析考察水热工艺(浸泡和蒸煮)对稻谷各部分(稻壳、米糠和精米)镉含量的影响。结果由实验数据推断,在水热过程中,镉的迁移主要发生在稻谷的内部,且主要是在浸泡时从精米向米糠迁移富集,而蒸煮工艺则对镉的分布变化影响很小;经过浸泡,精米中的镉含量可降低约40%;推测热水的浸泡一方面使胚乳淀粉分子间游离的镉部分溶出,一方面促使镉向络合能力更强的米糠蛋白迁移,最终导致其分布发生明显变化。结论该研究为在稻谷加工过程中实现重金属镉的消减提供了科学依据。     

鄂西北稀土矿区粮食与蔬菜中重金属污染风险评价

目的 调查鄂西北稀土矿区粮食作物与蔬菜中重金属污染情况及其健康风险。方法 对当地居民日常食用、本地种植的6种粮食及20种蔬菜进行采样,用微波消解ICP—MS对样本中具有代表性的重金属 Cr、Pb、Hg、Cd及类金属As的含量进行测定,选用靶标危害系数法、内梅罗污染指数法、单因子污染指数法综合评价了不同作物的重金属污染风险。结果 研究区粮食中大米、小麦、花生以及蔬菜中菠菜、苋菜、红薯叶等叶菜类蔬菜及茄子、小葱均受到了不同程度的重金属污染。其中粮食作物的重金属污染多为单一铬污染,蔬菜的污染类型多为复合型重金属污染。结论 健康风险评价表明食用该地区种植的大米、苋菜、红薯叶对健康产生影响的可能性极大;食用该地区种植的小麦、油麦菜、菠菜产生重金属危害的可能性较大;过量食用当地种植的花生、茄子、小葱、萝卜叶,也存在一定的风险。     

加工精度对稻谷籽粒中重金属含量的影响

研究了稻谷籽粒不同的组织结构中Cd、Pb、As的含量分布,以及不同加工精度对重金属去除率的影响。结果表明,研究样品中Pb的浓度最高,米糠层重金属含量最高。随着加工精度的增加,重金属去除率也随之增加,当碾米120 s后,As总去除率最高,为42.57%,而Cd和Pb的去除率分别为24.38%和41.38%。因此通过砻谷和提高碾米精度,可以去除稻谷中部分重金属。     

Effects of industrial processing on the distributions of deoxynivalenol, cadmium and lead in durum wheat milling fractions

The aim of this work was to investigate the distributions of deoxynivalenol, cadmium and lead in durum wheat milling fractions from industrial milling plants. The study focused on two milling technologies: conventional milling and debranning before milling. Initial analyses of samples of all raw materials showed contamination levels considerably lower than the limits imposed by the European Commission. Deoxynivalenol, cadmium and lead showed rather similar patterns of distribution. Semolina had lower, although not significant levels of these undesirable substances than unprocessed wheat grain; in contrast, marked concentration factors were found for the contaminants in shorts (middlings) and flour shorts. Debranning technology resulted in higher contamination levels in products intended for animal feed than conventional milling. The difference was statistically significant for deoxynivalenol and lead contamination of the shorts (middlings) fraction. As the outer parts of the kernel are generally considered richer in inorganic elements and moulds, Pearson's correlation was performed to investigate the relationship between the crude fibre contents of the different fractions, adopted as bran marker, and contaminant levels. Positive correlations were found for each of the three contaminants, although the correlation coefficients were not very high, demonstrating that crude fibre likely does not constitute a good marker for describing contaminants repartitioning in milling fractions when the levels of these substances are low.     

Wheat flour confectionery products as a source of inorganic nutrients: iron and manganese contents in hard biscuits

To evaluate some wheat flour based hard biscuits produced in Croatia with regard to their Fe and Mn contents and thereby their functionality, Fe and Mn are determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) in seven biscuits: classic white wheat flour biscuits and in dietetic biscuits enriched with whole wheat grain flour or whole wheat grain grits, soya flour and milk. Presented data show that Fe contents in seven analyzed biscuits range from 9.32 up to 24.80 mg/kg while Mn contents range from 3.76-16.37 mg/kg depending on type and share of cereal milling products and mineral content of other raw materials used. Thus, enriched biscuits produced from wheat flour type 850 and whole wheat grain flour, having the highest concentrations of Fe and Mn, were about 150% and 250%, respectively, richer in those elements in comparison with classic white flour biscuits of Petit Beurre type. Data show that wheat flour based hard biscuits, particularly enriched biscuits, can be considered as a good additional source of Fe and Mn in diets.     

