Anti-inflammatory,free radical-scavenging,and metal-chelating activities of Malva parviflora

Context: Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae) is widely distributed throughout Africa. It has several uses in traditional medicinal practice. Leaves of this plant are used in the treatment of some inflammatory disorders.

Objective: The anti-inflammatory and the antioxidant activities of the methanol extract (Met. E) and aqueous extract (Aq. E) of M. parviflora leaves were investigated.

Materials and methods: Croton oil-induced ear edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability were applied as acute inflammatory models to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The antioxidant effects were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay and the measurement of the metal-chelating activity.

Results: Results demonstrated that Met. E inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema by 57%. In contrast, the Aq. E did not show any activity. Furthermore, Met. E and Aq. E inhibited significantly the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability by 36 and 40%, respectively. However, Met. E and Aq. E exerted a strong scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 89.03?±?2.65 and 76.67?±?0.29 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, Met. E and Aq. E were able to chelate ferrous ions in a concentration-dependent manner.

Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrate that M. parviflora leaf extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and thus have great potential as an interesting source for natural health products.     

4-Aryl-4H-naphthopyrans derivatives: one-pot synthesis,evaluation of Src kinase inhibitory and anti-proliferative activities

Background

A series of 2-amino-4-aryl-4H-benzo[h or f]chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of Src kinase and cell proliferation in breast carcinoma (BT-20) cell lines.

Methods

The one-pot, three-component reaction of α or β-naphthol, malonitrile and an aromatic aldehyde in the presence of diammonium hydrogen phosphate was afforded the corresponding 2-amino-4-aryl-4H-benzo[h or f]chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives, All target compounds were evaluated for inhibition of Src kinase and cell proliferation in breast carcinoma (BT-20) cell lines.

Results

Among all tested compounds, unsubstituted 4-phenyl analog 4a showed Src kinas inhibitory effect with IC₅₀ value of 28.1 μM and was the most potent compound in this series. In general, the compounds were moderately active against BT-20. 3-Nitro-phenyl 4e and 3-pyridinyl 4h derivatives inhibited the cell proliferation of BT-20 cells by 33% and 31.5%, respectively, and found to be more potent compared to doxorubicin (25% inhibition of cell growth).

Conclusion

The data indicate that 4-aryl-4H-naphthopyrans scaffold has the potential to be optimized further for designing more potent Src kinase inhibitors and/or anticancer lead compounds.     

Phytochemical standardization,antioxidant, and antibacterial evaluations of Leea macrophylla: A wild edible plant

In Ayurveda, Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. (Leeaceae) is indicated in worm infestation, dermatopathies, wounds, inflammation, and in symptoms of diabetes. The present study aims to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extract and its different fractions of Leea macrophylla root tubers using phytochemical profiling which is still unexplored. Quantitative estimations of different phytoconstituents along with characterization of ethanol extract using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed using chlorogenic acid as a marker compound for the first time. The extract and its successive fractions were also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using different models. The extract was further tested against a few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for its antibacterial activity. Phytochemical screening and quantitative estimations revealed the extract to be rich in alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, and tannins, whereas chlorogenic acid quantified by HPLC in ethanol extract was 9.01% w/w. The results also indicated potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity, which was more prominent in the extract followed by its butanol fraction.     

Antioxidant activities and contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids of Talinum triangulare extracts and their immunomodulatory effects

In this study, leaves and stems of Talinum triangulare were sequentially extracted with phosphate buffer solution to obtain PTL and PTS (phosphate buffered extracts of T. triangulare leaves and stems), with 75% ethanol to obtained ETL and ETS (ethanol extracts of T. triangulare leaves and stems), or with 90°C boiling water to obtain WTL and WTS (water extracts of T. triangulare leaves and stems). We investigated the antioxidant activities of various T. triangulare extracts, analyzed the extracts’ stimulations on human mononuclear cell (MNC) growth and secretion of cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and nitric oxide, and then assayed their subsequent inhibitions on human leukemic U937 cell growth. Results indicated that extracts of T. triangulare showed significant antioxidant activities. Among these extracts, WTS showed the highest stimulatory effect on human MNC growth. The secretion levels of interleukin-1 beta, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the conditioned medium, wherein human MNC was treated with 500 μg/mL WTS for 72 hours, were 1275, 859, and 2222 pg/mL, respectively. All conditioned media obtained from human MNCs cultured with various T. triangulare extracts showed significant inhibition against U937 cell growth of over 40%. These results suggest that T. triangulare extracts may be used in health foods for their immunomodulatory potential.     

