光催化分解水制氢研究进展

光催化分解水制氢,其学术和社会意义无疑是极其广泛而深远的.这一点至少早在科幻之父儒勒·凡尔纳(JulesVerne)生活的时代就被人们所认知,下面引用JulesVerne在1874年出版的《神秘岛》中的一段表述,让我们来再次重温这一课题的伟大意义.J.Verne写到:“Waterdecomposedintoitsprimitiveelements,anddecomposeddoubtlessbyelectricity,whichwillthenhavebecomeapowerfulandmanageableforce……Yes,myfriends,Ibelievethatwaterwillsomedaybeemployedasfuel,thathydrogenandoxygen,whichconstituteit,usedsinglyortogether,willfurnish…     

光催化还原二氧化碳全反应的研究进展

通过光催化将二氧化碳(CO₂)还原为可持续的绿色太阳能燃料是同时解决环境问题和能源危机的极具前景的方案.尽管迄今为止已经进行了广泛的研究,但实现高转化率、高选择性和高稳定性的光催化二氧化碳还原仍有许多障碍.如将水作为电子供体而非牺牲试剂,能够使反应的吉布斯自由能变ΔG>0,这对于真正实现理想化的人工光合作用至关重要,但同时也会为光催化还原CO₂体系带来更多的挑战.我们首先简要介绍了光催化还原CO₂的机理与挑战,而后根据目前光催化还原CO₂在无牺牲剂体系中出现的问题总结了对应的策略以及最新的研究进展,包括能带结构的调整、助催化剂的负载、异质结的构建、 MOFs与COFs材料的设计等方面,最后对目前仍未解决的问题以及未来实现工业化应用的阻碍进行了总结.     

光催化分解水体系和材料研究

利用太阳光光催化分解水制取氢气是一种环境友好的再生能源制备技术.本文介绍了近年来在光催化分解水方面的一些研究工作,对目前国内外光催化分解水制取氢气和氧气的一些基本评价体系、光催化剂类别进行了整理分类,重点描述了光催化制氢原理、光催化分解水体系、光催化制氢材料类型、光催化设计等工作.对未来光催化分解水的研究工作进行了展望.     

光催化完全分解水制氢研究进展

由完全分解水的特殊性出发,从材料的结构和能带设计以及材料的表面修饰等方面对完全分解水光催化剂的研制及其分解水产氢产氧性能进行了评述.介绍了Z型体系在完全分解水制氢方面的原理,以及目前已经开发出来的几个Z型体系.对光催化完全分解水研究中存在的问题进行了简单分析.     

单原子催化剂在光催化二氧化碳还原中的研究进展

通过光催化技术将二氧化碳转化成增值的含碳化学品或燃料是解决能源危机和温室效应的一种可持续性方法. 开发高效、 廉价及高稳定性的光催化剂是提高光催化二氧化碳还原(CO₂RR)效率所面临的一大挑战. 单原子催化剂由于具有原子利用率高及电子环境可调等特性而在催化领域被广泛研究. 在光催化二氧化碳还原中, 金属单原子的加入不仅可调节光催化剂的能带结构及吸光性能等物理性质, 还可以有效提高其光生电荷转移效率, 并为研究光催化反应机理提供理想的平台. 近年来, 单原子光催化剂在二氧化碳还原领域的研究发展迅速. 本文综合评述了单原子催化剂在光还原二氧化碳反应中的研究进展, 介绍了不同载体的单原子催化剂的典型研究成果, 并展望了未来的研究趋势.     

