南海北部湾东部海域表层沉积物地球化学特征

通过对南海北部湾东部海域61 个站位表层沉积物粒度和地球化学组成的相关分析和因子分析,探讨了其空间分布特征、元素相关性以及元素组合特征, 揭示了元素在区域上的分布规律和主控因素。结果表明: 绝大多数常微量元素具有相似的平面分布特征, 而MnO、Zr、CaO 和Sr 空间变异系数较大,在部分区域出现了异常高值, 表明其沉积环境受到正常陆源沉积以外其他因素的影响。元素和Al₂O₃的比值分布特征表明, 广西和海南岛近岸沉积物主要由陆源碎屑沉积组成, 在潮汐和近岸径流作用下,由近岸向远海输送; 而研究区西部海域沉积物主要为来自红河的物质。元素相关分析和因子分析结果表明, 研究区表层沉积物中绝大多数常微量元素主要受沉积物粒度的控制; CaO 和Sr 含量主要受生物活动活跃程度控制; Zr 含量分布主要受控于源区母岩矿物组成以及自源区的搬运距离; 而MnO 含量则受陆源、海底热液以及自生作用等多种来源共同影响。     

台湾海峡中、北部表层沉积物中若干元素的地球化学

对1983年采集的样品进行Si, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn的含量测定表明,大部分元素在泥质沉积物中富集,在砂粒级沉积物中含量较低。元素含量区域分布的总趋势是调查区北部闽江口附近高,南部低。元素以陆源为主。本调查区南部中央的水深40—60m,该处水动力较强,元素含量均较低。Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, V元素含量之间存在一定的相关性,表明这些元素伴生共存。     

台湾海峡中、北部沉积物中磷的存在形态

本文讨论了磷的5种存在形态及其分布规律,海洋沉淀物中磷是以有机磷(Po_(rg))、和无机磷(p_(Inorg))形式存在,有机磷是有机质的组成部分,无机磷又分为钙结合磷(P_(Ca))、铝结合磷(P_(Al))、铁结合磷(P_(Fe))和可溶性磷(P_(sol))。 本海区P_(Ca)占总无机磷含量的90%,P_(Al),P_(Fe)与有机碳(C_(Org)),Cu,Zn含量呈正相关,P_(Sol)含量与氧化还原环境有关,还原条件下含量增大。     

南黄海北部盆地表层沉积物烃类地球化学探测

调查区位于南黄海北部盆地(34°54′～36°30′N、122°～124°E),本次调查对79个站位进行了地球化学柱状取样,获取各类指标分析测试数据134组,其中包括酸解烃、ΔC、荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱、蚀变碳酸盐(ΔC)、甲烷碳同位素和粒度等指标。酸解烃指标与整个中国陆上盆地和东海陆架盆地相比,属中等偏低丰度,呈现弱地球化学场特征。N38 5和N38 36两个柱状样的AC1、AC2、AC3含量在垂向上具有相同的变化规律,均表现为向下增高的趋势。酸解烃和ΔC各指标等值线图显示在调查区的西北部和东北部分布有两个地球化学异常区。地球化学异常与区域构造关系密切,与高资源量坳陷、模拟生烃中心位置相符合。烃类属性的判别结果表明,烃类异常最可能属热成因烃,而且气藏的可能性大于油藏。     

沉积物中磷的化学提取分析方法

沉积物中磷（Ｐ）的形态分析对于研究沉积物 水界面磷的交换是非常重要的 ,有助于评价沉积物中磷的生物可获性、记录水体的营养状态、确定相对铁的氧化还原界面、了解成岩过程特征和估计成岩速率常数。化学试剂提取法是基于给定提取剂对某一结合相的选择性操作定义的。提取剂的提取效率和选择性是十分关键的。尽管沉积物中Ｐ的形态分析结果是对不同结合相Ｐ的估计 ,然而合适的Ｐ的形态分析可以对沉积物中活性和非活性Ｐ进行定量测定。沉积物中活性和非活性磷的定量化可以预测Ｐ对物理化学变化的响应和理解Ｐ的内循环。目前对湖泊沉积物中Ｐ…     

黄海沉积物的地球化学分区

本文简要地阐述了应用模糊目标函数的聚类算法,进行黄海沉积物地球化学分区的原理与计算步骤。文中将多流系、多物源相互影响、共同作用的黄海沉积体系划分为5个地球化学分区,并与现场资料作了对照,所得的结果较为符合实际。这是应用模糊数学方法定量地多组分综合研究划分沉积物分区的一种尝试。     

湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征

根据1984年湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的分析资料,讨论了它们的地球化学特征和主要来源。沉积物中重金属的含量(Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni 的质量分数均值分别为3.21%、730×10~(-6)、19.4×10~(-6)、44×10~(-6)分布比较均匀,Pb、Zn 和Co 含量(质量分数均值分别为47.0×10~(-6)、25.8×10~(-6)和243×10~(-6))偏高,微量金属含量不受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物控制,本地区的金属来源受陆源输入的影响明显。     