真菌毒素在赤霉病小麦研磨及其湿法加工中的分布研究

小麦赤霉病不仅会导致粮食减产,更会引起多种真菌毒素的高污染风险。将染病小麦进行实验室制粉并湿法分离统粉中的粗淀粉、谷朊粉,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay,ELISA)测定各系统的呕吐毒素(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)以及赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)的含量,以探究赤霉病小麦在制粉及其湿法加工中四种常见真菌毒素的分布变化规律。结果显示:研磨制粉及湿法加工对真菌毒素的分布影响显著。制粉加工后,皮磨和心磨系统粉的DON、AFB1、ZEN和OTA含量比原粮显著降低,降低率分别为1.38~16.24%、20.47~71.77%及26.71~69.51%;湿法加工产物中,DON消减为相应统粉的4.88~12.11%,AFB1与OTA浓缩富集,富集率分别可达统粉的2.55、3.65倍,粗淀粉中ZEN消减为统粉的12.70~15.83%,谷朊粉则富集为统粉的4.11倍。研究表明,在工业生产中,可根据赤霉病小麦的感染类型及程度,适当选用研磨或湿法加工等合适的方法加工处理。     

Phytochemicals and heavy metals content of hairless canary seed: A variety developed for food use

Canary seed is one of the top four specialty crops grown in Western Canada. Currently it is used entirely in food mixtures for caged birds but our previous studies have shown its unique composition and potential use in food and non-food applications. Through improvements by plant breeding a hairless variety was developed for human consumption and animal feeding. This study was aimed at investigating phytochemicals and heavy metals in hairless canary seed in comparison with the hairy variety and common wheat using three milling fractions (wholegrain, starchy flour and bran). The levels of bound and unbound phenolic acids, phytate, trypsin and amylase inhibitors tended to be similar in the three grains at a given level of processing. This was also true for most heavy metals tested although hairy canary seed exhibited a significantly higher concentration of copper while both canary seed varieties contained more nickel and zinc than wheat. Condensed tannins, alkaloids and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected in any of the crops while very low levels of aflatoxin were detected in all three grains. The results show that both hairless and hairy canary seed possess phytochemicals and heavy metals profile close to that of wheat demonstrating the potential of hairless canary seed as a food crop due to the absence of harmful hairs.     

谷物中重金属来源、检测技术及膳食风险研究进展

随着工业化的快速发展,谷物作为人类主要的食物来源之一,受到重金属污染的风险日益加剧。其中,铅、镉、铬、砷和汞等重金属对人体健康有潜在的危害,长期随谷物摄入可能导致中毒和慢性疾病。由于谷物广泛应用于各类饮食和加工食品中,重金属的积累可能对人体健康造成长期影响。本文综述了重金属污染农作物的自然途径和人为途径来源、谷物中重金属检测方法及相关法规和标准,同时针对谷物中重金属的膳食风险进行评估,进而阐述谷物中重金属污染的控制措施和技术手段。通过评估谷物中重金属污染对膳食安全构成的潜在风险,明晰谷物质量安全的潜在威胁,以期为保护我国粮食安全和人体健康提供理论依据和实践指导。     

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of wheat graded flours by polishing method

The graded flour fractions, which were milled from whole wheat grain from outer to inner parts without removal of germ and bran, are rich in dietary fibers and minerals, the sources of nutrition for human beings. In this study, the whole waxy wheat was milled into five fractions using the gradual milling method and the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of these flours were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of free and bound phenolic extracts gradually increased in the order from the inner to the outer fractions. The flours milled from the outer parts of grain contained significantly higher amount of phenolics and exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than did the whole grain. Likewise, the inner flour fractions milled from mostly endosperm part had significantly higher amount of phenolics and exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than did the white flour, which was milled by a conventional milling method. Thus, the graded flours from whole waxy wheat should be encouraged to be used for processing whole-grain foods to improve both qualities of end-use products and health benefits.     

全麦粉营养及生产工艺探讨

全麦粉完整地保留了小麦籽粒的所有部分,富含对人体有益的膳食纤维、矿质元素以及一些生物活性物质等,其营养远高于经过精制后的面粉的营养。目前国内外关于全麦粉及全麦食品的开发及研究力度越来越大,但由于缺乏统一的标准,全麦粉的生产工艺也呈现多样性。清理工艺、制粉工艺、全麦粉后处理是全麦粉生产的基本工艺组成部分。