Enrichment of nutrient quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with microbial proteins

The effect of fermentation on the nutrient quality of cassava was investigated. Chemical analysis revealed a general increase in ash, fibre and crude protein content of the fermented cassava mash, while the carbohydrate content showed a substantial decrease. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that fermentation resulted in a slight protein enrichment of the fermentated cassava mash. When active yeast cells were inoculated into the cassava mash before fermentation, The yeast cells grew and generated additional cell mass which was reflected in a higher content of crude protein in the fermented cassava mash. Results obtained also revealed that 3.3% concentration of yeast cell inoculum added to cassava mash before commencement of fermentation was optimum for maximal crude protein formation.     

Suitability of using sieved or unsieved maize mash for production of “OGI” — A fermented cereal food

Proximate analysis of sieved and unsieved maize mash revealed that there was a decrease in the protein and lipid content of the sieved maize mash as compared to that of the unsieved maize mash. Crude fibre and ash was completely absent in the sieved maize mash, while they were present in the unsieved mash.Chemical analysis of the fermented unsieved maize mash revealed an increase in the protein content from 9.9% (unfermented) to 13.4% after 3 days of fermentation, whereas the protein content of the sieved maize mash increased from 7.1% (unfermented) to 8.4% after the same period of fermentation. Furthermore, the results revealed that the protein content of the fermented unsieved maize mash was 32.1% higher than that of the fermented sieved maize mash indicating that the unsieved maize mash was of a better nutrient quality and should be preferred to sieved maize mash for use in Ogi production.     

The effect of fermentation on the nutrient status and on some toxic components ofIcacinia manni

The effect of fermentation on the nutrient status and on some toxic components ofIcacinia manni was investigated. Chemical analysis of both unfermented and fermented products revealed an increase in protein, ash and fibre content while the lipid and carbohydrate content showed a decrease. The results indicated that fermentation resulted in protein enrichment of the fermentedIcacinia manni mash. Fermentation was also observed to cause a marked decrease in the level of some toxic components (oxalic acid, phytic acid and hydrocyanic acid) of the product. The possibility of incorporatingIcacinia manni among the edible starchy plant tubers is discussed.     

Protein improvement in Gari by the use of pure cultures of microorganisms involved in the natural fermentation process

The ability of microorganisms involved in cassava mash fermentation to produce and improve protein value by these microorganisms during fermentation was studied. Standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate, identify and determine the numbers of the organisms. Alcaligenes faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc cremoris, Aspergillus niger, A. tamari, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium expansum were isolated and identified from cassava waste water while standard analytical methods were used to determine the ability of the isolates to produce linamarase and the proximate composition, pH and titrable acidity of the fermenting mash. The linamarase activity of the isolates ranged from 0.0416 to 0.2618 micromol mL(-1) nmol(-1). Bacillus subtilis, A. niger, A. tamari and P. expansum did not express any activity for the enzyme. Protein content of mash fermented with mixed fungal culture had the highest protein value (15.4 mg/g/dry matter) while the raw cassava had the least value (2.37 mg/g/dry matter). The naturally fermented sample had the least value for the fermented samples (3.2 mg/g/dry matter). Carbohydrate and fat contents of naturally fermented sample were higher than values obtained from the other fermented samples. Microbial numbers of the sample fermented with mixed bacterial culture was highest and got to their peak at 48 h (57 x 10(8) cfu g(-1)). pH decreased with increase in fermentation time with the mash fermented by the mixed culture of fungi having the lowest pH of 4.05 at the end of fermentation. Titrable acidity increased with increase in fermentation time with the highest value of 1.32% at 96 h of fermentation produced by the mixed culture of fungi. Thus fermentation with the pure cultures significantly increased the protein content of mash.     

Nutritional improvement of lentils,chick pea,rice and wheat by natural fermentation

Effect of natural fermentation process (4 days) on the non-protein nitrogen, crude and true protein, amino acids content and in vitro digestibility of two kinds of legumes (lentils and chick pea) and two kinds of cereals (rice and wheat) was investigated. Non-protein nitrogen increased significantly (p<0.001) in the fermented products. Little increase has occured in the crude protein while no significant change was observed in the fermented true protein samples. It was observed that methionine and cystine which are considered the limiting amino acids in legume seeds were close to those of FAO/WHO patterns. Also, lysine content (the first limiting amino acid in cereals was higher in fermented rice than that of FAO/WHO pattern. Moreover, fermentation process improved significantly, the in vitro digestibility of both legume and cereal products.     

