SD大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞系的建立及诱导其向成肌、成脂和成骨分化

目的:建立SD大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的细胞系,为组织工程学提供种子细胞和研究资料.方法:采用两步酶消化法结合差速贴壁技术,获得较高纯度的骨骼肌卫星细胞.MTT法观察骨骼肌卫星细胞的体外增殖特性并绘制生长曲线图,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期.观察不同诱导条件下骨骼肌卫星细胞的成肌、成脂、成骨的分化特性.结果:骨骼肌卫星细胞可传50代以上,第7代时,倍增时间约为60 h,80.7%的细胞处于G1期,在特定诱导作用下骨骼肌卫星细胞可以向成肌、成脂、成骨方向分化,显示了骨骼肌卫星细胞的多向分化潜能,成功建立了骨骼肌卫星细胞的细胞系.结论:建立了SD大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞系,为组织工程学提供种子细胞.     

microRNAs与骨骼肌疾病

MicroRNA(miRN A)是一类长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子,它能与mRNA的特定位点结合,参与转录后基因表达调控,从而抑制蛋白质的合成。因此,它在调节基因转录与表达,调控生物体正常发育等各个生理过程中扮演重要角色,同时也对人类疾病的防治以及生物进化探索有着重要意义。有关miRNAs和骨骼肌之间的研究主要集中在miRNAs与骨骼肌生长发育、骨骼肌损伤、骨骼肌疾病。一些普遍表达的miRNAs在胚胎骨骼肌发育和成体骨骼肌再生过程中起着促进作用,且miRNAs调节异常是骨骼肌疾病的一个共同特征。本文主要就miRNAs的生物合成过程和生物学特性,miRNAs在骨骼肌发育过程中的主要功能,以及miRNA对骨骼肌相关疾病的影响和作用作一综述。     

骨骼肌的运动适应机制

背景：骨骼肌运动适应机制的研究对提高运动成绩,预防和治疗一些代谢紊乱性疾病具有重要意义。 目的：探讨骨骼肌运动适应的机制。 方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库和中文期刊全文数据库2011-03前发表的相关文章,检索词分别为“skeletal muscle, exercise, adaptation, cytoskeleton, dystrophin”和“骨骼肌,运动,适应,骨架蛋白,肌营养不良蛋白”,共检索到56篇文献,纳入所述内容与骨骼肌运动适应机制相关的文献,排除重复性研究,保留31篇进行综述。 结果与结论：激烈的运动使肌肉结构和细胞代谢产生应激反应,包括肌肉损伤和氧化应激反应。高强度的离心运动可造成肌肉超微结构损伤,但运动性肌损伤后存在肌肉再重建反应。运动训练可促进健康的个体对一氧化氮系统产生各种各样的适应,通过各种机制增强骨骼肌的生物学有效性,这些适应性变化可有效增加运动能力,对心血管系统具有保护作用。目前,大多数人类骨骼肌运动适应机制还没有被发现。     

成肌细胞增殖与分化及其调控机制

背景：成肌细胞作为肌源性祖细胞,属于肌卫星细胞,主要的生理功能是调节血糖平衡和机体代谢,且具有自我更新和生成新的肌纤维的能力,对维持运动能力起着重要作用。成肌细胞增殖与分化受到多种调节因子和信号通路的调控,成肌细胞增殖与分化对于骨骼肌运动性损伤的治疗具有重要意义。目的：查阅国内外相关文献,对成肌细胞增殖与分化及其基因调控机制的研究进展进行综述分析。方法：在2021年6月检索中国知网、Pub Med数据库建库至2021年所发表的文献,中文关键词：“成肌细胞、骨骼肌、骨骼肌损伤修复、基因调控、调节因子”;英文关键词：“Myoblast,Skeletal muscle,Skeletal muscle injury repair,Gene regulation,Regulatory factor”;通过对相关资料的整理与分析,综述成肌细胞增殖与分化的调控机制,并分析成肌细胞增殖与分化在骨骼肌损伤修复中的作用。结果与结论：成肌细胞增殖与分化是损伤或疾病后骨骼肌发育和再生的基础,在成肌细胞分化过程中,往往伴随着一系列参与调控细胞周期及其相关信号通路的调控因子表达水平的改变,主要有生肌调节因子(MR...     

