生物质三组分在O2/CO2气氛下的着火行为研究

生物质的富氧燃烧技术结合了生物质燃烧与富氧燃烧的优点,既能减少化石燃料的使用,又易实现CO₂捕集。富氧燃烧的最显著特点是气氛中的氧气体积分数大于21%,其对生物质着火行为的影响至关重要。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素是生物质的3种主要组分,研究其在富氧条件下的着火及燃烧行为,可为生物质的着火及燃烧行为研究提供重要依据。利用滴管炉结合高速摄像机,研究了粒径74~154μm的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素在温度1273 K,氧气体积分数21%、30%、50%、70%和100%的O₂/CO₂气氛中的着火行为,并利用辐射能测温技术计算着火图片中的颗粒温度。结果表明,随着O₂体积分数增加,纤维素、半纤维素由联合着火以及木质素由均相着火均转为非均相着火,纤维素、半纤维素、木质素着火机理发生转化的O₂体积分数分别为30%、70%和50%。纤维素着火对O₂体积分数变化敏感,氧气体积分数超过30%时,纤维素焦率先发生着火。半纤维素和木质素的升温速率随氧气体积分数的升高而提高,半纤维素是由于挥发分在燃烧过程中随着氧气体积分数的增加,其燃烧比例减弱,焦燃烧比例增加,而木质素因为氧气体积分数的升高强化了木质素焦燃烧。半纤维素和木质素燃烧时间均随氧气体积分数的升高而缩短,两者都是由于氧气体积分数升高强化了焦的燃烧。另外,在较高氧气体积分数下木质素焦会发生熔融并膨胀,形成明显的膨胀火焰。     

基于热重-质谱联用的煤粉富氧燃烧动力学及污染物生成特性

富氧燃烧是最具工业化前景的燃烧中碳捕集技术之一,为更深入掌握煤粉富氧燃烧的着火模式和污染物生成特性,本文构建了热重-质谱联用实验系统,以烟煤和无烟煤标准煤样为对象,针对3个不同的氧气体积分数：21%、30%和50%,研究了O₂/Ar和O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉的富氧燃烧特性。结果表明,O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉着火温度和燃尽温度均降低,燃烧速率提高,燃烧时间缩短;两种煤粉在O₂/Ar气氛下的燃烧都属于非均相着火,而富氧燃烧都属于均相着火模式;氧气体积分数在30%以上时,无烟煤O₂/CO₂燃烧的表观活化能明显低于O₂/Ar气氛,在相同工况下烟煤的表观活化能均低于无烟煤;O₂/CO₂气氛促进了CO和挥发分NO的逸出,生成温度均低于O₂/Ar气氛,CO会对NO起到还原作用。     

O2/CO2气氛下多种碳基随机孔模型的建立

传统随机孔模型基于简单一步反应建立,不适用于处理O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒复杂气固反应。针对此问题,基于焦炭本身具有多种碳基的特点,以及焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的特性,建立复杂气固反应下的多种碳基随机孔模型和孔隙结构模型。模拟直径为100 μm的焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的过程,使用FORTRAN语言自主编程计算并分析结果。研究表明,燃烧初期颗粒呈现竞争效应,孔隙内部气体浓度产生剧烈波动。波动的生成原因是化学反应与物理扩散之间的竞争,可以通过增加环境氧浓度和减小焦炭颗粒粒径来改善。所提出的多种碳基随机孔模型对于表征O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒的燃烧特性有着良好的适应性。     

富氧燃烧方式下煤中砷的挥发行为

选取SJS烟煤,利用高温管式炉模拟富氧燃烧,在600~1400℃温度范围内研究了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度及温度对砷挥发的影响,并进行了空气燃烧模式下的对比实验。对不同工况下的灰样进行FTIR表征并结合化学热力学软件模拟进行分析,结果表明:富氧气氛和空气气氛下煤中砷的挥发比例均随温度升高不断增大,并在低温区间(<900℃)和高温区间(>900℃)分别出现了砷的剧烈失重,但O₂浓度和CO₂浓度影响了不同气氛下砷的具体挥发行为。低温下(<900℃)O₂浓度是影响砷挥发的主要因素,O₂浓度越高,砷的挥发比例越大;相同O₂浓度下,CO₂浓度越高,砷的挥发比例越低,CO₂的存在抑制了煤中砷的挥发。高温下(>900℃)CO₂浓度是影响砷挥发的主要因素,富氧气氛下高CO₂浓度对热量的阻碍导致相同条件下砷酸盐发生分解需要更高的温度,因此富氧气氛下砷的挥发较空气模式滞后;此外CO₂在煤颗粒表面形成还原性气氛,高价态砷化合物向不稳定的低价态砷化合物转变,低价态砷化合物的快速分解导致高温下富氧气氛中砷的挥发速率较常规空气模式快。     