钴基非均相催化剂在光催化水分解、二氧化碳还原和氮还原的研究进展与展望（英文）

利用大自然丰富的太阳能驱动水、二氧化碳或氮气转化为高附加值燃料(如H₂, CO, CH₄, CH₃OH或NH₃等),实现人工光合成,将储量丰富的太阳能转化为可利用的清洁化学能源,被认为是解决能源短缺和环境问题的关键技术之一,能够有效缓解能源危机和全球变暖,极具应用前景.因此,各种类型的光催化剂相继被开发出来,以满足光催化的需求.其中钴基多相催化剂是最有前途的光催化剂之一,它可以通过扩大光吸收范围、促进电荷分离、提供活性位点和降低反应能垒等途径有效提高光催化效率,为太阳能燃料转化利用开辟广阔的前景.本文首先介绍了光催化水分解、CO₂还原和N₂还原的基本原理.然后,总结了基于钴基催化剂的改性策略,包括形貌、晶面、结晶度、掺杂和表面修饰,重点讨论了钴基多相材料在水分解(产氢、产氧和全解水)、二氧化碳还原以及氮还原领域的光催化进展.最后,对钴基光催化剂当前面临的挑战和未来的发展作了展望和总结.提出了钴基光催化剂未来的一些研究方向.包括:(1)基于材料光催化体系的设...     

新型二维碳材料——石墨烯在光催化分解水制氢中的研究进展

本文讨论了石墨烯在光催化诱导制氢体系中的应用,以期总结新型材料石墨烯在光电转化和光催化制氢中的应用最新进展,为了解碳材料在光催化制氢领域的应用参考。     

稀土纳米材料在光催化二氧化碳还原中的应用

光催化二氧化碳还原反应(光催化CO₂RR)是将惰性CO₂转化为高价值化学品的最具前景的策略之一。光催化CO₂RR的成功取决于高效催化剂的使用,尽管目前已取得相当的进展,但光催化过程仍面临着光电效应弱和光生载流子易复合等问题,严重制约了CO₂还原的效率。稀土离子具有独特的f电子结构和尤其丰富的电子能级,可作为光生电子的“储存器”并兼具抑制光生载流子复合的功能,因此电子能更有效地用于CO₂RR。镧系金属离子的强亲氧性和高配位需求,使其易于掺杂进其他氧化物半导体的晶格中,不仅能够稳定半导体复合物的晶相,而且能够有效地调控氧空位的浓度,从而实现半导体光催化剂性能调控和优化。此外,镧系金属亦能以原子级分散方式吸附在半导体表面或实现体相掺杂,直接作为活性位点提升光生电子的传递与利用。本文总结和探讨了稀土纳米材料在光催化CO₂RR反应中的不同作用形式,从包括单(纯)稀土半导体材料、负载助催化剂的稀土半导体材料、掺杂稀土半导体材料和稀土半导体-其他半导体的复合材料等四方面...     

光热催化还原二氧化碳反应器研究进展

光热催化还原技术是二氧化碳资源化的研究热点之一。设计高效的新型催化剂材料,是构建有效的光热催化反应体系的重要内容,而开发与催化材料适配的反应器,则可以最大化地发挥催化剂的性能,是光热催化放大反应的关键。本文综述了光热催化反应器的不同形式,讨论了光热催化关键变量温度、光照、给料类型和运行方式对反应器设计的影响。总结了反应器设计的局限性和挑战性,为光热催化还原二氧化碳的技术发展提出了展望。     

Designing a 0D/1D S-Scheme Heterojunction of Cadmium Selenide and Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Constructing photocatalysts to promote hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide photoreduction into solar fuels is of vital importance. The design and establishment of an S-scheme heterojunction system is one of the most feasible approaches to facilitate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers and obtain powerful photoredox capabilities for boosting photocatalytic performance. Herein, a zero-dimensional/one-dimensional S-scheme heterojunction composed of CdSe quantum dots and polymeric carbon nitride nanorods (CdSe/CN) is created and constructed via a linker-assisted hybridization approach. The CdSe/CN composites exhibit superior photocatalytic activity in water splitting and promoted carbon dioxide conversion performance compared with CN nanorods and CdSe quantum dots. The best efficiency in photocatalytic water splitting (10.2% apparent quantum yield at 420 nm irradiation, 20.1 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ hydrogen evolution rate) and CO₂ reduction (0.77 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ CO production rate) was achieved by 5%CdSe/CN composites. The significantly improved photocatalytic reactivity of CdSe/CN composites primarily originates from the emergence of an internal electric field in the zero-dimensional/one-dimensional S-scheme heterojunction, which could greatly improve the photoinduced charge-carrier separation. This work underlines the possibility of employing polymeric carbon nitride nanostructures as appropriate platforms to establish highly active S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for solar fuel production.     

