基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的低We数液滴铺展凝固模拟研究

为了研究3D喷墨打印中液滴在壁面的铺展、凝固现象与机理,基于格子玻尔兹曼方法(Lattice Boltzmann method,LBM),建立了三维多组分相变模型,模拟计算了单液滴在低We数条件下与低温基板碰撞后的演变过程。在模拟过程中考虑了壁温、壁面润湿性等因素对于液滴的铺展、凝固的影响。模拟结果表明,在非润湿性壁面,液滴铺展产生震荡阻尼现象,通过改变壁温控制液滴凝固速度可以达到阻碍或者促进液滴铺展;而在润湿性壁面,凝固会阻碍液滴铺展,液滴最终铺展因子随接触角减小而降低,并且与壁温成正比关系。此外,壁温在低于一定范围后才会对液滴形貌(铺展因子、接触角)造成明显影响。     

液滴撞击固体球面行为特性的数值研究

基于VOF理论,建立了单个液滴撞击球面基板的模型,并分析了液滴的运动、射流、弛豫和平衡四个阶段的形态变化。对液滴正向撞击球面的过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究了冲击速度、球面直径、表面张力和粘度对液滴沉积行为的影响。结果表明,增加撞击速度,最大铺展直径增加,最小铺展厚度减小;增加球面直径,最大铺展直径增加,最小铺展厚度增加;超过一定粘度后,增加粘度系数,最大铺展直径减小,最小铺展厚度增加;增加表面张力系数,最大铺展直径减小,最小铺展厚度增加。在碰撞初期,铺展厚度以碰撞速度线性递减。当速度过大、球面直径或表面张力过小,会导致液膜出现中心局部破裂现象。     

液滴与壁面撞击流动及传热特性研究

采用Level Set-VOF模拟单液滴撞击壁面的铺展行为及液滴初速度、初始直径及液膜厚度对液滴撞壁传热特性的影响。研究表明:液滴初始速度较大,撞击壁面后发生强烈反弹,液滴在表面回缩破碎及铺展破碎能力加强,导致表面传热系数随之增大;随着液滴初始直径增大,液滴铺展破碎的发生,将对表面传热起促进作用;初始液膜越厚,撞击后液滴溅射能力被削弱且在表面铺展趋势延缓,因此不利于热量迅速传递。     

喷墨印刷液滴的铺展特性研究

目的 研究喷墨印刷液滴相关参数对其铺展特性的影响，为喷墨印刷质量的研究奠定基础。方法 采用Fluent软件，基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)法，建立液滴撞击光滑承印物表面并铺展的仿真模型，采用PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法对速度和压力进行耦合，分析液滴相关参数对其撞击铺展的影响规律。结果 当液滴飞行速度为6 m/s、接触角度为40°、液滴流体黏度为0.005 Pa.s、液滴直径为0.08 mm时，液滴撞击光滑承印物表面的铺展系数最大，铺展程度最好，铺展特性最优。结论 铺展系数随液滴直径、流体黏度和接触角的增大而降低，随飞行速度的增大而增大。     

微液滴铺展动力学模型及实验验证

为了研究壁面的润湿动力学行为,通过对离散化的液膜进行力学平衡方程推导,提出了一种液滴沿壁面铺展的动力学模型;模型以加速度方程表示铺展的动态变化,避免从能量角度计算复杂性的问题;利用动态接触角分析仪进行润湿实验,比较数值计算与实验结果。计算结果表明:得到的接触角随时间呈指数规律变化;液滴表面张力越小液膜越容易铺展,且所需的铺展时间越短;液滴度对铺展起阻碍作用,且缩短铺展时间;接触角动态变化规律整体一致,标准偏差在1.5°以内,说明本模型能够准确地反映液滴铺展的动态过程。     

