对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间口腔器械使用原则、洗消、管理的思考

自新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发至今，国内外都出现了大量的确诊病例。随着疫情的蔓延，感染病例数的增加，尤其是最新报道指出存在气溶胶传播途径感染的可能，引起了口腔行业的重视，并由此引发了口腔工作者们对口腔诊疗日常感染控制工作的思考：如何在日常口腔诊疗工作中控制感染，避免医源性交叉感染的发生?本文根据各级疫情防控经验，结合多年传染病专科医院口腔科门诊工作经验，着重从器械使用、洗消及管理方面对口腔科门诊的防控工作提出一些建议和思考，期望对口腔科的日常诊疗工作，尤其是针对烈性呼吸道传染病、血源性传染病患者的诊疗工作提供一定的指导和帮助。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间急诊内镜防控管理

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)防控期间消化内镜中心感染控制管理与内镜诊疗的安全。方法在COVID-19疫情防控期间,通过组织与防控培训,包括成立应急防控小组、拟定疫情期间消化内镜诊疗规范及重新布局诊疗区域、疫情培训、岗位调整等,从急诊内镜诊疗前对COVID-19的筛查到诊疗过程中的防控,以及隐匿患者应急处理等方面设定科学合理防护工作规范及感染防控方案。对2020年2月在解放军总医院第七医学中心消化内镜中心行急诊内镜检查患者的COVID-19疫情防控情况进行评估分析。结果 2020年2月1日至2020年2月28日,共行急诊内镜检查及治疗患者24例,男∶女为19∶5,中位年龄61.5岁(12～89岁);行胃镜检查10例(41.67%),行结肠镜检查5例(20.83%),行ERCP 9例(37.5%)。其中6例患者CT显示肺部感染。在此期间,所有内镜操作间空气消毒达标。对24例患者及家属进行随访发现均未感染COVID-19。结论适应防控形势发展趋势,拟定特殊时期防控诊疗规范,做法科学性强,措施有效可行。     

集束化管理策略在血透室新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中的应用效果观察

目的 观察集束化管理策略在新型冠状病毒肺炎防控工作中的应用效果及透析患者疫情防控认知行为的改变。方法 对血透室实施全员集束化管理策略,采用自行设计调查问卷,对155例门诊透析患者进行调查。结果 在血透室应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作中,应用集束化管理策略后,工作人员职业防护合理规范,疫情期间医务人员及透析患者零感染。疫情对患者规律透析、正常生活及心理健康影响不大。疫情期间患者认知及行为有所改变,透析患者普遍能够配合各项防控措施执行。结论 在血透室应对新型冠状病毒肺炎防控工作中实施集束化管理策略效果显著,可明显提高患者对疫情防控的认知,并能够积极配合医疗护理工作,确保血透室各项防控工作有序开展,避免相关院内感染发生。     

疫情防控模式下消化道息肉日间手术的安全管理

本文探讨了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间及防控常态化下太钢总医院消化内科和新安国际消化内科实施日间手术的情况,旨在为在特殊时期的临床工作提供安全及有效性的依据.我们医院消化内镜中心按照卫生行政部门及医院防控要求,结合科室工作特点,制定了一系列防控管理措施并准确落实,使临床工作在安全防护的基础上取得良好的效果.2020-2021消化内镜中心共完成日间手术2000余例,无疑似手术感染和新型冠状病毒肺炎病例.严格的疫情防控及高质量的管理为该中心日间手术的积极开展发挥了积极有效作用;安全优化的诊疗流程,让患者及家属安心;医务人员严格执行防护措施,保证了手术的安全和工作效率的流畅高效.     

从新型冠状病毒疫情演变看传染病流行期间消化内镜如何做好感染防控

新型冠状病毒感染可以表现为多种消化道症状。消化内镜作为一项侵入性的具有高度感染传播风险的诊疗项目更是感染防控的重点及难点。多个国家在感染防控措施中积累了一定的经验，该综述总结了现有的国内外关于消化内镜诊疗的感染防控指南及建议，旨在为消化内镜常态化疫情防护及有序恢复诊疗工作提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间胶囊内镜诊疗工作指导意见

依照《中华医学会消化内镜学分会在新型冠状病毒感染防控期间对消化内镜诊疗工作的指导意见》等相关标准及意见,中华医学会消化内镜学分会胶囊内镜协作组制定了新冠肺炎疫情期间胶囊内镜诊疗工作指导意见,旨在规范诊疗流程与防控、洗消措施,在确保医患双方诊疗安全基础上,最大限度的实现患者获益。     

2019新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控期间开展支气管镜诊疗指引(试行)

2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)感染主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播、空气传播及接触传播,结合支气管镜操作的特点,制订了当前疫情下支气管镜诊疗操作的流程、要求及注意事项.进行支气管镜诊疗操作时须严格执行传染病防控相关标准,强调支气管镜检查不作为诊断新型冠状病毒感染采样的常规手段,在按要求做好防护的基础上,严格掌握支气管镜诊疗适应证,如非病情急需,建议暂缓检查.     

胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎患者在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间的防控和诊治

目前,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情依然十分严峻,全国各地高度重视疫情防控工作。胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎作为肝胆外科常见的急腹症之一,发病急、进展快,需要早期诊断和及时有效的治疗。在疫情防控的特殊时期,应合理收治患者,减少院内交叉感染。胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎常伴有发热,要明确是否合并有新型冠状病毒感染的情况,合理选择治疗方案,制订个体化治疗措施。在确保患者得到及时有效的诊治的同时,落实落细患者及陪护人的防控工作,切实防止院内感染的发生。重视医务人员的个人防护工作,科学施救,切实保障医务人员的人身安全。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间心血管疾病管理与诊治策略

2019年底在我国武汉出现了新型冠状病毒感染,短时间内感染人群积聚增加,国家做出迅速反应将新冠病毒感染定为甲类传染病防控。对发病人群的流行病学研究发现患病和死亡病例中,中老年人多见,合并基础疾病特别是心血管疾病患者占据死亡率的第一位,为10.5%,合并高血压病患者的死亡率为6%。检测新型冠状病毒的感染时间较长,而心血管疾病中许多疾病都属于危急重症,在诊疗时需要争分夺秒。针对心血管疾病患者在新冠肺炎疫情期间的管理和诊治的特殊性,国家和相关权威部门发布的防控和诊疗方案、心血管疾病专家们提出的共识和建议,为我们在新冠肺炎疫情期间能够安全和有效的完成医疗救治工作提供了强有力的理论依据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的营养管理建议

定点医院作为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)相关病例的集中收治场所, 是落实疫情防控工作的重要环节;营养治疗是临床综合治疗的核心内容之一, 在改善COVID-19患者的营养状态、提高康复率、降低病死率等方面具有关键作用。为规范定点医院临床营养诊疗工作有序开展, 保障临床营养诊疗工作的医疗安全和质量, 上海市临床营养质量控制中心组织专家根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第九版)》, 结合临床营养相关指南和诊疗经验编写了此建议, 有助于在疫情防控期间, 指导各医疗机构合理、有效开展COVID-19患者的营养诊疗工作。本指导意见重点针对成人及儿童COVID-19患者的营养管理建议进行阐述, 为临床营养诊疗工作的开展提供参考。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.