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jungia paniculata

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Jungia paniculata (DC.) A. Gray (Asteraceae), used traditionally in Peru. The dry leaves were extracted with methanol, 50% methanol, and water. The anti-inflammatory activity of this plant was studied using in vitro (nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and sPLA₂ inhibition assay) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and TPA-induced ear edema in mice) model systems. The antioxidant activity of extracts was studied using three in vitro model systems (DPPH^? radical-scavenging assay, ABTS^?+ assay, and superoxide radical-scavenging activity). The results have been correlated with total phenolics and total flavonoids contents. In the NO test of the extracts of Jungia paniculata, no significant cytotoxicities were observed at the concentrations determined by MTT assay. Only the MeOH50 extract of Jungia paniculata significantly inhibited PLA₂ enzyme activity (82.3?±?2.6%). At 3?h, the 50% methanol extract of Jungia paniculata at an oral dose of 500?mg/kg showed significant suppression of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (36.36%). The same extract induced a 93.99% reduction in TPA-induced edema in topical administration. The extracts exhibited a high antioxidant activity and contained high total levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. There was a significant linear correlation between total phenolics and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity in the three models used. In conclusion, Jungia paniculata possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which confirm the use of this plant in folk medicine as a topical anti-inflammatory herbal.     

Antioxidant,mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of an aqueous extract of Limoniastrum guyonianum gall

Abstract

An aqueous extract of Limoniastrum guyonianum gall (G extract) was tested on Salmonella typhimurium to assess its mutagenic and antimutagenic effects. This extract showed no mutagenicity when tested with S. typhimurium strain TA104 either with or without exogenous metabolic activation mixture (S9), whereas our findings revealed that the aqueous gall extract induced a mutagenic effect in S. typhimurium TA1538 when tested in the presence, as well as in the absence, of S9 activation mixture at the concentration of 500?µg/mL. Thus, the same concentration produced a mutagenic effect, when incubated with S. typhimurium TA100 in the presence of metabolic activation mixture. In contrast, our results showed a weak antimutagenic potential of the same extract against sodium azide in the presence of S. typhimurium TA100 and S. typhimurium TA1538 without metabolic activation (S9), whereas, in the presence of S. typhimurium TA104, we obtained a significant inhibition percentage (76.39%) toward 3.25?µg/plate of methylmethanesulfonate. Antimutagenicity against aflatoxin B1, 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine and 2-aminoanthracène was significant, with an inhibition percentage of, respectively, 70.63, 99.3 and 63.37% in the presence of, respectively, S. typhimurium TA100, S. typhimurium TA1538 and S. typhimurium TA104 strains at a concentration of 250?µg/plate after metabolic activation (S9). Antioxidant capacity of the tested extract was evaluated using the enzymatic (xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay) and the nonenzymatic (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) system. G extract exhibited high antioxidant activity.     

Antimicrobial and antineoplastic activities of agelasine analogs modified in the purine 2-position

Agelasines are 7,9-dialkylpurinium salts found in marine sponges (Agelas sp.), which display a variety of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. We have synthesized simplified agelasine analogs modified in the purine 2-position and examined their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds were screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida krusei, and Candida albicans, protozoa causing tropical diseases (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei), a panel of human cancer cell lines (U-937 GTB, RPMI 8226/s, CEM/s, and ACHN) as well as VERO and/or MRC-5 cells. The results indicate that the introduction of a methyl group in the purine 2-position is beneficial for antimycobacterial and antiprotozoal activity, and that amino groups may enhance activity against several cancer cell lines.     

Anticancer,antioxidant and antibiotic activities of mushroom Ramaria flava

Ramaria flava is a species of edible mushroom with some bioactivity. The anticancer, antioxidant and antibiotic activities and chemical composition of R. flava ethanol extract (EE) were evaluated. The present study exhibited that the EE displayed the strongest inhibitory activity against tumor cell MDA-MB-231 with an IC₅₀ value of 66.54 μg/mL in three tested tumor cell lines, and the inhibition percent was 71.66% at the concentration of 200 μg/mL (MTT assay). The total phenolic compounds varied among four fractions of the EE from 6.66 to 61.01 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g dry weight. Water fraction exhibited high DPPH and OH radical-scavenging activities with low IC₅₀ values of 5.86 and 18.08 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, three phenolic compounds from water fraction were also identified by HPLC. The antibiotic activities of the EE were evaluated against three microorganisms and three fungi strains by means of the agar well diffusion method and the poisoned medium technique, respectively. The EE also showed moderate antibiotic activities. These results suggest that R. flava could hold a good potential source for human health.     