少肌症对骨骼肌的影响、分子机制及其防治

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to explore the loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging (sarcopenia), and its molecular mechanisms of action, and prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia, and to provide a fundamental for promoting functional recovery and regeneration of skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, mechanism, therapy”, respectively. Consequently, 31 eligible literatures were collected, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Sarcopenia is closely correlated with oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial respiratory failure, inhibition of activating factors for regulating satellite cells, reduction in insulin secretion, decreased sensitivity, protein synthesis, and low protein diet. There are common features and molecular mechanisms in sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Further exploration of exercise and diet strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia is required. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

运动对骨骼肌卫星细胞的影响及作用机制

骨骼肌卫星细胞在骨骼肌生长发育、损伤修复以及骨骼肌重塑等生理病理过程中具有重要的作用。适宜的运动训练可活化卫星细胞,促进卫星细胞增殖并向成肌细胞分化。本文就骨骼肌卫星细胞的起源、形态特征和特异性的标记以及运动训练调控骨骼肌卫星细胞活化、增殖、分化的作用机制进行综述。     

骨骼肌功能与运动调控老年人认知功能

背景:大脑处理问题的速度、记忆及思维想象等认知功能有随年龄增加而逐渐衰退的趋势,但许多生活因素可正向地影响认知功能,如受教育程度、社会活动、规律运动等.运动可通过多种机制对脑健康产生影响,其中骨骼肌功能变化发挥着重要作用.目的:对骨骼肌在运动调节脑健康中的作用机制进行综述,旨在为预防老年痴呆和维护脑健康的研究提供参考及...     

Wortmannin和U0126抑制胰岛素对大鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞的促分化作用

目的观察wortmannin和U0126抑制胰岛素对大鼠成肌细胞向成熟肌细胞分化作用,探索定向诱导肌分化的途径及其分子机制。方法分离和培养大鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞,用含不同浓度胰岛素的DMEM培养基培养,收集细胞,在相差显微镜下观察形态变化,并通过免疫细胞化学方法和Western blot法检测生肌素(myogenin)表达。用磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)特异性抑制剂wortmannin和MEK特异性抑制剂U0126干预后,观察胰岛素对骨骼肌成肌细胞分化的影响。结果胰岛素能明显促进骨骼肌成肌细胞形成肌小管,诱导2 d开始有肌管形成并逐渐增多到7 d达到高峰;胰岛素促进骨骼肌成肌细胞的生肌素阳性细胞核和生肌素蛋白表达增多,而wortmannin和U0126能下调胰岛素的这种作用。结论 Wortmannin和U0126可阻断胰岛素促进骨骼肌成肌细胞向成熟肌细胞分化,使肌管生成减少,生肌素表达下调。     

骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化调控的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞具有较强的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能，其应用是目前国际上组织工程领域中重要的研究内容之一。近年来，许多实验室从分子，生化，物理等水平对其成骨分化调控进行了深入研究，取得了较大的进展。     

脂肪细胞分化的分子机制研究进展

脂肪细胞分化过程的突出特点是形态上的显著改变 ,其实质是一系列脂肪细胞特异性基因表达的过程。影响这些基因表达的因素包括一系列的转录因子和相关蛋白 ,其中最重要的是过氧化物酶增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)和CCAAT/增强子连接蛋白家族 (C/EBPs)。     

微小RNAs与缺血性心脏病

微小RNAs是一类内源性高度保守的非编码小分子RNA, 调控基因转录后的表达, 参与细胞许多信号途径, 与许多疾病病理有关。本文综述了microRNAs在心肌梗死、心律失常、血管新生、心脏干细胞等方面的新研究进展, 认为miRNAs为探索缺血性心脏病发生机制, 发现新的治疗缺血性心脏病药物作用靶点, 寻找有效的预防和治疗措施带来了新的希望。     

microRNAs在动物体内的功能

microRNAs(miRNAs)是最近发现的一类非编码小RNA分子,具有序列特异性调节基因表达的功能。在动物体内已发现上百种miRNA基因,这些基因在不同的物种之间具有序列保守性,它们参与动物体发育、细胞增殖与死亡、细胞分化、激素分泌、肿瘤形成等各种过程。本文概述了miRNA的作用机制,重点总结了近年来在动物miRNA功能研究方面所取得的进展。miRNA无沦在数量还是功能上,可能都远远超过目前的发现,对其进行深入研究,将有助于我们对生物体各种生理病理机制的理解,并最终可能为疾病的诊断和治疗提供新的思路和理论基础。     

MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer metastasis

Metastatic disease is the major cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The metastatic process is highly inefficient and comprises multiple sequential steps. While many genetic factors relevant in this process have already been identified, the epigenetic factors underlying each step still remain obscure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in tumourigenesis, but their role in the development of cancer metastasis is poorly investigated. The majority of miRNAs involved in the metastatic process have been identified in breast cancer cell lines, and in CRC less data are available. We review the role of miRNAs in the metastatic pathway of CRC, including escape of apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and invasion. Better understanding of the complex role of miRNAs in the development of CRC metastases may provide new insights that could be of therapeutic consequence.     