350 MW超临界循环流化床锅炉SO2、NOx及粉尘排放特性试验

为了解煤泥、煤矸石等多元低热值煤掺烧下CFB锅炉污染物生成排放特性，以某电厂350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为研究对象，基于现场运行实测数据，研究了该锅炉在30%～99%负荷率下烟气SO₂、NO_x生成及粉尘排放随负荷变化的特性，并分析了锅炉运行负荷、平均床温、过量空气系数及流化风率等关键运行参数对其生成与排放水平的影响。试验结果表明，该机组在30%～99%全负荷条件下总排放口烟气污染物排放均能够满足超低排放标准；SO₂、NO_x排放浓度随锅炉负荷的降低基本呈现先降低后迅速升高的趋势，粉尘排放浓度随锅炉负荷的降低而降低；所研究关键运行参数中，锅炉床温对SO₂、NO_x生成与排放水平起主导作用；低负荷下锅炉平均床温较低、炉膛过量空气系数较大，SO₂、NO_x生成浓度偏高，且二者排放浓度与过量空气系数及流化风率基本呈正相关。综合考虑，应适当控制锅炉平均床温在800℃以上，过量空气系数应不高于1.3为宜；低负荷下可采取烟气再循环措...     

N2/CO2气氛下木屑生物质热解特性的实验研究

本研究利用固定床管式炉开展了不同N2/CO₂比例气氛下的木屑生物质热解实验,考察了CO₂浓度、载气流速和停留时间对热解油和焦炭产率的影响。结果表明：热解油和焦炭的产率随反应温度和停留时间的增加而降低,热解油产率随反应气氛中CO₂浓度的升高而增加。在N₂和CO₂气氛下,载气流速升高均使热解油产率下降,而焦炭产率则在15%左右保持不变。添加HZSM-5和ZIF-67两种催化剂,发现ZIF-67在CO₂气氛下的热解油产率可以达到72.3%,相比其在N₂气氛下的热解油产率提升了近1.5倍;而HZSM-5由于其微孔孔道对生物质大分子传质的限制,产生最多焦炭(24.1%)。     

15 MW生物质循环流化床NOx和温室气体排放特性

生物质是零碳可再生能源，对我国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标具有重要意义。虽然被视为清洁能源，但生物质燃烧过程仍会排放NO_x(NO、N₂O)和温室气体(CH₄、N₂O、CO₂),有必要对生物质直燃的NO_x和温室气体排放特性进行研究。测量某15 MW生物质循环流化床的NO_x和温室气体排放，并探究了改变床压、一二次风比、前后墙二次风比、废木料掺烧比例等因素对NO_x和温室气体排放特性的影响。燃烧调整试验表明：升高床压有利于降低NO排放，但降幅很小，且会造成CO和CH₄体积分数上升，CO₂体积分数降低；随一二次风比增大，NO排放略降低，这意味着可适当降低二次风以降低NO排放量，CO和CH₄体积分数降低，CO₂体积分数升高；当前墙二次风开度/后墙二次风开度较小或较大时，均有利于降低NO,CO和CH₄排放量也较低；高含氮废木...     

基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学解析O2/CO2/H2O气氛下烟煤焦反应机理

流化床富氧燃烧湿烟气循环兼具经济与环保优势。湿烟气循环（O₂/CO₂/H₂O）条件下煤焦与O₂、CO₂及H₂O的反应同时发生。为探究O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下煤焦-O₂、煤焦-CO₂、煤焦-H₂O反应间的相互作用机制,在自制高精度热重实验装置上系统考察了O₂、CO₂、H₂O及其混合气氛下,典型烟煤焦在900℃的反应特性。基于吸附和脱附原理的Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）机理性模型分别计算了烟煤焦与O₂、CO₂和H₂O反应的动力学参数。通过采用单独活性位点与竞争活性位点两种假设分析了O₂/CO₂、O₂/H₂O和CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂和烟煤焦-H₂O两两反应间的作用机制,揭示了H₂O分子优先吸附于烟煤焦表面活性位点,O₂分子次之,而CO₂分子相对滞后。O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂、烟煤焦-H₂O反应表现出部分竞争反应活性位点,传统的单独活性位点与竞争活性位点假设均无法准确描述其反应速率特性。基于H₂O分子优先,O₂分子次优先吸附的原理,建立了O₂、CO₂、H₂O混合气氛下煤焦反应速率L-H动力学方程,方程计算结果与实验值良好吻合。研究结果为深入分析煤焦颗粒流化床富氧燃烧特性及构建可靠、准确的燃烧反应模型提供了理论支撑。     