Characterization of Mefenamic Acid-Guaiacol Ester: Stability and Transport Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers

Purpose. Prodrug of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or NSAIDs linked with guaiacol have been reported to suppress gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity or induce GI protective effect. In this study, mefenamic-guaiacol ester was synthesized and its physicochemical properties, stability, and transport across Caco-2 monolayers were investigated. Methods. Synthesis of the ester was carried out using mefenamic acid, guaiacol, N, N-dimethylaminopyridine, and N, Ndicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The hydrolysis of the ester was investigated in aqueous buffer solutions pH 1-12 as well as in Caco-2 homogenate, human plasma, and porcine liver esterase. Caco-2 cell monolayers were utilized for transport studies. Due to the high lipophilicity of the ester with a calculated logP of 6.15, bovine serum albumin (BSA, 4%) was included in the receiver compartment to obtain a good in vitro-in vivo correlation. Permeation of the ester was assessed with or without the exposure of cells to PMSF, an inhibitor of esterase. Results. The ester was stable at a wide pH range from 1-10. However, it was hydrolyzed by enzymes from porcine liver esterase and Caco-2 homogenate. With the PMSF exposure on the apical (AP) side and in the presence of 4% BSA on the basolateral (BL) side, the transported amount of the ester from AP-to-BL direction was 14.63% after 3 hr with a lag time of 23 min. The Papp for the ester was 4.72 × 10^-6 cm s^-1. Conclusion. The results from hydrolysis studies indicate that this ester is a prodrug. The Papp value suggests the moderate absorption characteristic of the compound. The accumulation of this highly lipophilic ester in Caco-2 cells is reduced in the presence of BSA.     

Chalcone derivatives from the fern Cyclosorus parasiticus and their anti-proliferative activity

Three new chalcone derivatives, named parasiticins A–C (1–3), were isolated from the leaves of Cyclosorus parasiticus, together with four known chalcones, 5,7-dihydroxy-4-phenyl-8-(3-phenyl-trans-acryloyl)-3,4-dihydro-1-benzopyran-2-one (4), 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone (5), 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone (6), 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′-methylchalcone (7). The chemical structures of the new isolated compounds were elucidated unambiguously by spectroscopic data analysis. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–7 were evaluated against six human cancer cell lines in vitro. Compounds 3 and 6 exhibited substantial cytotoxicity against all six cell lines, especially toward HepG2 with the IC₅₀ values of 1.60 and 2.82 μM, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compounds 3 and 6 could induce apoptosis in the HepG2 cell line, which may contribute significantly to their cytotoxicity.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two Spondias species from Northeastern Brazil

Context: The leaves of Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam. (Anacardiaceae) and Spondias mombin L. have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes. Some studies reveal their antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties.

Objective: Determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Spondias species to justify its ethnopharmacological use.

Materials and methods: Spondias species extracts were prepared with methanol:water 80:20 and analyzed by silica gel column chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by scavenging the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS?+) and measuring antimicrobial activity (agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations).

Results: The HPLC analysis of Spondias extracts demonstrated the occurrence of high yield of flavonoids. Found in S. mombin were quercetin (2.36?±?0.01?mg/g) and ellagic acid (41.56?±?0.01?mg/g) and in S. tuberosa species rutin (53.38?±?1.71?mg/g), quercetin (24.46?±?0.87?mg/g), and ellagic acid (169.76?±?0.17?mg/g). The antibacterial activity of the extracts against the various bacteria strains varied from 8.8 to 20.1?mm. MIC values from 62.5 to 125 µg/mL were satisfactory when compared with other plant products. Medium DPPH scavenging activity IC₅₀ for Spondias extracts varied from 0.042 to 0.558?mg/mL and for ABTS from 0.089 to 0.465?mg/mL. DPPH scavenging activity for constituent ellagic acid IC₅₀?=?0.042?mg/mL and for quercetin IC₅₀?=?0.081?mg/mL.

Discussion and conclusion: The chemical study of Spondias leaf extracts showed the occurrence of quercetin, rutin and ellagic acid, substances with relevant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of branches extracts of five Juniperus species from Turkey

Context: Several Juniperus species (Cupressaceae) are utilized in folk medicine in the treatment of infections and skin diseases.

