中国健康志愿者单剂口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学研究

目的研究中国健康成年志愿者单剂口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学.方法按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择9名健康受试者分别依次单剂口服200mg、400mg、600mg 3个剂量的甲磺酸加替沙星片后,应用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数.结果受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为2.028±0.362 mg.L-1、3.749±0.446 mg.L-1、4.876±0.569 mg.L-1;t1/2β分别为7.489±0.806h、7.063±0.890h、7.735±0.8701h;AUC0～t分别为12.24±1.51mg·h·L-1、26.02±3.38 mg·h·L-1、39.22±6.57 mg·h·L-1;原型药主要经肾排泄,48h尿药累积排泄率分别为61.90%±7.70%、60.90%±5.70%和58.74%±13.49%.结论9名健康受试者分别口服给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,甲磺酸加替沙星在200mg～600mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏.     

中国健康志愿者单剂口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学研究

目的:研究中国健康成年志愿者单剂口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学.方法:按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择9名健康受试者分别依次单剂口服200mg、400mg、600mg 3个剂量的甲磺酸加替沙星片后,应用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数.结果:受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为2.028±0.362 mg.L-1、3.749±0.446 mg.L-1、4.876±0.569 mg.L-1;t1/2β分别为7.489±0.806h、7.063±0.890h、7.735±0.8701h;AUC0～t分别为12.24±1.51mg·h·L-1、26.02±3.38 mg·h·L-1、39.22±6.57 mg·h·L-1;原型药主要经肾排泄,48h尿药累积排泄率分别为61.90%±7.70%、60.90%±5.70%和58.74%±13.49%.结论:9名健康受试者分别口服给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,甲磺酸加替沙星在200mg～600mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏.     

中国健康志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学

目的:研究中国健康成年男性志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学。方法:按药物临床试验管理规范(GCP)指导原则设计试验方案。选择9名受试者分别依次单刘静滴100,200和400mg的甲磺酸加替沙星注射液后,应用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数。结果:受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数C_(max)分别为1.10±0.19,2.17±0.33和3.16±0.47mg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)β分别为7.42±1.99,8.41±2.72和8.46±2.83h;AUC_(0-∞)分别为4.45 ±0.71,11.10±1.81和23.03±3.83mg h·L~(-1)。原形药主要经肾排泄,48h尿药累积排泄率分别为(43.08±15.79)％,(51.33±23.69)%和(45.67±18.22)％。结论:9名静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型。提示甲磺酸加替沙星在100～400mg剂量内药物体内过程基本呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏。     

中国健康志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学研究

目的研究中国健康成年男性志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学.方法按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,获得伦理委员会批准,受试者须自愿签署知情同意书.选择经体检及实验室检查均正常的健康成年男性志愿者.9名试者按拉丁方随机分组,分别依次单剂静滴100mg、200mg、400mg 3个剂量的甲磺酸加替沙星注射液后,应用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数.结果血浆及尿中甲磺酸加替沙星分别在0.0156～1mg·L1和0.434～111.11mg·L1浓度范围内良好的线性关系,日内、日间变异系数及绝对和相对回收率均符合临床药代动力学研究的要求.受试者分别单剂静滴加替沙星注射液100mg、200mg、400mg后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数Gmax分别为1.098±0.19mg·L-1、2.17±0.329mg·L-1、和3.164±0.473mg·L-1;t1/2β分别为7.415±1985h、8.41±2.722h和8.462±2.832h;AUC0～∞分别为4.45±0.712mg·L-1·h、11.102±1.814mg·L-1· h和23.029±3835mg·L-1·h;Vd分别为82.120±36.216L、71.254±38.740L和80.504±33.721L;CL分别为24.151±3.787L·h1、18.747±4.256L·h1和19.598±4.250 L·h1.单剂静滴100mg、200mg、400mg甲磺酸加替沙星主要经肾排泄,48h尿药累积排泄率分别为43.08%±15.79%、51.33%±23.69%和45.67%±18.22%.结论9名健康受试者按拉丁方设计分别自身前后静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液100mg、200mg、400mg后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,Cmax与AUC0～∞随剂量加大而增加;t1/2β、tmax、β、Vd、Cl与给药剂量无关.提示甲磺酸加替沙星在100mg～400mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏.     