Protein characteristics in grass–clover silages according to wilting rate and fermentation pattern

Effects of wilting rate and fermentation stimulators and inhibitors on protein characteristics of forages typical for organic production were assessed using traditional analytical methods and a gas production in vitro assay. The hypotheses were that the proportion of the crude protein (CP) fraction that was soluble would be lowest, and the protein feed value highest, under rapid wilting and restricted fermentation. The solubility of the CP fraction varied according to treatments and between a first and a second cut, with moderate and high content of clover respectively. It was, however, of minor importance for the protein value, both calculated as amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (AAT₂₀) and estimated as effective utilizable crude protein (uCP₀₄) by the in vitro assay. In ensiled herbage, AAT₂₀ was highest in rapidly wilted and restrictedly fermented silages made from a first cut dominated by highly digestible grasses. Silages from the second cut dominated by red clover were far lower in AAT₂₀. The in vitro assay did not separate silages according to herbage composition or wilting rate, but ranked restrictedly fermented above extensively fermented with regard to protein supply. The assay might still have caught the characteristics that determine the true protein value in vivo.     

Chemical changes during the fermentation of African locust-bean (Parkia filicoidea Welw) seeds for production of ‘Daddawa’

African locust-bean (Parkia filicoidea Welw) seeds were allowed to ferment under natural conditions and the chemical changes occurring during the fermentation were studied. Chemical analysis of fermented and unfermented beans showed a marked decrease in the total sugar content; crude and true protein levels all increased. The results of the chemical analyses indicate that fermentation resulted in protein enrichment of the fermented locust bean (daddaw). Fermentation also imparts a characteristic flavour and odour to the beans.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional quality of wheat variety,Yecora Rojo

The effects of N-fertilization on the nutritional quality of short-straw wheat variety, Yecora Rojo, was studied under sprinkler irrigation system. The fertilizers applied were the conventional N-fertilizer, urea (U) applied as single dose or in three split applications (U-S), and the slow release N-fertilizers, ureaform (UF) (38% N and 20 N), osmocote (OC) with 9 or 14 months longevity and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) with either 17% or 37% dissolution rates in 7 days. These fertilizers were applied at 0 (control), 75, 125, and 175 kg/ha during the 1982–1983 season. Results indicated that at 75 kg/ha there was no significant change in the protein content. At 125 kg/ha, the protein content increased (P<0.05) with urea (applied in three split applications) and OC. At 175 kg/ha, all the fertilizers increased the protein content with the exception of urea (applied as single dose) and UF. Ash content tended to decrease with increasing levels of N, while fat and crude fiber were unaffected. All the fertilizers increased the protein yield (kg/ha), the maximum increase occurring with the slow-release N fertilizers, OC and SCU. Except UF, all the fertilizers decreased the lysine content significantly (P<0.05) in the protein moeity at 175 kg/ha level but lysine percentage in the grain was not reduced. The yield (kg/ha) of individual amino acids including lysine was increased several times at the 175 kg/ha level. P content tended to decrease while Fe and Zn increased with fertilization. Slow-release N-fertilizers, OC and SCU as well as urea (in 3 split applications) appear to have a significant positive effect on the nutritional quality of the grains of wheat variety, Yecora Rojo.     

Proximate composition and selected functional properties of fermented and unfermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seed flour

Flour samples were prepared from fermented and unfermentedAfrican oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seeds (AOBS). The flour samples were evaluated for proximate composition and certain functional properties. The influenceof defatting on these properties was also determined. Fermentation significantly increased (p<0.05) the proteinand decreased the crude fiber, ash, fat and carbohydrate contents of the AOBS flours. The nitrogen solubility of both fermented and unfermented flours was pH dependent withminimum and maximum solubility at pH 4.0 and pH 8.0, respectively, and with increased nitrogen solubility in the fermented sample. The fermented and unfermented flour sampleshad least gelation concentrations of 14 and 16% (w/v), respectively. The water absorption capacity and foam capacitiesof the fermented flour were 36 and 34%, respectively, over the unfermented seed flour. On the other hand, fermentation decreased the fat absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion and foam stabilities. Fermentation decreased (p<0.05) the bulk density of AOBS flour by 15%. Defattingimproved all the functional properties evaluated except emulsion activity. These results indicate potential food usesof fermented and unfermented AOBS flour samples as protein supplements in diets and as functional ingredients in formulated foods.     