Objective: This work was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of methanol and water branches extracts of Juniperus species from Turkey: Juniperus communis L. var. communis (Jcc), Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. (Jcs), Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Jd), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Joo), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball. (Jom).

Materials and methods: Total phenolics, total flavonoids and condensed tannins were spectrophotometrically determined. The antioxidant properties were examined using different in vitro systems. The toxicity was assayed by Artemia salina lethality test. The antimicrobial potential against bacteria and yeasts was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) measurements. The effect on bacteria biofilms was tested by microtiter plate assay.

Results: Both in the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and TBA (thiobarbituric acid) test Jom resulted the most active (IC₅₀?=?0.034?±?0.002?mg/mL and 0.287?±?0.166 µg/mL). Joo exhibited the highest reducing power (1.78?±?0.04 ASE/mL) and Fe²⁺ chelating activity (IC₅₀?=?0.537?±?0.006?mg/mL). A positive correlation between primary antioxidant activity and phenolic content was found. The extracts were potentially non-toxic against Artemia salina. They showed the best antimicrobial (MIC?=?4.88-30.10 µg/mL) and anti-biofilm activity (60–84%) against S. aureus.

Discussion and conclusion: The results give a scientific basis to the traditional utilization of these Juniperus species, also demonstrating their potential as sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.     

壳寡糖的抗氧化及肝保护功能

目的研究壳寡糖(COS)的抗氧化能力和对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法雄性昆明种小鼠,腹腔注射CCl4(20 mg.kg-1)制造肝损伤模型,实验组提前连续12 d灌胃给予COS(1.5 g.kg-1)。小鼠经CCl4损伤24 h后,取血,分离得到血清,测定各组小鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的活性。脱颈处死小鼠,取部分肝组织,分别测定肝匀浆中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总巯基(T-SH)和非蛋白结合巯基(NP-SH)含量、金属硫蛋白含量(MT)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和DNA损伤情况等指标。结果COS组与CCl4组相比,ALT、AST活性和MDA含量分别下降了62.2%、52.9%和34.3%。T-AOC和NP-SH含量分别提高了26.1%和16.3%。MT含量是空白对照组的2.15倍。但是没有抑制T-SH含量降低的作用。DNA电泳结果显示,COS组与CCl4组的DNA链都形成一系列1 kb大小左右的DNA片断。结论COS具有抗氧化能力,对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝损伤有较为明显的保护作用,但是不能减轻DNA的氧化性损伤。     

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Phyllanthus debilis. Whole Plant

Abstract

A petroleum ether extract of Phyllanthus debelis. Klein. ex Willd whole plant was subjected to analgesic and anti-inflammatory screening using various animal models. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities in the acute carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and the chronic granuloma pouch models. However, it was devoid of analgesic activity in the tail-flick model.     

煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态与抗氧化及凝血活性的影响

目的 研究煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态、体外抗氧化和凝血活性的影响。方法 采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)观察表面形态及元素变化;利用DPPH法及FRAP法评价抗氧化活性;使用凝血分析仪检测对凝血因子APTT、PT和TT的影响。结果 僧帽牡蛎壳经煅烧后,表面性状发生变化,其清除DPPH自由基和总抗氧化能力增强,且随着煅烧温度的升高而增加,并显示一定的浓度依赖性;煅烧后的牡蛎壳能显著缩短凝血酶原时间PT,提示具有促凝血作用。结论 僧帽牡蛎壳煅烧后抗氧化活性和止血作用增强,研究为僧帽牡蛎的综合开发利用提供基础数据。     

Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits

In this study, the antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz fruits were evaluated. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothioazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activities and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of water, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts were determined for the measurement of the antioxidant activity. Quercetin and α-tocopherol were used as standard antioxidants. The inhibitory effect of the water extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated using the Ellman method and galantamine was used as a standard. Water extract had the highest total phenolic concentration and the strongest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate and acetone extracts whereas methanol extract has the lowest phenolics and weakest antioxidant activity. Moreover, water extract showed moderate ability to inhibit AChE. It was concluded that fruits of S. torminalis have antioxidant and anti-AChE activities and that the plant might be a natural source of antioxidants and AChE inhibitors.     