IgE Regulation: Molecular Mechanisms

edited by D. Vercelli, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. £55.00 (vii+245 pages) ISBN 0 471 97138 3     

MicroRNAs and Epithelial Immunity

MicroRNAs are required for development and maintenance of the epithelial barrier. It is hypothesized that microRNAs are involved in regulating epithelial anti-microbial defenses by targeting key epithelial effector molecules and/or influencing intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, aberrant microRNA expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases at the skin and mucosa. Increased understanding of the role of microRNAs in epithelial immunoregulation and identification of microRNAs of pathogenetic significance will enhance our understanding of epithelial immunobiology and immunopathology.     

微小RNAs和细胞周期

微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)对细胞周期的调控已经得到证实,同时细胞周期调控依赖的转录因子(如c-MYC,E2F或P53)对miRNAs也具有调节作用,这些非编码小分子RNAs可通过扰乱关键的细胞周期调节因子而导致肿瘤的发生、发展.miRNAs作为基因表达的调节器,它的存在对于生物体的正常生长发育是非常...     

肾脏发育的分子调控机制

随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展和广泛应用,参与肾脏发育过程的新基因相继被发现,肾脏发育过程中复杂的分子信号调控机制也得到进一步的研究,为阐明肾脏疾病的发病机制及从基因水平开展治疗提供了新的思路.文章对肾脏发育的3个阶段,即输尿管芽的发生和分支形成、生后肾原基的早期上皮性分化、肾小球血管球的发生和发育的分子信号调控研究进展进行了总结,主要涉及多种转录因子、生长因子及细胞因子,同时细胞外基质和黏附分子也参与其调控.     

MicroRNAs affect dendritic cell function and phenotype

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that have been linked with immunity through regulating/modulating gene expression. A role for these molecules in T-cell and B-cell development and function has been well established. An increasing body of literature now highlights the importance of specific miRNA in dendritic cell (DC) development as well as their maturation process, antigen presentation capacity and cytokine release. Given the unique role of DC within the immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune responses, understanding how specific miRNA affect DC function is of importance for understanding disease. In this review we summarize recent developments in miRNA and DC research, highlighting the requirement of miRNA in DC lineage commitment from bone marrow progenitors and for the development of subsets such as plasmacytoid DC and conventional DC. In addition, we discuss how infections and tumours modulate miRNA expression and consequently DC function.     

长链非编码RNA在成肌分化中的作用

人类基因组90％可以发生转录,但98％的转录产物为不具有蛋白编码能力的非编码 RNA （ noncoding RNA, ncRNA）。长链非编码RNA （ long noncoding RNA, lncRNA）是指转录本超过200 nt的非编码RNA,曾一度被认为是转录的“噪音”,不具有任何生物学功能。然而,近年报道lncRNA广泛参与成肌分化,可在RNA水平通过多种方式调控成肌分化进程,是成肌分化的重要调节因子。     

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases

Aging-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the culmination of many different genetic and environmental influences. Prior studies have shown that RNAs are pathologically altered during the inexorable course of some NDs. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may be a contributing factor in neurodegeneration. miRNAs are brain-enriched, small ( approximately 22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that participate in mRNA translational regulation. Although discovered in the framework of worm development, miRNAs are now appreciated to play a dynamic role in many mammalian brain-related biochemical pathways, including neuroplasticity and stress responses. Research about miRNAs in the context of neurodegeneration is accumulating rapidly, and the goal of this review is to provide perspective for these new data that may be helpful to specialists in either field. An overview is provided about the normal functions for miRNAs, including some of the newer concepts related to the human brain. Recently published studies pertaining to the roles of miRNAs in NDs--including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and triplet repeat disorders-are described. Finally, a discussion is included with theoretical syntheses and possible future directions in exploring the nexus between miRNA and ND research.