合成大麻素类毒品的结构特征和快速识别方法

合成大麻素类新精神活性物质结构多样，数量众多，我国整类管制后将有效遏制该类物质的制贩滥用，但仍存在识别难等问题。本文对流行于毒品市场和文献报道的合成大麻素类物质进行了归纳，在分析合成大麻素类物质化学结构特征的基础上对未来发展趋势进行了研判；创新性地提出了系统缩写名称和系列名称识别法，为识别合成大麻素类毒品提供了重要方法。     

新精神活性物质药理作用研究进展

新精神活性物质是近几年开始流行的新型滥用物质,比起传统毒品来说其种类更丰富、化学结构更复杂。新精神活性物质按照药理学作用可分为七大类,除了效果未知的类别,其余的兴奋剂类、合成大麻素受体激动剂类、经典致幻剂类、合成阿片类、身心分离剂类和镇静催眠类都可通过与特异性受体结合从而发挥作用。该文对新精神活性物质的药理作用及其机制进行综述,以期为新精神活性物质的研究提供参考。     

我国毒品整类列管制度的缘起、现状与思考

当前，全球毒情发生深刻复杂的变化，特别是以芬太尼类物质为代表的新精神活性物质来势凶猛，引发国内外的广泛关注。2019年中国政府宣布对芬太尼类物质实行整类列管，这是中国毒品列管制度的重大创新，为打击毒品犯罪提供全新思路。由于整类列管制度实施时间较短，需要不断完善法律规制标准、提高精准的检测技术以及提高民众认识。因此要积极推进毒品列管制度的创新和完善，加强技术研发和国际合作，开展多维度宣传，提高整体认知度，以期为建立符合中国特色的毒品管制制度提供思路与参考。     

新精神活性物质滥用制品的检验4例

目的:检验可疑物品的成分,为禁毒工作提供参考。方法:样品通过有机溶剂浸泡超声,离心后取上清液,用GC/MS分析鉴定。结果:在邮票样品中检出苯乙胺类物质2C-C-NBOMe和2C-I-NBOMe;在巧克力样品中检出合成大麻素类物质AB-CHMINACA;在果冻样品中检出卡西酮类物质α-PVP;在液体样品中检出色胺类物质5-Me O-Mi PT、5-Me O-DALT及局部麻醉剂普鲁卡因(procaine)。结论:形式多样、伪装性极强的新精神活性物质滥用制品的显著增多应该引起我国公安执法及司法技术检验部门的高度重视。     

新精神活性物质快速检测技术研究进展

新精神活性物质分析是现阶段各国法医毒物学领域研究人员面临的焦点问题。为更有效遏制毒品滥用,打击毒品犯罪,需要各类技术的支撑,以面对新精神活性物质不断提出的挑战。精准、有效的快速检测技术不仅是对检材中是否含有新精神活性物质的有效初筛手段之一,个别快速检测技术还可以为新出现的新精神活性物质的早期预警提供技术支撑。本文主要围绕近年来报道的基于免疫、光谱和质谱原理的各种快速检测技术,对目前主流的新精神活性物质快速检测技术及其应用进行综述。     

合成大麻素类与合成卡西酮类新精神活性物质分类和命名

规范新精神活性物质命名使其易于记忆和交流是一项十分有意义的工作。本文总结了合成大麻素类和合成卡西酮类物质的分类和化学结构，探讨了合成大麻素类和合成卡西酮类物质的命名方法，提出对于我国首次监测发现的各类新精神活性物质，建议采用系统缩写名称命名法或英文缩写名称命名法进行命名。     

合成卡西酮类物质滥用及依赖性评价研究进展

<正>1概述根据联合国毒品与犯罪问题办公室(UNODC)2017年度世界毒品报告,自2009年至今,世界范围内已报告的739种新精神活性物质(NPS)中有19%属于合成卡西酮类,多达140种~[1]。近年来,合成卡西酮类物质作为一种重要新型合成毒品在世界范围内形成流行态势,通常以"浴盐"、"植物肥料"等名义在市场上流通~[2]。滥用合成卡西酮类物质可产生幻视、幻听等精神病性症状,伴有失眠、食欲下降、抑郁、焦虑等副作用~[3],严重者甚至出现攻击、自残等行为,已有媒体报导多起由吸食合成卡西酮类物     

苯丙胺类毒品的神经毒性研究进展

<正>苯丙胺类毒品又称为安非他明类(Amphetamines)毒品,是一类被广泛滥用的神经兴奋剂,其代表性毒品包括甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine,Meth)即"冰毒",及其衍生物3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,MDMA)。苯丙胺类毒品是近年来世界范围内增长最为迅猛的新精神活性物质[1]。有由于可以快速引起吸食者短暂而强烈的欣快感,近年来苯丙胺类毒品在全世界范围内的滥用倾向越发严重,这也使得对苯丙胺类毒品的毒理作用     