野山杏总黄酮对高血脂大鼠降血脂及抗氧化作用的研究

目的测定野山杏果肉中的总黄酮含量,研究野山杏总黄酮(total flavonoids from wild apricot,TFWA)对高血脂大鼠的降血脂作用和抑制肝脏脂质过氧化的能力。方法采用紫外分光光度法,测定野山杏总黄酮的含量;在建立大鼠高脂血症模型的基础上,每天灌胃不同剂量的TFWA,连续预防给药8周,观察TFWA对高血脂大鼠血清中三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等血脂水平和肝脏中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性等抗氧化能力的影响。结果①野山杏总黄酮(TFWA)的含量为269.7mg·g-1;②TFWA的高低剂量组较高脂模型组可明显降低肝脏系数(P<0.001)、TC的水平(P<0.001)和TG的水平(P<0.01,P<0.05),TFWA的高剂量对LDL-C水平较高脂模型组可明显降低(P<0.01),对HDL-C的水平可明显升高(P<0.01);③TFWA的高低剂量组较高脂模型组显著降低肝脏中的MDA含量(P<0.01),TFWA的高剂量组较高脂模型组明显升高肝脏中SOD和GSH-Px的含量。结论 TFWA可降低高血脂大鼠的血脂,可减少肝脏损伤,抑制肝脏脂质过氧化过程,并且具有一定的剂量依赖性。     

Evaluation of metal concentration and antioxidant,antimicrobial, and anticancer potentials of two edible mushrooms Lactarius deliciosus and Macrolepiota procera

This study is designed for the determination of metal concentrations, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential of two edible mushrooms Lactarius deliciosus and Macrolepiota procera. Concentrations of nine metals are determined and all metals are present in the allowable concentrations in the tested mushrooms except Cd in M. procera. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging and reducing power. M. procera extract had more potent free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 311.40 μg/mL) than L. deliciosus extract. Moreover, the tested extracts had effective reducing power. The total content of phenol in the extracts was examined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and obtained values expressed as pyrocatechol equivalents. Further, the antimicrobial potential was determined with a microdilution method on 15 microorganisms. Among the tested species, extract of L. deliciosus showed a better antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL. Finally, the cytotoxic activity was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method on human epithelial carcinoma HeLa cells, human lung carcinoma A549 cells, and human colon carcinoma LS174 cells. Extract of both mushrooms expressed similar cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 19.01 μg/mL to 80.27 μg/mL.     

Chemical composition of five wild edible mushrooms collected from Southwest China and their antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity

Evaluation of the chemical composition and antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of five wild edible mushrooms (Clitocybe maxima, Catathelasma ventricosum, Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Craterellus cornucopioides and Laccaria amethystea) from Southwest China. The chemical composition assay includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and total energy), bioactive compounds analysis (total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, tocopherol), fatty acid analysis, amino acid analysis, phenolic compounds analysis and mineral analysis of these mushrooms. Furthermore, assays of α-glucosidase inhibitory and α-amylase inhibitory activity were used for evaluating antihyperglycemic activity of the mushrooms, and assays of reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, scavenging effect on hydroxyl free radicals and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were used for evaluating antioxidant activity of the mushrooms. Based on the results, ethanolic and aqueous extract of these mushroom all showed antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential. In particular, the aqueous extract of C. ventricosum revealed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 2.74 μg/mL), DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 value 2.86 mg/mL) and reducing power (EC50 value 0.96 mg/mL), while the aqueous extract of L. amethystea showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 4.37 μg/mL) and metal chelating activity (EC50 value 2.13 mg/mL).     

Antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antinociceptive activities of Turkish medicinal plants

Hypericum orientale L. (Hypericaceae), Helichrysum plicatum Dc. subsp. plicatum (Asteraceae), Centaurea drabifolia Sm. subsp. drabifolia (Asteraceae), Centaurea drabifolia Sm. subsp. detonsa (Bornm.) Wagenitz (Asteraceae), Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch (Asteraceae), and Rubus canescens Dc. var. canescens (Rosaceae) are used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, abdominal pains, and wound healing in traditional Turkish medicine. In order to assess these uses, methanol extracts prepared from their aerial parts were investigated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities. All extracts demonstrated scavenging properties against superoxide anion (O₂^?–) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a non-cellular system, and toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. They also inhibited Cu²⁺-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation. Among the tested plants, R. canescens var. canescens, H. orientale, and H. plicatum subsp. plicatum were the most effective on ROS in a non-cellular system. Another goal in this work was to test in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of some of these plants not previously studied. The methanol extracts of C. drabifolia subsp. drabifolia, H. orientale, and C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa were shown to possess significant inhibitory activity in mice against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and in p-benzoquinone-induced writhings.