青藏高原冬季大气冷源在海地气相互作用4年振荡中的作用

采用相关分析、合成分析及奇异值分解方法,讨论了冬季青藏高原东部大气冷源的年际变化及其与大气/海洋环流之间的关系。分析结果表明：冬季青藏高原东部异常强(弱)冷源可以使随后我国东部维持异常偏北(南)风,并诱生出赤道太平洋地区大范围的异常偏西(东)风,从而可以促使下一个冬季赤道中东太平洋的海表温度异常偏暖(冷)。而冬季赤道中东太平洋海表温度的异常变化,可以通过次年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的变化来影响下一个冬季青藏高原东部的积雪深度和大气冷源强度。     

A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECT OF THE LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE OVER THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

There has been a lot of discussion about the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the low-frequency oscillation of atmospheric circulation. However, the research on low-frequency oscillation of heat source over TP and its impact on atmospheric circulation are not fully carried out. By using the vertically integrated apparent heat source which is calculated by the derivation method, main oscillation periods and propagation features of the summer apparent heat source over the eastern TP （Q1ETP） are diagnosed and analyzed from 1981 to 2000. The results are as follows： （1） Summer Q1ETP has two significant oscillation periods： one is 10-20d （BWO, Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation） and the other is 30-60d （LFO, Low-frequency Oscillation）. （2） A significant correlation is found between Q1ETP and rainfall over the eastern TP in 1985 and 1992, showing that the low-frequency oscillation of heat source is likely to be stimulated by oscillation of latent heat. （3） The oscillation of heat source on the plateau mainly generates locally but sometimes originates from elsewhere. The BWO of Q1ETP mainly exhibits stationary wave, sometimes moves out （mainly eastward）, and has a close relationship with the BWO from the Bay of Bengal. Showing the same characteristics as BWO, the LFO mainly shows local oscillation, occasionally propagates （mainly westward）, and connects with the LFO from East China. In summary, more attention should be paid to the study on BWO of Q1ETP.     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING ACTIVE PERIOD OF 500 hPa HIGH OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER

In correspondence with the establishment of the“upper high and lower high”pressure pattern due to the activitiesof 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation willtake place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmos-pheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over theTibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heatingover the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weak-ened.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a singlewhole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy inSouth Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the mainte-nance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.     

青藏高原冬春积雪影响南海季风爆发的数值研究

采用NCAR CAM3.0大气环流模式,研究了冬春季青藏高原积雪异常对南海夏季风爆发的可能影响机制.通过比较多雪年与少雪年试验中的热力场、环流场季节演变的差异得出,多雪年青藏高原感热加热偏弱、高原纬度的中上层大气温度偏低,导致大尺度经向温度梯度反转时间偏晚；同时,青藏高原感热加热偏弱将不利于Hadley环流的季节转换,使得中南半岛上空的下沉异常气流维持时间较长、副高在孟加拉湾断裂的时间偏晚、中南半岛对流爆发偏晚、中南半岛地表温度下降时间偏晚,从而造成中南半岛与南海局地纬向温度梯度反转时间也偏晚.在上述大尺度经向温度梯度以及中南半岛与南海局地纬向温度梯度的共同作用下,多雪年南海季风爆发偏晚.     

1979年5—7月青藏高原及其附近地区热源与水汽的诊断分析

本文利用FGGEⅢ_b级资料对青藏高原及其附近地区1979年5月15日到7月20日的热源和水汽分布进行了计算和诊断分析。所用方法同罗会邦的,计算范围为15—60°N,60—120°E,共分10个小区。分析表明:(1)高原地区是这一时期东亚地区内热源最强和出现最早的。雨季前四周几乎还是热汇时,高原上的热源已经很强,並且在对流层高层最强。(2)高原地区上升运动最强和高空湿度最大。它使四周,特别是南方低空的水汽向高原辐合,然后沿上升气流输送到高原上空,在400hPa以上高空把水汽从高原输送到下游(东边)。从而高原对这一时期的水汽输送起到烟囱效应。     