稳定同位素分析技术在滥用药物来源解析中的应用

作为一种自然标记物,稳定同位素是物质来源解析的重要工具之一。与传统研究方法相比,稳定同位素技术方法安全、准确并且相对简单。其应用领域不断拓展,在滥用药物的来源解析中已发挥出了独特优势。本文简要介绍了稳定同位素技术的理论基础,着重阐述了该项技术在植源性毒品、传统合成毒品和新精神活性物质等的来源解析中的应用,并对稳定同位素在滥用药物来源解析中的应用前景做了简要展望。     

无抽搐电休克(MECT)治疗合成毒品所致的精神障碍的疗效及不良反应的回顾性分析

目的:探讨分析无抽搐电休克(MECT)治疗合成毒品所致的精神障碍的疗效及不良反应。方法:回顾性分析2015年3月-2016年6月期间在广州某医院住院且接受无抽搐电休克(MECT)治疗的41例合成毒品所致的精神障碍患者的病历资料,所有患者符合ICD-10精神活性物质所致的精神和行为障碍:精神病性障碍的诊断标准。结果:各类合成毒品所致的精神和行为障碍接受MECT治疗的痊愈率为43.9%,显效率为53.7%,有效率为2.4%;甲基苯丙胺组、氯胺酮组、多种药物滥用组均有效。MECT治疗后未发生严重不良反应。结论:无抽搐电休克治疗疗效肯定,不良反应少,安全性好,值得在合成毒品所致的精神障碍中应用推广。     

Old and new synthetic cannabinoids: lessons from animal models

Abstract

Synthetic cannabinoids have long been studied for their therapeutic potentials. However, during the last decade, new generations of synthetic cannabinoid agonists appeared on the drug market. These new psychoactive substances are currently sold as ‘marijuana-like’ products as they claim to mimic the effects of the psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Yet, their effects are more intense and potent than THC, typically last longer and are often associated to serious psychiatric consequences. Animal models of drug addiction are frequently used in preclinical research to assess the abuse potential of new compounds, evaluate drug positive reinforcing effects and analyze drug-induced behaviors. Some of these protocols have been used recently to study the newly synthesized cannabinoid agonists and have started elucidating their pharmacology and actions in the brain. The aim of this review is to summarize the major findings reported by animal studies that tested synthetic cannabinoids of first, second, and third generation by using self-administration and reinstatement models, drug discrimination and conditioned place preference procedures. Altogether, behavioral studies clearly indicate that synthetic cannabinoids possess abuse liability, are likely to activate the brain reward circuit and induce positive subjective and reinforcing effects.     

New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review

Plant-based drugs of abuse are as old as recorded human history. Although traditional addictive substances, such as opium, cannabis and coca, have been controlled by the United Nations anti-drug conventions, many, if not most, natural plants with addictive or abuse liability remain elusive. Therefore, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has warned the emerging threat from new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are mostly derived or modified from the constituents of natural origin. For example, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are derived from the cannabis and khat plant, respectively. In this review, we briefly discussed the chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of five common NPS of natural origin, i.e., khat, kratom, salvia, magic mushroom and mandrake. Through the review, we hope that professionals and general public alike can pay more attention to the potential problems caused by natural NPS, and suitable control measures will be taken.     

Detectability of new psychoactive substances, ‘legal highs’, in CEDIA,EMIT, and KIMS immunochemical screening assays for drugs of abuse

The increasing number of new psychoactive substances made available for recreational drug use has created a challenge for clinical toxicology and drug testing laboratories. As a consequence, the routine immunoassay drug testing may become less effective due to an increased occurrence of false negative and false positive screening results. This work aimed to extend the knowledge about analytical cross‐reactivity of new substances in selected CEDIA, EMIT, and KIMS immunoassays for drugs‐of‐abuse screening. Urine standards were prepared by spiking blank urine with 45 new substances. Authentic urine samples from intoxication cases identified by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) were also studied. Several new psychoactive substances were demonstrated to display cross‐reactivity in the immunoassays. CEDIA Amphetamine/Ecstasy and EMIT d.a.u. Amphetamine Class tests showed the highest reactivity towards the new drugs, which was expected since many have amphetamine‐like structure and activity. In the samples from authentic cases, five new substances displayed 100% detection rate in the CEDIA Amphetamine/Ecstasy test. In conclusion, cross‐reactivity data in routine urine drug screening immunoassays for a number of new psychoactive substances not studied before were reported. In both spiked and authentic urine samples, some new substances showed significant cross‐reactivity and are thus detectable in the routine screening methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes

Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug–drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug–drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug–drug interactions in the clinic.     

Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cathinones Cardiotoxicity: Facts andPerspectives

New psychoactive substances (NPS) constitute a group of psychotropic substances, designed to mimic the effects of traditional substances like cannabis, cocaine, MDMA, khat, which was not regulated by the 1961 United Nations Convention on Narcotics or the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Illegal laboratories responsible for their production regularly developed new substances and placed them on the market to replace the ones that have been banned; for this reason, during the last decade this class of substances has represented a great challenge for the public health and forensic toxicologists. The spectrum of side effects caused by the intake of these drugs of abuse is very wide since they act on different systems with various mechanisms of action. To date most studies have focused on the neurotoxic effects, very few works focus on cardiotoxicity. Specifically, both synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones appear to be involved in different cardiac events, including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death due to fatal arrhythmias. Synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones cardiotoxicity are mainly mediated through activation of the CB1 receptor present on cardiomyocyte and involved with reactive oxygen species production, ATP depletion and cell death. Concerns with the adrenergic over-stimulation induced by this class of substances and increasing oxidative stress are mainly reported. In this systematic review we aim to summarize the data from all the works analyzing the possible mechanisms through which synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones damage the myocardial tissue.     

An adolescent with a different substance abuse: case report.

From the beginning of history, it is a well known fact that some people admire to substances making them tipsy and stories about them were told and heard in everywhere and in every time. As shown in several studies, psychiatric disorders related to substance abuse especially in adolescents are becoming more prevalent in all countries including Turkey every year and this is another well-known reality of our time. There are many known psychoactive substances affecting the mental well being of young people and disturbing their social adaptation skills. Inhalants are the preferred psychoactive substances between the young people because of the factors making their abuse become widespread such as cheapness, ease of availability and frequent use in daily life. Here we report an adolescent with a different substance abuse.     

An Adolescent with a Different Substance Abuse

Abstract

From the beginning of history, it is a well known fact that some people admire to substances making them tipsy and stories about them were told and heard in everywhere and in every time. As shown in several studies, psychiatric disorders related to substance abuse especially in adolescents are becoming more prevalent in all countries including Turkey every year and this is another well-known reality of our time. There are many known psychoactive substances affecting the mental well being of young people and disturbing their social adaptation skills. Inhalants are the preferred psychoactive substances between the young people because of the factors making their abuse become widespread such as cheapness, ease of availability and frequent use in daily life. Here we report an adolescent with a different substance abuse.     

非靶受体在精神活性物质依赖中的作用

当前精神活性物质滥用和成瘾呈上升趋势,它既是一个严重的社会问题,又是一个非常重要的生物学问题。在我国导致精神依赖的活性物质主要是阿片类。精神活性物质作用的靶受体为阿片受体,非靶受体主要包括多巴胺受体、N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体和组胺等。本文主要论述NMDA受体和组胺受体等非靶受体在精神活性物质依赖发生发展过程中功能和结构上的变化,探讨精神活性药物成瘾的机制,研究和开发以NMDA和组胺受体为靶标的新药,为阿片类药物成瘾的防治开辟新的研究领域。     

Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Drug self-administration behavior has been one of the most direct and productive approaches for studying the reinforcing effects of psychoactive drugs, which are critical in determining their abuse potential. Cannabinoids, which are usually abused by humans in the form of marijuana, have become the most frequently abused illicit class of drugs in the United States. The early elucidation of the structure and stereochemistry of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in 1964, which is now recognized as the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, activated cannabinoid research worldwide. This review examines advances in research on cannabinoid self-administration behavior by humans and laboratory animals. There have been numerous laboratory demonstrations of the reinforcing effects of cannabinoids in human subjects, but reliable self-administration of cannabinoids by laboratory animals has only recently been demonstrated. It has now been shown that strong and persistent self-administration behavior can be maintained in experimentally and drug-na?ve squirrel monkeys by doses of THC comparable to those in marijuana smoke inhaled by humans. Furthermore, reinforcing effects of some synthetic CB1 cannabinoid agonists have been recently reported using intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration procedures in rats and mice. These findings support previous conclusions that THC has a pronounced abuse liability comparable to other drugs of abuse under certain experimental conditions. Self-administration of THC by squirrel monkeys provides the most reliable animal model for human marijuana abuse available to date. This animal model now makes it possible to study the relative abuse liability of other natural and synthetic cannabinoids and to preclinically assess new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of marijuana abuse in humans.     

Synthetic cathinones: chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as "bath salts" or "plant food"

In 2000s, many synthetic cathinones have received a renewed popularity as designer drugs of abuse, particularly among young people. Despite being marketed as "bath salts" or "plant food" and labeled "not for human consumption", people utilize these substances for their amphetamine or cocaine like effects. Since the time of their appearance in the recreational drug market, in several countries have been signaled numerous confirmed cases of abuse, dependence, severe intoxication and deaths related to the consumption of synthetic cathinones. The aim of this paper is to summarize the clinical, pharmacological and toxicological information about this new class of designer drugs of abuse.