烧结Al-Mg多孔介质的动态润湿特性研究

多孔介质的动态润湿特性是一个极具价值和挑战的研究命题，其包含表面铺展和内部渗透两方面。为更好地了解多孔介质的动态润湿特性，通过烧结制备了不同比例铝镁混合多孔介质，在此多孔介质上进行了液滴动态润湿可视化实验，并通过量纲分析法研究了表面铺展特征及铺展中直径与时间的关系。结果表明：铝镁多孔介质无论是否经过腐蚀，介质上的液滴铺展直径和时间都遵从幂函数规律，但依据烧结所用铝粉粒径不同和镁粉比例不同，氢氧化钠腐蚀作用对铺展过程产生两种相反影响。同时发现，当We数和Oh数较小时，液滴在铝镁混合多孔介质上存在二次铺展。第一次铺展时间较长，铺展后期存在短时间停滞现象，然后开始第二次铺展。第二次铺展时间较短，铺展速度有所减小。铺展完毕后，液滴开始收缩，直径减小。通过量纲分析发现液滴达到最大无量纲铺展直径的条件是惯性力为零而非毛细力与表面张力平衡，因此由经典的Lucas-Washburn’s方程得到的最大无量纲铺展直径与无量纲时间的关联式与实验结果偏差较大。经分析得到了更为符合实验规律的关联式：D～Kt^1/3。     

基于WOA–BP神经网络的液滴铺展预测

目的 提高BP神经网络对电喷印过程中液滴铺展行为的预测能力。方法 提出一种鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)优化BP神经网络的液滴铺展预测模型。首先，采用相场方法建立电场作用下液滴铺展的数值模型，并通过实验验证仿真结果的准确性。然后，选取初始直径、撞击速度、接触角和电场强度作为神经网络的输入参数，将最大铺展直径作为神经网络的输出参数，利用鲸鱼优化算法优化神经网络中的初始权值和阈值，构建液滴铺展预测模型。最后，基于仿真结果对预测模型进行训练与测试，并将其与传统的BP神经网络模型进行对比分析。结果 相较于传统BP神经网络预测模型，WOA–BP神经网络预测模型的平均绝对误差、均方根误差分别降低了72.60%、77.60%，而平均绝对百分比误差则从15.029 3%减小为4.585 3%。结论 WOA–BP神经网络预测模型可以更好地预测液滴铺展，可为液滴铺展的预测提供新的方法。     

海水液滴铺展因子对碳钢表面电化学特性的影响

应用丝束电极技术(WBE)研究了海水液滴下碳钢表面的腐蚀行为。结果表明,随着腐蚀时间的延长液滴下阴阳极电流值逐渐下降,最终趋于稳定。比较了不同大小的海水液滴下碳钢表面的电流分布,发现液滴越小腐蚀越剧烈,且更易形成不对称的电化学区域。提出了液滴铺展因子的概念。研究发现,随着液滴铺展因子的增大平均电流密度呈指数增加,最大阳极电流密度和阳极电流密度标准偏差线性增加,腐蚀强度提高。     

喷墨印刷网点扩大及补偿

阐述了影响喷墨印刷网点扩大的2个主要因素:油墨和纸张,并从理论上解释了油墨的铺展渗透和纸张的结构性能,对喷墨印刷网点扩大的影响,指出由于油墨在纸张上的铺展以及在纸张内部的光散射特性,造成了喷墨印刷中的网点扩大,最后提出了3种补偿方法.     

压电喷墨液滴撞击光滑壁面铺展行为的数值研究

目的 研究典型流体相关无量纲参数对墨滴在光滑承印物表面铺展行为的影响,确定各无量纲参数对铺展直径、铺展因子和稳定铺展时间的影响规律。方法 利用Ansys软件,建立墨滴撞击光滑壁面的数值计算模型,采用VOF模型追踪液滴形状,采用PISO算法计算压力速度耦合。引入韦伯数、雷诺数、奥内佐格数来分析墨滴撞击光滑承印物表面的铺展行为。结果 计算获得不同韦伯数、雷诺数、奥内佐格数下墨滴的最大铺展直径、最终平衡铺展直径、最大铺展因子和最终铺展时间。结论 韦伯数和雷诺数对墨滴最大铺展直径的影响较大,对最终平衡直径的影响较小。韦伯数或雷诺数越小,回缩阶段越短,越快达到平衡。韦伯数、雷诺数与最大铺展因子呈明显正相关。奥内佐格数对墨滴的最大铺展直径、最终平衡直径的影响都较小。奥内佐格数越小,回缩阶段越短,越快达到平衡,奥内佐格数与液滴最大铺展因子呈不明显的正相关性。     

纸张表面的喷墨扩展分析

借助墨滴观测仪和工业显微镜,获取了墨滴在撞击纸张前后的状态及数据。在测量喷墨记录点亮度数据的基础上,分析了纸张表面的喷墨记录点扩展。定义了喷墨记录点内外边缘对应的反射系数,并验证了其可行性。讨论了影响喷墨记录点大小、形状、模糊度的因素,计算了不同承印材料的墨滴扩展比。     

Spreading Characteristics of liquids

We encounter the spreading phenomenon in the fusing of powder images in Electrophotographic Imaging.

This paper presents a model for droplet spread on a substrate based on Frenkel’s theory. The model yields a set of master curves for spreading characteristics of the droplet. The curves describe the contact angle θ between the boundaries of droplet and the substrate as a function of the normalized time. This normalized time is a function of surface tension and viscosity of the liquid and the size of the droplet.

The other variable is the equilibrium contact angle between the liquid and substrate.

Experiments were carried out to check the validity of this model for a spreading droplet. Both experimental observations and the model verify the functional relationship, θ = f (normalized time, equilibrium contact angle).     

Spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impacting onto a solid surface

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impinging on aluminum substrate under the influence of several key factors such as nanoparticle volume fraction, substrate temperature, and the Weber number. Sample nanofluid used is prepared by dispersing several volumetric concentrations (1 to 5%) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The entire dynamic process of each droplet collision with the substrate surface and the spreading phenomena is captured by using a high speed camera and then the transient spreading diameter and height of droplet are determined. It is found that the higher the concentration of nanoparticles the larger the spreading diameter of nanofluid droplet. As the surface temperature increases, the overall spreading diameter and height of nanofluid droplet significantly decreases and increases, respectively. At larger Weber number, the final spreading of the nanofluid droplet is also found to be larger than that of lower Weber number. Present results demonstrate that spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impacting onto solid surface are greatly influenced by each of the aforementioned factors.     

Spreading of Annular Droplets on a Horizontal Fiber

This paper investigates an annular droplet on a horizontal fiber. The static state and the dynamic spreading process of the droplet is analyzed. A full model describing the profile of a static droplet is derived from the energy variation principle. To study the dynamical spreading of the droplet, we derive a lubrication model which is verified by the full model. It indicates that the lubrication model is valid for a thin droplet. Results of the static droplet reveal that, when the fiber radius is very small, the droplet tends to have a spherical shape; if the fiber radius is very large, the droplet approaches to a parabolic profile. Furthermore, the time-evolution study is carried out to investigate the dynamical spreading of the droplet. It is highlighted that when the fiber radius is small, the droplet can breakup into small droplets or contract into a sharp shape. For a large fiber radius, the droplet spreads to a steady profile. In addition, the liquid viscosity is found to retard the deformation of the droplet and the motion of the contact lines.     

The influence of plasticizer molecular weight on spreading droplet size of HPMC aqueous solutions using an indirect method

Film coating is a complex process that involves many factors. To ensure spreading and/or film capability, plasticizers are added. The role of different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol on the behavior of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with different grades was determined and compared with values for the film without the plasticizer using a real method for spreading. The droplet size, distribution, and shape were analyzed as the criterion. The results show that the polymer grades and plasticizer types are important in droplet size formation.     

Droplet impingement dynamics in ink-jet deposition

Ink-jet deposition enables more efficient, economic, scalable manufacturing for a wide variety of materials than other additive techniques. The impact of droplets onto a substrate is critical for accuracy control and optimisation of the droplet deposition process. However, most previous research about droplet impact focused on the spreading radius of the droplet, which does not provide enough information for manufacturing purposes. This paper presents a new measure of droplet shape characterisation so that the droplet deposition process can be optimised to build desired geometries. A dimensional analysis is conducted to reduce the number of parameters of the impact conditions. Then the shape evolution of a wide range of impact conditions is simulated with a validated numerical model. The effects of the dimensionless numbers on the shape evolution are examined and analysed. Successive multiple droplets impact is also investigated.