结合CT技术的火山岩水力裂缝延伸实验

为了准确获知火山岩水力压裂过程中裂缝的平面和空间扩展形态,采用真三轴水力压裂模拟系统,对火山岩天然岩样进行了室内压裂模拟实验,在实验前后采用工业CT技术对岩样进行扫描,并对CT图像进行三维重建和可视化处理.对岩样的CT图像进行分析发现:经过压裂的火山岩内部裂缝在延伸过程中会连通部分天然孔隙,但裂缝并未沿着天然孔隙发育密集的区域延伸；裂缝延伸方向整体上与最大水平地应力方向趋于一致.对岩样的裂缝三维图和可视化图进行分析发现:火山岩压裂中的破裂压力梯度高,导致其难于形成裂缝.对岩样的造缝能力进行分析发现:井眼附近的岩石力学特性是影响岩石造缝能力的重要因素,火山岩往往具有较高的杨氏模量和抗压强度,造缝能力低.因此,火山岩现场压裂改造中的关键问题之一是降低破裂压力梯度.图4表2参20     

火山岩储层水平井分段压裂剪切破裂体积模拟方法

火山岩储层压裂对天然裂缝的有效激活可改善储层渗流能力,提升压裂效果。因此,火山岩储层水平井分段压裂的天然裂缝剪切破裂体积和剪切位移的模拟与表征,对量化储层改造充分程度、优化压裂工艺设计具有重要意义。针对裂缝性火山岩储层水平井分段压裂水力裂缝的动态延伸行为,考虑扩展裂缝对应力-压力场的干扰作用,以此触发天然裂缝的剪切破裂机制,建立了火山岩储层水平井分段压裂剪切破裂体积模拟方法。研究表明:剪切破裂体积随着水平应力差、天然裂缝逼近角、弹性模量、压裂液总量及注入排量的增大而增大,随着天然裂缝内聚力的增大而减小;泊松比对剪切破裂体积的影响不明显。该方法实现了对火山岩储层水平井分段压裂剪切破裂体积的定量模拟与表征,对提高火山岩储层压裂的优化设计及压后效果评估具有重要的理论指导意义和矿场应用价值。     

长庆低渗透油田重复压裂技术研究

从理论研究了低渗透油藏重复压裂的造缝机理,通过模拟实验分析了长庆低渗透油藏重复压裂的造缝现象,研究结果表明：产层经初次水力压裂后,近缝地层孔隙压力变化和支撑裂缝产生的诱导应力场将改变原始地应力场,从而导致重复压裂改向;重复压裂裂缝的启裂会改向,但其延伸扩展方向依然取决于地应力状态。通过重复压裂的理论计算及模拟试验,可为合理改造低渗油藏提供科学依据。     

页岩储集层水力裂缝网络扩展规模评价方法

基于裂缝性页岩水力压裂模拟实验,分析了页岩水力裂缝扩展规律,提出了裂缝扩展规模评价方法,并研究了地质及工程因素对裂缝扩展的影响。利用"裂缝沟通面积"作为水力压裂效果的评价指标,结合压裂模拟实验结果分析后发现:页岩水力压裂可产生复杂裂缝网络;脆性页岩地层地应力差越小、水力裂缝与层理面距离越短,裂缝沟通面积越大,水力裂缝遇到天然裂缝后越易发生滑移转向,压裂后裂缝形态越复杂;最大水平主应力方向与页岩的层理面方向正交或呈大角度、与开度较好的天然裂缝间的逼近角接近90°时,更易形成裂缝网络;脆性矿物含量高的页岩造缝能力更好;压裂液黏度较低、排量较大时,裂缝沟通面积较大,变排量压裂会增强水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝或层理的作用,开启更多的天然裂缝网络。图7表3参15     

裂缝性地层水力裂缝复杂形态延伸分析

多种研究表明,在裂缝性地层中,水力裂缝由于受天然裂缝作用的影响可能延伸为多分支、非平面的复杂裂缝体系.从矿场试验、室内实验、数字实验和图貌监测4个方面分别论证裂缝性油气藏压裂过程中天然裂缝的存在对水力裂缝延伸的影响,并分析裂缝性地层水力裂缝沿天然裂缝的非平面延伸规律.矿场相交试验结果表明,在地质非连续体地层中,压裂后的水力裂缝多以分支缝的方式延伸;室内相交实验发现,在一定的逼近角和水平主应力差条件下,天然裂缝会改变水力裂缝的延伸形态和扩展模式;数值模拟方法和微地震监测证实,裂缝性储层水力压裂后所形成的裂缝体系是复杂的缝网系统.裂缝性地层中水力裂缝呈复杂的非平面延伸,与均质地层压裂产生的对称双翼平面裂缝有很大差异.     