Proximate composition and antinutritional factors in rice bean (Vigna umbellata)

Thirteen promising strains of Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) were analysed for their proximate compositions and antinutritional factors. Protein content in these varieties ranged from 17.50 to 23.10 per cent, ash from 3.06 to 4.48 per cent, ether extract from 2.4 to 3.9 per cent and crude fibre from 1.70 to 4.25 per cent. Trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 112.63 to 163.98 units/g and polyphenols ranged from 0.58 to 1.19 per cent. Phytohemagglutinating activity was present in all the strains, except one, RB-32. Oligosaccharides, viz., raffinose, stachyose and verbascose, ranged from 0.32 to 0.91, 0.95 to 1.98 and 1.40 to 2.58 per cent, respectively. Attempts have been made to compare the results with a standard variety each of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), moong (Vigna radiata) and mash (Vigna mungo).     

52份波兰小麦种子性状分析

为了解波兰小麦籽粒及其品质性状,对52份波兰小麦品种籽粒性状进行了测定,并对其品质性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）供试波兰小麦籽粒千粒重变异系数最高为42.27%,其次为粗蛋白、湿面筋含量,变异系数分别为11.47%和11.74%;较高原448,10号的籽粒千粒重提高46.95%,20号的粗蛋白含量提高105.83%,2号的湿面筋含量提高94.31%,这些品种可以作为较高千粒重和籽粒品质的重要种质资源;供试小麦籽粒长度、宽度与千粒重呈极显著正相关,籽粒大小可以作为千粒重选择的指标。（2）主成分分析表明,波兰小麦面粉的形成时间对其品质影响的权重最高（W=0.24）,其次是稳定时间对品质的影响（W=0.23）;面粉的稳定时间和形成时间与籽粒含水率、粗蛋白含量呈显著或极显著负相关,与籽粒千粒重呈极显著正相关,湿面筋含量与面粉形成时间呈显著正相关。可选择千粒重较大、籽粒含水率较低、粗蛋白含量适宜的波兰小麦作为我国小麦遗传基础拓展和品种改良的亲本材料。     

Effect of processing on nutrient composition and anti-nutritive substances of African locust bean (Parkia filicoidea) and baobab seed (Adansonia digitata)

The effects of various processing techniques on nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors in baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata L.) and locust beans (Parkia filicoidea L.) were investigated. The methods used for processing include boiling in water, acid or alkali and fermentation. Using the water treated samples as controls, there were slight decreases in protein and carbohydrate contents of the fermented and alkali-treated meals. However, an increase in extractable oil content was observed in acid, alkali and fermented samples. The alkali treatment appeared to be the most effective method for reducing trypsin inhibitor and tannin contents and has the additional advantage of improving the protein digestibility.     

土壤施氮与马铃薯块茎中粗蛋白质含量的关系

8个马铃薯供试品种,以箱栽和大田种植方式同时在北京、张家口坝上和内蒙乌盟进行.最高施氮量分别达到(2g磷酸二铵+12g尿素)/30ks土/箱和尿素50kg/亩、碳铵120kg/亩.收获时块茎中粗蛋白质的测定结果表明:尽管施氮量逐级增加,箱栽条件下,块茎中粗蛋白质含量稍有上升趋势,而大田条件下,粗蛋白质含量较稳定,有的品种略呈下降趋势.蛋白质的测定也表现出类似的结果.蛋白质与粗蛋白质比值介于0.42~0.62之间,平均比值为0.52.笔者认为,在大田条件下,环境中氮的多寡,对筛选高蛋白质品种(系)没有显著影响.     