O2/H2O燃烧方式下石灰石的间接硫化反应特性

利用水平管式炉和热重实验台架,对O₂/H₂O、O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂ 3种不同燃烧方式下石灰石的间接硫化反应特性进行了研究。重点探究了燃烧方式、水蒸气浓度对石灰石间接硫化反应的影响规律与机理。同时,对硫化产物进行了X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X射线衍射（XRD）、孔结构特性和扫描电镜（SEM）分析。结果表明,O₂/H₂O燃烧方式相比于相同氧浓度下的O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂燃烧方式,石灰石间接硫化反应的钙转化率在化学反应控制阶段基本相同,在扩散控制阶段O₂/H₂O燃烧方式下的钙转化率有显著的提高。主要原因是水蒸气促进了硫化反应后期产物层内的固态离子扩散。此外,O₂/H₂O燃烧方式下,不同的水蒸气浓度对石灰石的钙转化率基本没有影响。     

水蒸气对oxy-coal燃烧中NO生成的影响

为了研究H₂O对燃料N向NO转化各个阶段的影响,采用可沿程取样的沉降炉反应器,研究了一种烟煤在1273 K温度下,O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂以及O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下燃烧的燃尽与NO生成的情况.并通过在停留时间为0.2、0.3、0.5、1.1 s与O₂浓度为5%、21%及30%情况下的实验来研究H₂O对NO生成的影响.实验结果表明,相对于O₂/CO₂气氛,H₂O的添加抑制了NO的生成,且该影响主要集中在燃烧初期挥发分N的氧化过程.随着O₂浓度的增加,H₂O添加对oxy-coal燃烧方式下NO生成影响加大.     

富氧燃烧烟气压缩净化及高浓度CO2制备工艺研究

富氧燃烧技术是目前最有可能大规模推广和商业应用的碳捕集与封存技术之一,其中,烟气压缩净化及CO₂提纯对于整个富氧燃烧系统至关重要。然而,目前研究多聚焦于富氧燃烧后烟气压缩净化的工艺验证,而对烟气压缩纯化各单元运行特性的研究仍不深入,特别是烟气压缩净化过程杂质污染组分的迁移转化、系统运行参数与污染物脱除效率的关联仍不明确。且现有研究对净化后烟气的深度提纯及高浓度CO₂制备的关注也相对较少,直接关系到富氧燃烧系统运行经济性。因此,针对富氧燃烧烟气净化及CO₂提纯需求,系统探究了富氧燃烧烟气压缩纯化过程SO₂、NO_x吸收脱除以及CO₂深度提纯等各子系统的运行特性,其中SO₂与NO_x脱除采用压缩-酸液吸收,CO₂深度提纯采用低温精馏。结果表明:通过烟气净化可实现SO₂脱除效率达100%,NO脱除效率达99%,同时实现纯度为99.99%的食品级液态CO₂制备。烟气净化过程中,气相反应占据主导,提高压力可缩短反应时间;当SO₂吸收塔运行压力超过0.8 MPa时,SO₂脱除效率可达100%;当NO吸收塔运行压力超过3.0 MPa时,NO排放浓度可达超低排放标准。CO₂提纯过程中,提高压力会降低液体CO₂纯度。SO₂吸收塔运行压力为1.6 MPa、NO吸收塔运行压力为3.0 MPa、CO₂提纯塔运行压力为3.8 MPa时,系统整体功耗最低,为0.37 MJ/kg。     

DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISM OF CALCIUM SULFATE UNDER THE CONDITION OF O2/CO2 PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION

The decomposition behavior and mechanism of calcium sulfate in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion were studied in an entrained flow reactor. A reaction rate expression correlating the influence of various factors was proposed for CaS0₄ decomposition and it is able to predict CaS0₄ decomposition satisfactorily. Under the conditions investigated, the decomposition of CaS0₄ was found to be a regime of chemically controlled shrinking core reaction. A CO₂-rich atmosphere enhances CaSO₄ decomposition in absence of oxygen. CaSO₄ particles have catalytic effect on formation of CO from CO₂. A high SO₂ concentration inhibits CaSO₄ decomposition. The kinetics of CaSO₄decomposition has obvious dependence on experimental facilities and conditions, whereas the activation energy has much lower dependence. The kinetics derived in this work is more appropriate for investigating desulfurization in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion because an entrained flow reactor has a much closer condition to that in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion than a TGA.     

CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion of coal with high oxygen concentration gases

The emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ from the combustion of a high-volatile coal with N₂- and CO₂-based, high O₂ concentration (20, 50, 80, 100%) inlet gases were investigated in an electrically heated up-flow-tube furnace at elevated gas temperatures (1123–1573 K). The fuel equivalence ratio, φ, was varied in the range of 0.4–1.6. Results showed that CO₂ concentrations in flue gas were higher than 95% for the processes with O₂ and CO₂-based inlet gases. NO_x emissions increased with φ under fuel-lean conditions, then declined dramatically after φ=0.8, and the peak values increased from about 1000 ppm for the air combustion process and 500 ppm for the O₂(20%)+CO₂(80%) inlet gas process to about 4500 ppm for the oxygen combustion process. When φ>1.4 the emissions decreased to the same level for different O₂ concentration inlet gas processes. On the other hand, NO_x emission indexes decreased monotonically with φ under both fuel-lean and fuel-rich combustion. SO₂ emissions increased with φ under fuel-lean conditions, then declined slightly after φ>1.2. Temperature has a large effect on the NO_x emission. Peak values of the NO_x emission increased by 50–70% for the N₂-based inlet gas processes and by 30–50% for the CO₂-based inlet gas process from 1123 to 1573 K. However, there was only a small effect of temperature on the SO₂ emission.     

A CO and CO2 tolerating (La0.9Ca0.1)2(Ni0.75Cu0.25)O4+d Ruddlesden-Popper membrane for oxygen separation

A series of novel dense mixed conducting ceramic membranes based on K₂NiF₄-type (La_1–xCa_x)₂ (Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ was successfully prepared through a sol-gel route. Their chemical compatibility, oxygen permeability, CO and CO₂ tolerance, and long-term CO₂ resistance regarding phase composition and crystal structure at different atmospheres were studied. The results show that higher Ca contents in the material lead to the formation of CaCO₃. A constant oxygen permeation flux of about 0.63 mL·min⁻¹·cm⁻² at 1173 K through a 0.65 mm thick membrane was measured for (La_0.9Ca_0.1)₂ (Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ, using either helium or pure CO₂ as sweep gas. Steady oxygen fluxes with no sign of deterioration of this membrane were observed with increasing CO₂ concentration. The membrane showed excellent chemical stability towards CO₂ for more than 1360 h and phase stability in presence of CO for 4 h at high temperature. In addition, this membrane did not deteriorate in a high-energy CO₂ plasma. The present work demonstrates that this (La_0.9Ca_0.1)₂(Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ membrane is a promising chemically robust candidate for oxygen separation applications.     

Kinetics of CO and H2 oxidation over CuO-CeO2 catalyst in H2 mixtures with CO2 and H2O

The kinetics of CO and H₂ oxidation over a CuO-CeO₂ catalyst were simultaneously investigated under reaction conditions of preferential CO oxidation (PROX) in hydrogen-rich mixtures with CO₂ and H₂O. An integral packed-bed tubular reactor was used to produce kinetic data for power-law kinetics for both CO and H₂ oxidations. The experimental results showed that the CO oxidation rate was essentially independent of H₂ and O₂ concentrations, while the H₂ oxidation rate was practically independent of CO and O₂ concentrations. In the CO oxidation, the reaction orders were 0.91, −0.37 and −0.62 with respect to the partial pressure of CO, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. In the H₂ oxidation, the orders were 1.0, −0.48 and −0.69 with respect to the partial pressure of H₂, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. The activation energies of the CO oxidation and the H₂ oxidation were 94.4 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate expressions of both oxidations were able to predict the performance of the PROX reactor with accuracy. The independence between the CO and the H₂ oxidation suggested different sites for CO and H₂ adsorption on the CuO-CeO₂ catalyst. Based on the results, we proposed a new reaction model for the preferential CO oxidation. The model assumes that CO adsorbs selectively on the Cu⁺ sites; H₂ dissociates and adsorbs on the Cu⁰ sites; the adsorbed species migrates to the interface between the copper components and the ceria support, and reacts there with the oxygen supplied by the ceria support; and the oxygen deficiency on the support is replenished by the oxygen in the reaction mixture.