Solid-State Conversion Synthesis of Advanced Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting

Electrolytic water technology is promising for sustainable energy utilization, but the lack of efficient electrocatalysts retards its application. The intrinsic activity of electrocatalysts is determined by its electronic structure, whereas the apparent activity can be further optimized by reasonable design on micro-/nanostructures of electrocatalysts. The core goal of electrocatalytic research is to reveal the relationship between the structure and performance of electrocatalysts, which is also the basis of reasonable design and construction of efficient electrocatalysts. Traditional synthetic methods, namely bottom-up and top-down routes, usually induce the change of different structural parameters at the same time. The solid-state conversion strategy, which is converts solid precursors into target materials through chemical reactions, has been widely adopted to produce materials with precisely controllable structures. In this Minireview, we focus on recent advances in the solid-state conversion synthesis of water-splitting electrocatalysts. First, the basis of solid-state conversion chemistry is introduced. Then, the specific methods of precise control of electronic structure by solid-state conversion and the relationship between electronic structure and performance are summarized. Based on the understanding of the electronic structure–performance relationship, synergistic regulation of electronic structure and micro-/nanostructures by solid-state conversion to achieve the copromotion of intrinsic activity and apparent activity are described. Finally, the remaining challenges in this field are discussed, and future research directions are proposed as well.     

Nanocomposites of Tantalum‐Based Pyrochlore and Indium Hydroxide Showing High and Stable Photocatalytic Activities for Overall Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Nanocomposites of tantalum‐based pyrochlore nanoparticles and indium hydroxide were prepared by a hydrothermal process for UV‐driven photocatalytic reactions including overall water splitting, hydrogen production from photoreforming of methanol, and CO₂ reduction with water to produce CO. The best catalyst was more than 20 times more active than sodium tantalate in overall water splitting and 3 times more active than Degussa P25 TiO₂ in CO₂ reduction. Moreover, the catalyst was very stable while generating stoichiometric products of H₂ (or CO) and O₂ throughout long‐term photocatalytic reactions. After the removal of In(OH)₃, the pyrochlore nanoparticles remained highly active for H₂ production from pure water and aqueous methanol solution. Both experimental studies and density functional theory calculations suggest that the pyrochlore nanoparticles catalyzed the water reduction to produce H₂, whereas In(OH)₃ was the major active component for water oxidation to produce O₂.     

Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using TiO2-Based Photocatalysts and TiO2 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Composites: A Review

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction is a most promising technique to capture CO₂ and reduce it to non-fossil fuel and other valuable compounds. Today, we are facing serious environmental issues due to the usage of excessive amounts of non-renewable energy resources. In this aspect, photocatalytic CO₂ reduction will provide us with energy-enriched compounds and help to keep our environment clean and healthy. For this purpose, various photocatalysts have been designed to obtain selective products and improve efficiency of the system. Semiconductor materials have received great attention and have showed good performances for CO₂ reduction. Titanium dioxide has been widely explored as a photocatalyst for CO₂ reduction among the semiconductors due to its suitable electronic/optical properties, availability at low cost, thermal stability, low toxicity, and high photoactivity. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, the artificial Z-scheme of photocatalyst is constructed to provide an easy method to enhance efficiency of CO₂ reduction. This review covers literature in this field, particularly the studies about the photocatalytic system, TiO₂ Z-scheme heterojunction composites, and use of transition metals for CO₂ photoreduction. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are described to open a new era in engineering and attain good performances with semiconductor materials for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.     

以乙二醇为电子给体在CuO/TiO2上光催化分解水制氢

采用浸渍、热分解的方法在TiO₂纳米颗粒上负载CuO制备得到光催化剂CuO/TiO₂。研究了以乙二醇为电子给体,在CuO/TiO₂上光催化分解水制氢的反应过程。重点分析考察了影响光催化产氢速率的因素如CuO的负载量、反应时间、光催化剂用量、乙二醇初始浓度等,同时对光催化制氢的反应机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,氙灯光源模拟太阳光下最佳产氢速率达到604.5 μmol·h^-1·g^-1;CuO/TiO₂催化剂改善了光吸收性能、减少了光生载流子的复合速率,CuO可以起到传输电子的作用;乙二醇为电子给体很可能经过羟基乙醛进一步被氧化。     