Effect of varied fermentation periods on the diabetogenic potential of toasted cassava granules

The effects of exclusive gari diets prepared using varied fermentation periods on the fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) and glucose tolerance (GT) of rats were studied. Thirty growing male albino rats divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 rats each were used. The 5 groups were each fed gari diets fermented for 0, 24, 48, 72 hours; and a standard rat diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. Data on the total cyanogen content and % crude protein of the diets; FBGL, GT, body weight, water:feed consumption ratio and clinical observations of the rats were collected. Results showed that the total cyanogen content and % crude protein of the diets were depleted as fermentation periods increased. The FBGL of all the gari-fed rats were significantly elevated and their GT significantly impaired with a significant variation between the groups. The elevated FBGL and impaired GT which were found to increase with increase in fermentation period were strongly inversely correlated to the % crude protein content of the diets (r = –0.92 and –0.96 respectively) suggesting that the diabetogenic potential of gari diets strongly depended on its % crude protein content. Shortened fermentation periods leading to production of gari with high total cyanogen content did not induce higher diabetogenicity.     

Effect of pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea on lamb production and metabolic performance

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of diets containing pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea on the intake, digestibility, production performance, and nitrogen metabolism of lambs. Thirty‐two uncastrated mixed‐breed lambs at 4 to 5 months of age, with an average initial body weight of 17.39 ± 2.16 kg, were distributed into four treatments in a randomized block experimental design with eight replicates. Experimental diets consisted of pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea during ensiling at the levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g/kg dry matter (DM). Increasing urea levels in the pearl millet silage led to a linear decrease (p < .05) in the intakes of DM, organic matter, and total digestible nutrients by the lambs. Total and average daily weight gains decreased linearly (p < .05) with the addition of urea to the silage. Intake and digestibility of crude protein, nitrogen intake, urine urea nitrogen, plasma urea nitrogen, microbial synthesis, and microbial efficiency had a quadratic response (p < .05) to the urea levels in the silage. Pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea reduces dry‐matter intake and daily weight gain in lambs. Urea is not recommended for use in the ensiling of pearl millet.     

Effect of varied fermentation periods on the diabetogenic potential of toasted cassava granules.

The effects of exclusive gari diets prepared using varied fermentation periods on the fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) and glucose tolerance (GT) of rats were studied. Thirty growing male albino rats divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 rats each were used. The 5 groups were each fed gari diets fermented for 0, 24, 48, 72 hours; and a standard rat diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. Data on the total cyanogen content and % crude protein of the diets; FBGL, GT, body weight, water:feed consumption ratio and clinical observations of the rats were collected. Results showed that the total cyanogen content and % crude protein of the diets were depleted as fermentation periods increased. The FBGL of all the gari-fed rats were significantly elevated and their GT significantly impaired with a significant variation between the groups. The elevated FBGL and impaired GT which were found to increase with increase in fermentation period were strongly inversely correlated to the % crude protein content of the diets (r = -0.92 and -0.96 respectively) suggesting that the diabetogenic potential of gari diets strongly depended on its % crude protein content. Shortened fermentation periods leading to production of gari with high total cyanogen content did not induce higher diabetogenicity.     

Chemical composition and content of antinutritional factors in Polish cultivars of peas

The seeds of 15 Polish pea varieties contained from 221 to 281 g/kg crude protein with a mean of 240.2±3.5 g/kg dry matter (DM). The weight of 1000 pea seeds, depending on cultivar, ranged from 209.4 to 280.4 g. No interactive effect between the seed mass and the crude protein content was detected. The highest significant negative correlation between weight of seeds and dietary fiber content wasr=−0.815^XX. The content of dietary fiber ranged from 161.5 to 209.9 g/kg with a mean of 187.9±3.8 g/kg. The mean gross energy of seeds was 18.1±0.28 MJ/kg. Amino acid composition of all the cultivars was similar, which was indicated by a similar index of essential amino acids (EAAI) of about 69.7±0.25. Trypsin inhibitor content in seeds was from 2.83 to 7.32 TIU/mg and the content of phytates ranged from 6.32 to 13.36 mg/g DM. The mean content of polyphenols and flavanols in analysed pea cultivars was 0.92 amd 0.46 mg/g, respectively. In the seeds of most cultivars little or no pyrimidine glucosides, i.e. vicine and convicine, were found. The overall mean oligosaccharide content was 64.3±1.8 g/kg, of which α-galactosides were 46.8±2.0 g/kg. The antinutritional factor content was not significantly correlated with protein content. No statistical relationship was found between crude protein and dietary fiber content. It was observed that pea cultivars with higher trypsin inhibitor activity contained significantly less flavanols (r=−0.607^X) and α-galactosides (r=−0.617^X). The varieties with higher seed content of dietary fiber contained the highest amount of α-galactosides (r=0.514^X).     