不同压裂液类型对煤岩水力压裂的影响研究

通过水力裂缝改造煤层,沟通更多的天然裂缝系统,可达到促进排水降压采气的目的。而煤岩由于强吸附特征和天然裂缝系统异常发育的储层特点,从压裂的角度而言将带来两大难题：一是煤储层与水力裂缝本身的伤害问题;二是裂缝的有效造缝与延伸的难题。通过数值模拟方法,以不同液体类型的压裂特点为出发点,研究了不同伤害因素对压后产量的影响程度,以及对裂缝造缝与扩展的影响,为煤层水力压裂材料与技术提供了一个优选的理论依据。     

绒囊流体控制煤岩储层水力裂缝形态研究

煤岩储层水力裂缝易随割理和天然裂缝转向延伸,致使水力裂缝形态不规则且横向延伸较短。欲采用绒囊流体作为压裂液,在压裂过程中暂堵割理和天然裂缝,使压力向垂直于井筒的方向传递,从而形成规则长缝。室内测试绒囊压裂流体暂堵煤岩柱塞剖缝承压能力18 MPa,能够阻止裂缝向割理和天然裂缝方向偏转;绒囊压裂流体伤害煤基质渗透率恢复值86%,满足压后产气要求;φ0.9 mm陶粒在绒囊压裂流体中的沉降速率0.003 cm/s,满足携砂要求。X井压裂现场配制绒囊压裂流体520 m3,采用井筒加砂分隔的方式分层压裂山西组和太原组煤层。绒囊携砂液泵注过程中,施工压力稳定在14.64~15.99 MPa之间,表明水力裂缝延伸过程中未出现堵塞和转向。压后模拟发现,太原组缝长155.7 m,缝高41.3 m;山西组缝长163.9 m,缝高47.5 m。因此,绒囊流体能够作为压裂液形成规则长缝,解决了煤岩储层造缝不理想的难题。      

塔河油田二叠系火山岩储集层裂缝参数模拟

基于岩石破裂准则,建立了造缝时期古地应力和现今地应力与裂缝参数之间的关系,通过构造解析确定了造缝时期古地应力的性质和方向,用声速法、水力压裂法和声发射法计算了现今地应力的方向和大小,将裂缝参数计算模型代入古今地应力场的数值模拟结果中,模拟计算了塔河油田二叠系火山岩储集层裂缝的开度、密度和孔隙度。根据岩心观测和测井解释所得的裂缝参数数据编制全区的裂缝线密度与体密度的等值线图来验证模拟结果,表明模拟结果可靠。     

层间应力差对水力裂缝扩展影响的大尺度实验模拟与分析

储隔层水平地应力差是水力裂缝高度延伸的主控因素,采用大尺寸全三维水力压裂实验系统模拟储隔层地应力条件,对长庆长6砂岩进行水力压裂裂缝垂向扩展模拟实验,并实现对大尺度岩样内部裂缝扩展的全三维实时声波监测。通过声波监测结果与实际裂缝形态对比,讨论了层间应力差、施工参数(排量、黏度)、施工压力对裂缝垂向延伸的影响。结果表明:缝高受层间应力差控制明显;同时施工参数也会影响裂缝的垂向延伸,高黏流体压裂有利于缝高延伸;对于均质致密砂岩岩样,实时声波监测技术能够对裂缝扩展动态进行有效监测。本研究为缝高延伸机理研究提供了实验手段,也为现场微地震监测提供参考。     

储层天然裂缝与压裂裂缝关系分析

方法：运用构造物理分析方法,论述了储层中天然裂缝与压裂裂缝之间的关系。目的：确定天然裂缝对人工压裂裂缝的影响。结果：储层中不同天然裂缝组合及其与最大主应力间的相对方位,决定了压裂裂 方位和裂缝宽度等空间分布规律,结论：天然裂缝在压裂时活动与否,主要取决于地应力差,岩石和天然裂缝的抗张强度及裂缝与最大主应力方向间的夹角等因素,在压裂造缝时要充分考虑现今应力场特征,岩石和天然裂缝的力学特征及其组合规律。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.