1998年青藏高原大气低频振荡的结构特征分析

使用ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ再分析的逐日资料,研究了１９９８年夏季青藏高原大气低频振荡的结构特征。结果表明：不同低频频率的遥相关水平结构既有相似的波列结构,也存在相异的特征。高原主体的低频振荡为相当正压结构,低频降水一般位于低频气旋性环流及低频气流辐合带内,利用高原低频降水可提前预测江南及高原南部的低频降水活动,高原和长江中下游及东北地区的低频水存在同时加强和同时减弱的关系。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING ACTIVE PERIOD OF 500 hPa HIGH OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER*

In correspondence with the establishment of the "upper high and lower high" pressure pattern due to the activities of 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation will take place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmospheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over the Tibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heating over the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weakned.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a single whole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy in South Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the maintenance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.     

MODULATION OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON TIBETAN PLATEAU VORTEX

This study uses NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, NOAA outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data, the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) data from the Chengdu Institute of Plateau Meteorology to discuss modulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV). Wavelet and composite analysis are used. Results show that the MJO plays an important role in the occurrence of the TPV that the number of TPVs generated within an active period of the MJO is three times as much as that during an inactive period. In addition, during the active period, the number of the TPVs generated in phases 1 and 2 is larger than that in phases 3 and 7. After compositing phases 1 and 7 separately, all meteorological elements in phase 1 are apparently conducive to the generation of the TPV, whereas those in phase 7 are somewhat constrained. With its eastward propagation process, the MJO convection centre spreads eastward, and the vertical circulation within the tropical atmosphere changes. Due to the interaction between the mid-latitude and low-latitude atmosphere, changes occur in the baroclinic characteristics of the atmosphere, the available potential energy and eddy available potential energy of the atmosphere, and the circulation structures of the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and surrounding areas. This results in significantly different water vapour transportation and latent heat distribution. Advantageous and disadvantageous conditions therefore alternate, leading to a significant difference among the numbers of plateau vortex in different phases.     

MAIN HEATING MODES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN JULY AND THE CORRELATION PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST ASIA*

Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the REOF analysis is applied to obtain the main spatial modes of normalized atmospheric heating source over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in July.Results show that the four leading modes are located over the northeast TP,southwest TP.Kashmir and southeast TP respectively,and the cumulative variances are no more than one third of the total.It indicates that the heating source distribution is very complicated over the TP in July.In other words.it is difficult to depict the heating spatial distribution with a few modes.By using wavelet analysis,a 2-4-year variation period is identified in these modes.Moreover,correlation coefficients between each RPC and zonal wind U, meridional wind V.zonal moisture flux Q_v,meridional moisture flux Q_v,and precipitation rate over East Asia are calculated to construct correlation fields,Results show that different heating modes over the TP correspond to different circulation,moisture flux as well as precipitation patterns,Precipitation over North China(or Kashmir) is negatively(or positively) correlated with REOF1.Similarly.notable negative(or positive) correlation can be found between the rainfall over south part of Southwest China.South China,and the Philippines(or Japan) and the REOF3. Due to high localization of diabatic heating over the TP.it is not enough to study the influence of TP thermal forcing on the climate with an area averaged heating index.     

青藏高原东北侧干旱的数值试验

用谱方法（Ｔ４２）求解半球球面无辐散正压涡度方程,采用实际的干旱环流资料,分别在有地形和无地形的情况下,求出其对应的干旱环流型的强迫场,模拟了在强迫场的作用下干旱环流的形成、维持情况及在强迫场消失后干旱环流型的崩溃情况。结果表明：（１）强迫场在干旱环流型的形成、维持及崩溃过程中起重要作用;（２）青藏高原的存在使其东北侧干旱形成和崩溃均加快。     

海气陆相互作用的准四年振荡机制

目前有关Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ）形成机制的讨论,大多是强调海气的相互作用。实际上地气互作用过程中形成的异常气流对于Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ的形成也是必不可少的,海气和地气相互作用过程应该是耦合的,不应该加以分离。本文综合了近年来我们得到的有关研究结果,提出了一个海气陆相互作用过程的准四年振荡过程,用来解释Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎａ形成机制和亚洲大陆气候年际变化机制。     