以乙二醇为电子给体在CuO/TiO2上光催化分解水制氢

采用浸渍、热分解的方法在TiO₂纳米颗粒上负载CuO制备得到光催化剂CuO/TiO₂。研究了以乙二醇为电子给体,在CuO/TiO₂上光催化分解水制氢的反应过程。重点分析考察了影响光催化产氢速率的因素如CuO的负载量、反应时间、光催化剂用量、乙二醇初始浓度等,同时对光催化制氢的反应机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,氙灯光源模拟太阳光下最佳产氢速率达到604.5μmol·h^-1·g^-1;CuO/TiO₂催化剂改善了光吸收性能、减少了光生载流子的复合速率,CuO可以起到传输电子的作用;乙二醇为电子给体很可能经过羟基乙醛进一步被氧化。     

Considerations for a More Accurate Evaluation Method for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Over the past decades, various photocatalysts have been developed and great progress has been achieved in the field of solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting. However, the lack of an accurate and comprehensive evaluation method greatly hinders the meaningful comparison between different systems and becomes a serious impediment for the development of photocatalysts. Although many researchers are aware of this, there has been little work in this area. In this Viewpoint, we first analyze the insufficiencies of the existing evaluation methods and then make preliminary suggestions, aiming to stimulate discussion in the research community and hopefully lead to a widely accepted and authoritative evaluation system to assess photocatalyst performance.     

Modulating Benzothiadiazole-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via Halogenation for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers, have been recognized as a new platform for efficient solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion owing to their pre-designable structures and tailor-made functions. Herein, we demonstrate that slight modulation of the chemical structure of a typical photoactive 2D COF (Py-HTP-BT-COF) via chlorination (Py-ClTP-BT-COF) and fluorination (Py-FTP-BT-COF) can lead to dramatically enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution rates (HER=177.50 μmol h⁻¹ with a high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 8.45 % for Py-ClTP-BT-COF). Halogen modulation at the photoactive benzothiadiazole moiety can efficiently suppress charge recombination and significantly reduce the energy barrier associated with the formation of H intermediate species (H*) on polymer surface. Our findings provide new prospects toward design and synthesis of highly active organic photocatalysts toward solar-to-chemical energy conversion.     

Black Phosphorus-Based Semiconductor Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Solar-to-hydrogen (H₂) conversion has been regarded as a sustainable and renewable technique to address aggravated environmental pollution and global energy crisis. The most critical aspect in this technology is to develop highly efficient and stable photocatalysts, especially metal-free photocatalysts. Recently, black phosphorus (BP), as a rising star 2D nanomaterial, has captured enormous attention in photocatalytic water splitting owing to its widespread optical absorption, adjustable direct band gap, and superior carrier migration characteristics. However, the rapid charge recombination of pristine BP has seriously limited its practical application as photocatalyst. The construction of BP-based semiconductor heterojunctions has been proven to be an effective strategy for enhancing the separation of photogenerated carriers. This Minireview attempts to summarize the recent progress in BP-based semiconductor heterojunctions for photocatalytic water splitting, including type-I and type-II heterojunctions, Z-Scheme systems, and multicomponent heterojunctions. Finally, a brief summary and perspective on the challenges and future directions in this field are also provided.     

Modulating Benzothiadiazole‐Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via Halogenation for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers, have been recognized as a new platform for efficient solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion owing to their pre‐designable structures and tailor‐made functions. Herein, we demonstrate that slight modulation of the chemical structure of a typical photoactive 2D COF (Py‐HTP‐BT‐COF) via chlorination (Py‐ClTP‐BT‐COF) and fluorination (Py‐FTP‐BT‐COF) can lead to dramatically enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution rates (HER=177.50 μmol h^?1 with a high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 8.45 % for Py‐ClTP‐BT‐COF). Halogen modulation at the photoactive benzothiadiazole moiety can efficiently suppress charge recombination and significantly reduce the energy barrier associated with the formation of H intermediate species (H*) on polymer surface. Our findings provide new prospects toward design and synthesis of highly active organic photocatalysts toward solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion.