丹参注射剂561例临床不良反应/事件分析

摘 要 目的：分析丹参注射剂所致不良反应发生的特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2012～2014年湖北省药品不良反应监测中心收集的561例丹参注射剂所致不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）,以患者性别、年龄、过敏史,ADR/ADE发生时间、临床表现及转归等指标作为考查项,进行统计分析。结果：561例ADR/ADE患者男女比例为1∶1.109,主要发生人群为40岁以上的患者（85.93%）。共发生ADR/ADE 784例次,主要发生时间为给药后30 min以内（56.86%）,主要临床表现为皮肤及其附件损害（34.31%）、全身性损害（16.45%）、心率及心律紊乱（12.76%）,其中严重不良反应构成比为4.5%。结论：丹参注射液可引起不同程度的不良反应,临床用药时应给予足够重视,需加强ADR/ADE监测,提高用药安全性。     

227例三唑类抗真菌药物不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：分析三唑类抗真菌药物不良反应（ADR）的发生的特点,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2012～2014 年湖北省药品不良反应监测中心数据库227例三唑类抗真菌药物ADR报告的患者年龄、性别,药物剂型、给药途径,ADR发生时间、累及器官系统分布及临床表现,ADR分级、关联性评价及其转归情况等进行统计分析。结果：三唑类抗真菌药物所致ADR患者男女比例为1∶1.32;各个年龄段均有分布,其中31～40岁年龄段构成比最高,占38.33%。ADR报告涉及9种药品剂型,以膏剂为主,占总剂型59.03%。ADR报告涉及给药途径主要包括外用（70.04%）和阴道给药（24.23%）等。所致ADR主要累及皮肤及其附件损害（69.87%）和女性生殖系统损害（24.02%）等,ADR临床表现为皮疹、瘙痒、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛等;其中咪康唑（42.73%）引起的ADR例数最多,酮康唑（36.56%）次之。227例ADR报告中一般的ADR 200例,新的ADR 27例。关联性评价结果：肯定17例,很可能68例,可能142例。ADR病例的转归以治愈和好转为主。结论：应严格控制药物的不合理使用,加强ADR监测,完善药物使用说明书,规范临床用药,以降低ADR/ADE风险。     

帕累托法分析西安地区2 076例药品不良反应

摘 要 目的：了解西安地区药品不良反应（ADR）的发生规律及特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用帕累托（Pareto）最优分析法对2013～2015年西安地区医疗机构发生的2 076例ADR报告进行整理,汇总患者年龄、药物品种、给药途径、药物剂型和临床表现等并进行分析。结果：2 076例ADR中,引发ADR的年龄段、药物种类、给药途径、药物剂型及累计的系统/器官及主要临床表现情况的主要因素分别为：0～10岁（16.81%）、51～60岁（16.81%）、61～70岁（13.34%）、71～80岁（12.24%）、21～30岁（11.27%）和41～50岁（10.31%）年龄段;抗感染药物（46.97%）、中药注射剂（14.40%）、中枢神经系统用药（9.34%）和维生素类、营养类药物、酶制剂及调节水、电解质和酸碱平衡药物（8.14%）四大类药物,其中抗感染药物中头孢菌素类的报告例数最多（35.79%）;静脉给药（85.84%）;注射剂（88.05%）;皮肤及其附件损害（41.43%）、消化系统损害（14.92%）、全身性损害（13.49%）和神经系统损害（10.75%）相关的ADR例数较多。结论：根据西安地区ADR发生的规律和特点,应加强临床合理用药管理,有针对性加强重点品种、患者的用药监护与ADR检测,保障患者用药安全。     

1 071例利巴韦林不良反应/事件分析

摘 要 目的：分析利巴韦林不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生的一般规律和特点,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2006年6月～2018年6月湖北省药品（医疗器械）ADR监测中心数据库中收集的1 071例利巴韦林ADR/ADE报告的患者人口学特征、用药原因、联合用药情况和不良反应受累系统/器官分布及临床表现等进行统计和分析。结果：利巴韦林引起的ADR/ADE涉及7种剂型,注射液占比最多（84.12%）;ADR/ADE在各年龄组段均有分布,男性略多于女性;所致ADR/ADE临床表现复杂多样,但主要为皮疹和过敏样反应,严重者可出现过敏性休克和血液系统损害。 结论：利巴韦林致ADR/ADE个体差异大,临床用药时应严格掌握适应证,尽量避免不合理的联合用药,以减少ADR/ADE的发生。     

134例严重药品不良反应/事件报告分析

摘 要 目的：分析西安交通大学第一附属医院严重药品不良反应/事件(ADR/ADE)发生的原因及特点,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：汇总统计该院2008～2015年134例严重药品不良反应/事件报告,分别从患者年龄、性别、药品种类、临床表现、给药途径及关联性评价等方面进行统计与分析。结果：发生严重ADR/ADE患者的男女比例为1.13∶1,老年人患者、涉及抗肿瘤药物和抗菌药物ADR/ADE的构成比分别为37.31%、37.31％和22.39％。报告例次最多的15个药品中,抗肿瘤药物8种,抗菌药物3种。静脉滴注发生ADR/ADE构成比85.4%。严重ADR/ADE的临床表现主要以全身性损害、血液系统损害和心血管损害多见。结论：重视抗肿瘤药物和抗菌药物ADR/ADE的监测,提高临床安全、有效、合理的用药水平,降低临床ADR/ADE风险,保障患者的用药安全。     