加替沙星片人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的:在中国健康成年男性志愿者中比较研究国产和进口加替沙星片剂的药代动力学参数,评估两者的生物等效性。方法:24名健康男性志愿者随机自身前后交叉给药,分别单剂口服国产和进口加替沙星片400mg。以HPLC测定血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算两者的药代动力学并考察其生物等效性。结果:受试者分别应用国产片剂(试验制剂)和进口片剂(参比制剂)400mg后,两药药-时曲线均符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数:Tmax分别为(0.99±0.41)h和(1.11±0.60)h;Cmax分别为(4.11±0.76)μg/mL和(3.89±0.54)μg/mL;t1/2β分别为(7.75±0.81)h和(7.39±0.92)h;AUC0-36h分别为(29.81±5.70)μg·mL-1·h和(30.77±4.40)μg·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(30.97±6.01)μg·mL-1·h和(31.85±4.58)μg·mL-1·h;国产片剂对于进口片剂的相对生物利用度F0-36h为(97.63±19.15)%。结论:国产与进口加替沙星片剂为生物等效制剂。     

甲磺酸加替沙星片健康人单剂口服药代动力学

目的研究健康人口服单剂甲磺酸加替沙星片后药代动力学特征,为该药II期临床试验提供依据。方法采用3剂量3周期拉丁方实验设计。9名健康受试者单剂口服甲磺酸加替沙星片100、200、300mg,HPLC法测其血清、尿药物浓度。结果受试者口服甲磺酸加替沙星片后,人体耐受良好,体内过程符合二室开放模型。主要药代动力学参数与给药剂量呈线性关系,tmax为0.5～0.7h,Cmax分别为1.42、2.42、3.25μg/ml,AUC0-∞分别为11.33、21.85、32.32μg·h/ml,V/Fc值为50～80L,t1/2β为8～9h,72h尿药累积回收率约为63.5%。结论甲磺酸加替沙星片口服吸收良好,血峰浓度高,组织分布广,消除半衰期长。200mg每日一次口服用于治疗敏感菌感染。     

甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊与片剂的相对生物利用度研究

目的:评价甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊剂对片剂的相对生物利用度.方法:选择24例18～40岁健康成年男性受试者,随机分为2组,自身前后交叉依次口服甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊剂与片剂400mg,应用高效液相色谱法测定各受试者给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,计算药动学参数,应用STAT进行统计分析.结果:甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊剂与片剂药-时曲线符合二房室模型,胶囊剂与片剂达峰时间(Tmax)分别为(1.16±0.40)和(1.10±0.40)h;峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(3.91±0.61)和(3.85±0.83)mg·L-1;血浆生物半衰期(t1/2)分别为(6.77±1.65)和(7.28±1.20)h;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0～t)分别为(28.23±4.77)和(26.88±6.54)mg·h·L-1.胶囊剂与片剂主要药动学参数无显著差异.结论:甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊剂相对于片剂的相对生物利用度为105.4%.     

多次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液在中国健康志愿者药代动力学研究

目的:研究中国健康成年志愿者多次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液的药代动力学。方法:按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择10名18岁～40岁健康志愿者,多次静滴300mg甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液后,应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度,采用DAS1.0软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数。结果:受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,首次与第五日给药后主要药代动力学参数C0分别为(5.73±0.79)mg/L、(5.72±0.82)mg/L;t1/2β分别为(2.01±0.27)h、(1.85±0.20)h。首次给药AUC0-∞为(13.50±2.47)mg·h·L-1,第五日给药AUC0-τ为(14.53±2.71)mg·h·L-1,二者比较差异无统计学意义。继续给药至五日的峰谷浓度与第一日给药的峰谷浓度差异无统计学意义。结论:静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星,2次/d,300mg/次,在人体内可达到有效血浆浓度,且连续给药五日体内未见蓄积。该方案适宜在临床推广应用。     

多剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的 研究多剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学。方法 选择中国健康成年志愿者1 0名,1 8～40岁男性,口服甲磺酸加替沙星片,每次400mg,每日1次,连续10日。用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3P97软件拟合药代动力学参数。结果 受试者口服甲磺酸加替沙星片,体内过程为二房室模型。连续给药10日后,Auc0-8AUC0-t值比首次给药显著增加,但第10日给药后AUC0-t与首次给药后AUC0-8比较差异无统计学意义。其余参数Cmax,t1/2β,Vd等差异亦无统计学意义。平均稳态血药浓度Cav为0.84±0.18 mg·L-1,稳态血药浓度时间曲线下面积AUCss为26.16±4.53 mg·h·L-1,累积比为1.35±0.87,波动系数1.68±0.16。受试者给药期间未出现严重药物不良反应。结论 本文给药方案,在人体内可达到有效血浆浓度,且连续给药1 0日体内未见蓄积。     

中国健康志愿者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液药动学研究

目的研究中国健康成年志愿者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液的药动学。方法按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择12名18～40岁健康志愿者(男、女各半),按拉丁方设计随机分组,分别依次单剂静脉滴注250、500、750mg3个剂量的甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液,应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药动学参数。结果受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数cmax分别为(4.89±1.11)、(9.94±2.62)、(17.43±3.22)mg/L;t1/2β分别为(1.50±0.19)h、(1.37±0.26)h、(1.53±0.26)h;AUC0～t分别为(9.53±2.00)、(21.47±6.63)、(36.12±3.06)mg·h/L;单剂静脉滴注250、500、750mg甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液主要经肾排泄,24h经肾累积排泄率分别为(90.19%±10.24)%、(89.36%±9.56)%、(92.97%±3.01)%。结论12名健康受试者分别静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,甲磺酸帕珠沙星在250～750mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.