北部湾年极值波浪与设计波浪估算的研究

本文基于海上与其附近沿岸台站短期观测资料的分析,建立了两种关系:一种是海上的风速与浪之间的关系;另一种是海上与岸站两地风速之间的关系.通过这些关系,用岸站观测的风速资料可以得到海上的年极值波浪.采用 P—Ⅲ型、Gumbel 和 weibull 方法分别估算海上的设计波浪,结果彼此之间有较大的差异。选用柯尔莫哥洛夫(Kolmogoroff)适合度方法检验表明,估算设计波浪的波高用 P—Ⅲ型方法最好,而估算设计波浪的周期用 Weibull 方法最好。     

北部湾潮波数值研究

利用普林斯顿海洋模式(POM08)建立了北部湾及其临近海区潮汐潮流数值模式,模拟了K1,O1,M2和S2这4个主要分潮,分析了模拟的潮汐和潮流分布特征,从潮波能量的角度讨论了琼州海峡对北部湾潮波系统的影响,并给出北部湾潮能的耗散情况。研究表明,北部湾是典型的全日潮海区,K1和O1分潮在南部湾口形成半个旋转潮波系统,无潮点位于越南顺安附近岸边。琼州海峡中的欧拉潮汐余流为西向流,潮余流造成的水通量约为0.034×106m3/s;余流出海峡西口后,先折向北,然后转向南流出湾外。研究海区中两个强潮流区分别位于琼州海峡和海南岛的西侧,同时这也是两个潮能的高耗散区。北部湾的潮能自南部湾口由外海传入,通过西口涌入琼州海峡,到达海峡东口时日潮波的能量已基本耗散殆尽,在海峡内耗散的4个分潮的潮能约为3.33 GW,相当于北部湾潮能耗散量的35%左右。数值试验表明,琼州海峡作为潮能耗散的重要海区,其存在对于北部湾潮波系统的形成具有较大影响。计算了底边界潮能耗散,结果表明在北部湾和琼州海峡,底边界耗散的潮能分别占该海区总耗散的83%和80%。     

厦门湾沉积物中磷的形态特征及环境意义

2010年3月在厦门湾采集表层沉积物,应用改进的化学试剂连续分级浸取法(SEDEX)法对其中的弱吸附态磷(Ads-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机态磷(OP)的含量进行了分析测定,结合沉积物的环境参数,讨论了各种形态磷的地球化学行为。Ads-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、De-P、OP和总磷(TP)平均含量分别为9.80μg·g-1、148.69μg·g-1、14.07μg·g-1、136.89μg·g-1、91.97μg·g-1和401.41μg·g-1。研究表明,沉积物中的TP受陆源输入影响较小;Ads-P和Ca-P含量主要源于海区内部生物地球化学过程;De-P、OP和Fe-P主要受陆源输入影响;Ca-P、De-P和OP与重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd和As)具有化学耦合作用,在沉积过程中,可能具有相似地球化学行为。     

In situ hydrocarbon concentrations from pressurized cores in surface sediments, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Two newly developed coring devices, the Multi-Autoclave-Corer and the Dynamic Autoclave Piston Corer were deployed in shallow gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico during research cruise SO174 (Oct–Nov 2003). For the first time, they enable the retrieval of near-surface sediment cores under ambient pressure. This enables the determination of in situ methane concentrations and amounts of gas hydrate in sediment depths where bottom water temperature and pressure changes most strongly influence gas/hydrate relationships. At seep sites of GC185 (Bush Hill) and the newly discovered sites at GC415, we determined the volume of low-weight hydrocarbons (C₁ through C₅) from nine pressurized cores via controlled degassing. The resulting in situ methane concentrations vary by two orders of magnitudes between 0.031 and 0.985 mol kg^− 1 pore water below the zone of sulfate depletion. This includes dissolved, free, and hydrate-bound CH₄. Combined with results from conventional cores, this establishes a variability of methane concentrations in close proximity to seep sites of five orders of magnitude. In total four out of nine pressure cores had CH₄ concentrations above equilibrium with gas hydrates. Two of them contain gas hydrate volumes of 15% (GC185) and 18% (GC415) of pore space. The measurements prove that the highest methane concentrations are not necessarily related to the highest advection rates. Brine advection inhibits gas hydrate stability a few centimeters below the sediment surface at the depth of anaerobic oxidation of methane and thus inhibits the storage of enhanced methane volumes. Here, computerized tomography (CT) of the pressure cores detected small amounts of free gas. This finding has major implications for methane distribution, possible consumption, and escape into the bottom water in fluid flow systems related to halokinesis.     

沉积物中磷的存在形态及其生物可利用性研究

用MgCl₂,NaOH和HCl对大亚湾的大鹏澳、南海的珠江口、厦门湾的胡里山沉积物进行了逐级提取和总磷分析,并以这3种沉积物为惟一磷源培养小球藻和球等鞭金藻,估算了藻类对沉积物中磷的可利用量.结果表明,3种沉积物总磷含量分别为449.3,650.1和643.9mg/kg;MgCl₂和NaOH提取的生物可利用的非磷灰石无机磷分别为168.8,146.6和118.1mg/kg.非磷灰石无机磷占总磷的18.3%～32.6%.3种提取剂对3种沉积物提取的磷是HCl提取相最大,NaOH提取相次之,MgCl₂提取相最小.小球藻和球等鞭金藻在3种沉积物中的最大相对生长率为4.3%～26.9%,两种藻在3种沉积物中的生长与非磷灰石无机磷和藻类可利用的颗粒磷量相对应.颗粒磷占非磷灰石无机磷的42.4%～78.2%,占沉积物中总无机磷的21.1%～27.1%,占总磷的11.8%～20.3%.     

Study of chemical forms of phosphorus and their bioavailability in the sediments

Chemical forms of phosphorus in the sediments of the Daya Bay, the Zhujiang River estuary, and the Xiamen Bay are measured with extraction solutions of MgCl2, NaOH, and HC1. Their availabilities to Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana are estimated by using sediments as the sole source of P in the bioassays. The results show that the contents of total phosphorus (TP) in these sediments are 449.3, 650.1 and 643.9 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of nonapatite inorganic P (NAIP) extracted with MgCl2 and NaOH from 3 sediments are 168.8, 146.6 and 118.1 mg/kg,respectively, and account for 18.3% ～32.6% of TP. The phosphorus extracted with HCl solution is greater than that extracted with NaOH solution and the lowest extracted P is MgCl2-extractable P. The greatest relative growth rates of Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana cultured with sediments are in the range of 4.3% ～26.9%. The increasing biomasses of these algae correspond to NAIP andAAPP (the estimated algal-available particulate P). AAPP accounts for 42.4% ～78.2% of NAIP, 21.1% ～ 27.1% of total inorganic P, and 11.8% ～ 20.3% of TP, respectively.     

Study of chemical forms of phosphorus and their bioavailability in the sediments

Chemical forms of phosphorus in the sediments of the Daya Bay, the Zhujiang River estuary, and the Xiamen Bay are measured with extraction solutions of MgCl2, NaOH, and HCl. Their availabilities to Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana are estimated by using sediments as the sole source of P in the bioassays. The results show that the contents of total phosphorus (TP) in these sediments are 449.3, 650.1 and 643.9 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) extracted with MgCl2 and NaOH from 3 sediments are 168.8, 146.6 and 118.1 mg/kg,respectively, and account for 18.3%～32.6% of TP. The phosphorus extracted with HCI solution is greater than that extracted with NaOH solution and the lowest extracted P is MgCl2-extractable P. The greatest relative growth rates of Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana cultured with sediments are in the range of 4.3%～26.9%. The increasing biomasses of these algae correspond to NAIP and AAPP (the estimated algal-available particulate P). AAPP accounts for 42.4%～78.2% of NAIP, 21.1%～27.1% of total inorganic P, and 11.8%～20.3% of TP, respectively.     

Organic matter in deepwater sediments of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and its relationship to the distribution of benthic organisms

Sediment samples were selected from 28 sites across the deep (212–3527 m) northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) as part of the Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos (DGoMB) program, and analyzed for geochemical parameters related to organic carbon (OC) distribution and characteristics. The results of this study indicate that the OC content of sediments in the deep northern GOM is controlled by several factors; including water depth, overlying water productivity, sediment carbonate content, sediment oxygen exposure time, OC sources, and regional influences. The best correlation between sediment OC content, on a CaCO₃-free basis, and other parameters examined was an inverse correlation of OC with water depth. The OC/SA ratio had a wide range of values and, along with variable sources of sedimentary OC, indicated that the organism-available concentration of metabolizable organic matter may not be simply related to sedimentary OC content. This was perhaps reflected in the observation that benthic macrofaunal and meiofaunal biomass abundances were well correlated with sedimentary OC, but the abundance of bacteria in sediments was not.     

末次盛冰期以来冲绳海槽中部沉积物有机碳和磷的地球化学研究

利用元素及同位素地球化学方法研究了冲绳海槽中部沉积物岩芯中有机碳及磷的地球化学特征及影响因素。结果表明,冲绳海槽沉积速率(16.5～32.5 cm/ka)变化小,不是沉积物中有机碳埋藏的重要影响因素。相对于全新世氧化性底水环境,末次盛冰期/冰消期冲绳海槽缺氧底水环境提高了沉积物对有机碳的埋藏效率。冲绳海槽沉积物中各形态磷的相对含量与其他边缘海沉积物中的相似。交换态磷(Ex-P)含量低、变化小。末次盛冰期/冰消期缺氧底水环境下铁氧化物的还原溶解导致铁结合磷(Fe-P)释放以及自生磷矿物(Au-P)的形成。全新世氧化性底水条件有利于铁氧化物的有效再生及对磷的再吸附,但不利于Au-P的保存。总有机碳(TOC)和有机磷(Org-P)之间良好的相关性表明TOC埋藏对Org-P含量的重要控制作用。冲绳海槽沉积物中碎屑磷(De-P)含量低于长江口及东海陆架沉积物中的含量,这与陆源碎屑向外海传输减弱有关。在约9.3kaBP(岩芯200cm深度),TOC、Fe-P、Org-P、De-P以及FeHR均出现的极小值可能由物质坡移造成。