Nitrogen metabolism and milk production in dairy cows fed semi‐restricted amounts of ryegrass–legume silage with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) or white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

In change‐over trials, mid‐lactation dairy cows were fed concentrate‐supplemented, isonitrogenous and isofibrous perennial ryegrass–legume silage diets that satisfied energy requirements but were suboptimal with respect to metabolizable protein supply. Legumes were either birdsfoot trefoil with low levels of condensed tannins (typical for hemiboreal conditions), or white clover. Averaged over two experimental years, birdsfoot trefoil–based silage resulted in lower digestibility (P < 0·001) of dry matter (50 g kg^?1), organic matter (52 g kg^?1), neutral detergent fibre (120 g kg^?1) and nitrogen (24 g kg^?1) and lower rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration (7 mm ; P = 0·009). Milk protein yield was 36 g d^?1 higher with birdsfoot trefoil silage (P = 0·002), while raw milk yield tended to be 0·8 kg d^?1 higher (P = 0·06). Rumen ammonia concentration was similar between diets, but milk urea concentration (P < 0·001), urinary urea excretion (P = 0·002) and faecal‐N proportion (P = 0·001) were higher with birdsfoot trefoil silage. The results suggest that grass–birdsfoot trefoil silage produced in hemiboreal areas exhibits a protein‐sparing effect in dairy rations, despite a low condensed tannin content that is further diluted by companion grasses and ration concentrate proportion.     

Crude Protein Content in Diploid Hybrid Potato Clones of Solanum phureja–S. stenotomum

Breeding potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with high protein content is important for food value and for the processing sector to extract protein from potatoes. Due to the narrow genetic base of the common potato, a new germplasm has to be explored for breeding high-protein potatoes. The objectives of this research were to quantify the crude protein content of diploid hybrid Solanum phureja–Solanum stenotomum (PHU-STN) genotypes, determine the correlation of crude protein content with dry matter and other important agronomic traits, and estimate broad sense heritability for crude protein content. In 2008 and 2009, 70 diploid clones were grown in replicated field plots in Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang. Also, two tetraploid potato cultivars, Kexin 2 (table potato) and Atlantic (high dry matter), were included in this experiment as controls. The crude protein content on a fresh weight basis (FW) over replications and years for PHU-STN clones ranged from 2.85% to 5.01% with a grand mean of 3.72%, and most of these clones were significantly or highly significantly higher in crude protein content than the two tetraploid controls. Correlations between crude protein content and agronomic traits were all negative, but the magnitudes were generally weak or moderate. Therefore it should be possible to select diploid clones with high crude protein content and acceptable agronomic traits. The estimate of broad sense heritability for crude protein content (FW) on a clonal mean basis was 0.66 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.46 to 0.79, whereas for crude protein content on a dry weight basis the estimate of broad sense heritability was 0.65 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.43 to 0.78. These results suggest that these diploid hybrid PHU-STN clones would be a good germplasm source for a high-protein-breeding effort, and identification of tetraploid progenies with high protein content and acceptable agronomic traits from 4x–2x cross should be possible.     

分级固态发酵生产甘蔗尾梢饲料工艺研究

以甘蔗尾梢为主要原料,采用分级固态发酵技术研究生产甘蔗尾梢饲料的工艺条件,通过单因素和正交实验,对一级发酵工艺中接种量、水分含量、一级发酵时间和二级发酵工艺中精粗比、二级发酵时间5个因素进行了优化。结果表明：当接种0.15%发酵菌剂于一级发酵底物中,调整其水分含量为50%,密封常温发酵5 d后按3∶7比例将一级发酵料与新鲜甘蔗尾梢混合均匀,压实密封进行二级发酵,21 d后甘蔗尾梢饲料品质最佳。所得甘蔗尾梢饲料粗蛋白含量为15.24%,粗纤维含量为24.03%。分级固态发酵技术可快速、有效提高甘蔗尾梢饲料中粗蛋白含量,同时降解粗纤维,改善饲料适口性,可应用于甘蔗尾梢饲料的制备。