某院201例注射用洛铂超说明书用药及其不良反应相关因素分析

摘 要 目的：分析注射用洛铂超说明书用药情况及其不良反应,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法: 应用SPSS统计软件,回顾性分析某院2016年11月～2017年7月201例使用注射用洛铂患者的用药情况及药品不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生特点,并进行相关因素分析。结果:201例使用注射用洛铂患者的适应证、给药途径和溶媒等方面超说明书用药比例分别为89.55%、18.41%和47.26%。ADR发生率为63.18%。ADR/ADE主要表现为血液和淋巴系统损害及肝胆系统损害,如淋巴细胞计数降低（40.80%）、贫血（23.88%）、白细胞数降低（19.90%）、血小板计数降低（15.92%）和AST增高（10.45%）等,无5级ADR发生,有心悸、呼吸困难和呃逆等新的ADR发生。且0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可能是ADR发生的危险因素。结论:该院注射用洛铂大部分超说明书用药,ADR发生率为63.18%,以0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可能是发生ADR的危险因素。     

2011～2014年孝感市药品不良反应/事件报告描述性分析

摘 要 目的:了解药品不良反应的发生特点,为ADＲ监测工作提供参考。方法：提取国家ADR监测系统中2011～2014年孝感市上报的ADR/ADE有效报告7 732例,采用SPSS 19.0对报告来源、患者性别、药品种类、给药途径、ADR累及器官/系统等进行分析。结果：7 732例报告,主要来自医疗机构（6 959例,90.00%）和临床医师（5 061例,65.46%）;引起ADR/ADE最多的药物为抗菌药物（4 388例,54.90%）和中药注射剂（897例,11.60%）;引起ADR的给药途径以静滴多见（69.83%）;一般ADR/ADE主要累及皮肤及附件（42.96%）和消化系统（16.55%）;严重ADR/ADE 181例（2.43%）,其中严重过敏性反应80例（42.20%）,皮肤及附件损害36例（19.89%）。引起严重ADR/ADE的药品中抗感染药物79例（43.65%）,中药注射剂32例（17.68%）;前3位的药品分别为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（14例）、参麦注射液（10例）和头孢呋辛（10例）。结论：加强ADR/ADE的监测报告力度和抗菌药物临床合理使用的监管,重视严重ADR/ADE的监测,不断提高ADR监测水平,降低用药风险。     

157例新的/严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解本院新的/严重的药品不良反应(ADR)的特点及规律,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法：收集本院2010年1月~2015年3月上报的新的/严重的药品不良反应报告,对患者年龄、性别、发生时间、给药途径、引起ADR的药品种类、ADR累及器官或系统及临床表现等方面进行统计分析。结果：新的/严重的ADR报告共157例,其中新的一般的ADR报告73例,严重的ADR报告60例,新的严重的ADR报告24例;ADR可发生于各年龄段,≥60岁比例较高（33.12%）;ADR多发生在用药后2 h内（73.88%）;给药途径以静脉静滴给药为主（82.17%）;涉及药品101种,以抗菌药（46.70%）所占比例最高,其次是中药制剂（14.37%）,引起ADR的前5位的药品均是抗菌药;ADR累及器官或系统及主要临床表现依次为全身性损害（28.06%）、皮肤及其附件损害（19.90%)、呼吸系统损害（15.82%）和中枢及外周神经系统损害（10.72%）。结论：新的/严重的ADR发生与多种因素有关,应提高新的/严重的ADR的监测水平,减少ADR风险。     

某院甲磺酸阿帕替尼片超说明书用药及其不良反应分析

摘 要 目的：分析某院甲磺酸阿帕替尼片超说明书用药情况及其不良反应发生情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：回顾性分析某院2015年9月~ 2017年7月33例使用甲磺酸阿帕替尼片患者的性别、年龄、原发肿瘤、药品用法用量及其药品不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）等特点。结果：甲磺酸阿帕替尼片适应证超说明书用药19例,占57.58%。常用剂量为250 mg或500 mg,低于说明书850 mg推荐剂量。ADR/ADE发生率为48.48%,大多数是1级、2级或3级ADR/ADE,常见血液和淋巴系统损害、高血压和消化道出血等。结论：某院甲磺酸阿帕替尼片大部分超说明书用药,ADR/ADE发生率为48.48%,多数ADR/ADE可通过暂停给药、调整剂量或对症治疗得以控制。     

我院2007～2016年新的、严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：了解我院新的、严重的药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点和临床表现,为预防ADR发生和临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性方法,对我院2007～2016年收集的277例新的、严重的ADR报告,从患者的年龄、性别分布、给药途径、药物类别与品种数、累及的系统/器官及临床表现、不良反应分型等进行统计和分析。结果：277例患者中,50～69岁患者所构成比例最大（42例,45.13％）;新的ADR 99例,严重的ADR（包括新的严重ADR）178例;注射剂178例(64.26%),口服85例(30.69%);新的严重的ADR涉及药品种类以抗感染药（26种,19.12%）、抗肿瘤药（25种,18.38%）和中药制剂（19种,13.97%）最多。严重不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和血液系统的损害最多;新的不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和循环系统的损害最为多见。结论：应重视和加强新的ADR的监测和上报,合理用药,保障患者用药安全。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.