青藏高原地表温度对华北汛期降水变化的影响

利用1980-2001年青藏高原月平均地表温度、1961～2001年我国160站月降水以及NECP／NCAR再分析月平均高度场资料,分析了华北地区汛期降水与青藏高原地表温度的关系,结果表明华北地区汛期降水与青藏高原5～6月地表温度具有显著的正相关。相关场的正值中心位于高原的东北部和西南部地区。华北地区汛期降水偏少年,青藏高原前期5～6月地温以负距平为主且距平值较小;相反,降水偏多年,青藏高原前期5～6月地温以正距平为主且距平值较大。EOF和SVD分析表明,青藏高原5～6月地温和华北地区汛期降水的第一典型场都表现出大体一致的变化特点。此外,诊断分析得到,青藏高原5～6月地温偏高年,7～8月西太平洋副热带高压的强度偏强,位置偏北;地温偏低年,西太平洋副热带高压的强度偏弱,位置偏南。     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over theTibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discussthe mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationshipbetween middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the NorthwestPacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it isfavourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over thePlateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flowpatterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon southto high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bringabout the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoonrecurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact ofsynoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport ofdisturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over thePlateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over thePlateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over thePlateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of lowlatitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affectstyphoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude andlow latitude on synoptic system.     

青藏高原对1998年长江流域天气异常的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料分析了青藏高原对 1998年夏季长江流域洪涝及天气异常的影响 ,并讨论了第 2段梅雨期的暴雨与长江流域洪涝灾害的关系。研究结果表明 :由于青藏高原的热力作用 ,夏季高原东北部斜压性强 ,多短波槽活动。 1998年长江流域两段梅雨期间 ,高原东移的短波槽加强了梅雨锋 ,并引起梅雨锋上强暴雨。 1998年长江流域的 8次洪峰均与高原东侧短波槽东移有关。由于梅雨期前面几场暴雨已使得土壤水份饱和 ,沿江各支流及湖泊水位很高 ,梅雨期的最后一场暴雨的大量雨水往往作为径流流入江河或湖泊 ,与长江洪峰汇合后易造成洪涝灾害     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmosphericgeneral circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropicalPacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino eventand the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TPFORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system cansuccessfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is notincluded in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the TibetanPlateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSOprocess is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existenceof the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of theTibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

夏季青藏高原雪盖对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

采用钱永甫 模式和与颜宏模式嵌套，并引入修正的青藏高原雪盖下垫面上的反照率参数化，来研究理相民状态下青藏高原东部及南侧夏季有雪盖对东亚大气歪流的影响。／     

夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源异常对环流和降水的影响

本文利用高原２３个测站探空资料，经客观分析求得的１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐月青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇积分值，讨论了高原东部大气热源对北半球大气环流以及对我国降水的影响。月距平均资料显示，高原东部大气热源在ＥＮＳＯ年一般有所加强，与此相应，５００ｈＰａ高度场从高原到淮河流域为一低值区，蒙古一带为高压区，１００ｈＰａ高度场高原上空为高压区，我国东北，朝鲜和日本一带为低值区。     

7月青藏高原大气热源空间型及其与东亚大气环流和降水的相关研究

对1958～1999年的7月份NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中青藏高原区域大气热源强度(整层气柱的总非绝热加热率)做旋转经验正交函数分析,结果表明该区域内大气热源强度的空间分布特征复杂,各地差异显著。前4个REOF型的加热中心位于高原东北部、高原西南部、克什米尔地区以及高原东南部地区上空。小波分析还表明各空间型都有2～4a的变化周期。文中计算了前4个RPC与东亚中、低空纬向风(U)、经向风(V)、纬向水汽通量(Q_u)、经向水汽通量(Q_v)的相关系数,并用这些相关系数构造矢量,进而分析其流场和水汽通量散度场,发现高原不同区域的大气加热异常所对应的东亚大气环流形势及降水也大不相同,由此表明,在研究高原加热对中国气候的影响时,应注意加热的空间分布特征。