玻璃海鞘脂肪酸提取工艺的研究

用乙酸乙酯从玻璃海鞘中提取多不饱和脂肪酸,通过正交实验对提取工艺进行研究,得其最佳提取条件为：温度50℃,提取时间240min,料液比1：3,提取次数2次。按此工艺提取,得脂肪酸产率为1．22％,利用气相色谱进行分析,得其中多不饱和脂肪酸含量为66．40％,EPA和DHA含量之和为15．20％。     

亚临界流体中酶催化制备富含多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯

研究亚临界流体中酶催化制备富含多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯.采用亚临界R134a作为固定化脂肪酶Nonozym435催化富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯合成的反应介质,并利用响应面法对影响甘油酯合成的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明,反应时间、酶用量、底物摩尔比、初始水分是影响酯化率的显著因素.通过对转化率的拟合模型响应面分析,得到了优化工艺条件:在亚临界R134a体系中,体系压力4 MPa,温度40 ℃,反应时间3.59 h,酶量:底物量的3.44%,底物摩尔比质量分数为4.55∶1(甘油/游离脂肪酸),初始水分含量0.81%;在此优化工艺条件下,酯化率的预测值为78.89%,试验值为84.06%.试验值与预测值的相符性很好,RSM模型的有效性得到验证.     

超临界CO2提取海鞘脂肪酸的研究

用超临界CO2从柄海鞘(Styela clava)干粉中提取多不饱和脂肪酸。通过正交实验对提取工艺进行研究,得其最佳提取条件为:萃取温度50℃,萃取压力20 MPa,萃取时间2 h,夹带剂乙酸乙酯体积(mL):柄海鞘干粉质量(g)为1∶2。按此工艺,脂肪酸得率为19.5%。利用气相色谱进行分析,其多不饱和脂肪酸含量为75.77%,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量之和为19.47%。     

钝顶螺旋藻多糖提取工艺的研究——三氯乙酸(TCA)法的正交实验优化

研究了用三氯乙酸(TCA)脱除蛋白质提取钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)多糖的工艺,并以提取率、样品糖含量与蛋白含量为指标,应用正交实验设计优化了提取液pH值、提取温度及提取时间3个因素。结果表明,在提取液pH值为12、提取温度为90℃及提取时间为8h的最佳条件下,所得螺旋藻多糖为白色粉末,提取率为3.10%,糖质量分数为81.79%,蛋白质量分数为0.57%。     

2种东风螺软体部和生殖腺脂肪酸组成研究

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定了野生台湾东风螺(Babylonia formosae),方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)及养殖方斑东风螺软体部和生殖腺脂肪酸组成及其含量.结果表明,2种贝软体部和生殖腺的15种主要脂肪酸中,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量较饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量高.野生台湾东风螺、方斑东风螺及养殖方斑东风螺软体部的UFA质量分数分别为68.22%、67.23%和76.05%: 其软体部SFA质量分数分别为28.16%,28.23%和21.53%.多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)质量分数高,n-3PUFA和n-6PUFA质量分数占总脂肪酸的39.20%～64.53%,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)质量分数占总脂肪酸的13.82%～34.22%,养殖方斑东风螺的质量分数最高.研究发现,2种东风螺,特别是养殖的小型方斑东风螺,不仅具有较高的营养价值,且是EPA和DHA理想的提取原料.     

马尾藻多不饱和脂肪酸提取、分离及成分分析

采用超声波细胞破碎和索氏回流相结合的方法对马尾藻(Sargassum sp.)总脂质进行了提取,对提取过程中的超声波细胞破碎功率和时间、料液比、溶剂等关键因素进行了优化;对总脂质中的多不饱和脂肪酸进行了分离,并分析了马尾藻脂肪酸组成成分和含量。结果显示,总脂质的最佳提取条件为超声破碎功率80 W、破碎时间20 min、料液比(m/m)1:8、石油醚(60~90℃)为溶剂、85℃水浴回流8 h;总脂质最高提取率为1.77%,其中总脂肪酸平均含量为30.84%;总脂肪酸中共含有11种成分,多不饱和脂肪酸含量约占13.21%~14.60%;薄层色谱分离出2种多不饱和脂肪酸C18:2ω6和C20:4ω6。     

海参蒸煮废液多糖提取优化研究

从海参蒸煮废液有效利用出发,采用胃蛋白酶提取废液中海参多糖。在单因素实验基础上,选择酶解pH、酶解温度、酶用量为自变量,酶解后多糖质量浓度为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验及响应面分析法,研究各自变量交互作用对多糖提取的影响。确定最佳提取工艺条件为:酶解pH=1.50、酶解温度47.00℃、酶用量2.00%,在此条件下提取海参多糖质量浓度为2.31g/L。经体积分数为50%的乙醇沉淀后回收海参多糖,总回收率为39.5%。     

鳐鱼肝油的制备及其脂肪酸组成分析

本研究采用冷冻 解冻的方法提取鳐鱼肝粗脂肪油,并利用响应面法优化了精炼过程中影响较大的脱酸工艺,分析了精炼后鳐鱼肝油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及含量变化。结果表明：使用5%(质量分数)脱胶剂脱胶,20%(质量分数)氢氧化钠、75 ℃加热20 min进行脱酸,8%(质量分数)活性白土脱色,以及减压蒸馏(60 r/min,40 ℃)60 min脱臭的鳐鱼肝油精炼工艺为最优精炼工艺条件,所得精炼鳐鱼肝油呈色及各项理化性质均符合国家一级鱼油标准。脂肪酸组成与粗鳐鱼肝油、鳕鱼肝油以及鲨鱼肝油无明显差别,均含有C14~C22脂肪酸23种,但在含量上存在一定差别,其中精炼鳐鱼肝油中EPA含量为8.65%,低于粗鳐鱼肝油(10.17%),远高于鲨鱼肝油(2.74%),约等于鳕鱼肝油(8.78%)。精炼鳐鱼肝油中DHA含量则为最高,为15.04%。     

刺参体壁脂肪酸组成的季节变化分析

对不同季节刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁的脂肪酸组成进行了分析.结果表明刺参体壁的脂肪酸组成和相对质量分数具有明显的季节变化.在秋季和冬季,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的相对质量分数最高,其次是单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的相对质量分数最低;春季MUFA的相对质量分数最高,其次是PUFA和SFA;夏季MUFA的相对质量分数最高,其次是SFA,PUFA的相对质量分数最低.在所有季节,相对质量分数最高的SFA和MUFA分别是16:0和16:1n-7,相对质量分数较高的PUFA是20:5n-3,20:4n-6和22:6n-3.n-3PUFA与n-6PUFA相对质量分数比值在1.87～2.42之间,冬季和春季显著高于夏季和秋季(P<0.05).     

龙须菜琼胶的提取方法研究

采用多种方法提取了龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)中的琼胶,并研究了碱处理、微波处理、超声波处理等方法对龙须菜的琼胶提取率、硫酸基质量分数和多糖质量分数的影响。结果表明:当碱质量分数由2.5%增加到10%时,琼胶产率由15%降低到9.8%,硫酸基质量分数由2.66%降低到2.06%,同时,多糖质量分数由98.3%增加到102.6%;微波和超声波处理在不同程度上增加了琼胶的提取率和多糖质量分数,同时降低了硫酸基质量分数。另外,还从宏观和微观两个角度考察了龙须菜碱处理前后藻体的变化。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.