N+离子注入诱变选育耐酸性α-淀粉酶高产菌株

本工作研究低能N⁺离子注入中温α 淀粉酶产生菌BF7658的诱变方法。经不同注量的N⁺离子注入实验后,得出N⁺离子最佳注量为1×1016cm-2,并筛选获得1株耐酸性α 淀粉酶产量较高的枯草芽孢杆菌突变株。该突变株所产α 淀粉酶的酶活可达207U/mL,遗传稳定性较好。     

金属钠蒸发行为研究#br#

钠的蒸发问题在钠冷快堆技术发展中不容忽视,钠蒸气将会引起众多钠冷快堆的运行问题。通过设计钠蒸发釜,搭建钠蒸发装置,对系列温度和压力下的钠蒸发速率进行了研究。经过大量实验,获得了温度200～550 ℃,氩气压力为5 Pa~51 MPa（a）下钠的蒸发速率。同时研究了蒸发面积、冷却面与钠液面距离对钠蒸发速率的影响。经过对实验数据拟合的结果表明,在同一压力下,钠的蒸发速率随温度的升高而呈指数升高,其变化规律符合Langmuir公式;在相同温度下,钠的蒸发速率随着氩气压力的升高呈对数下降,且与氩气压力自然对数的四项式相关;对于温度和压力的综合影响,得到了两个拟合关系式,该蒸发速率关系式能应用于5 Pa～51 MPa(a)、200～550 ℃范围内钠蒸发速率的预估。     

离子注入Cr、Y、Nb对γ-TiAl金属间化合物高温氧化性能的影响

采用MEVVA离子源将Cr、Y、Nb离子分别注入γ -TiAl金属间化合物 ,注入能量 50—6 0keV ,注入剂量为 1× 10 17cm- 2 ,研究γ -TiAl在 10 0 0℃空气中的循环氧化行为。结果表明 ,Cr离子和Y离子注入对γ -TiAl的高温氧化性能均没有明显影响 ;Nb离子注入γ -TiAl,在氧化初期 ,抗氧化性能得到显著提高 ,但随着氧化过程的继续 (超过 10 0h) ,这种改善作用逐渐降低。实验发现 ,通过离子注入和基体合金化向γ -TiAl中加入相同元素 ,由于工艺过程的差异 ,对其高温氧化性能的影响不同。在长时间高温氧化 (10 0 0℃ )条件下 ,离子注入表面改性无法达到提高γ -TiAl抗氧化性能的目的     

Microstructure and kinetics of the plutonium β → α transformation at subzero temperatures

The relationship between β-Pu grain size and the grain size of the α-Pu formed by the $\text{β → α}$ transformation at subzero temperatures (?60°C to ?100°C) was investigated using retained β prepared from high-purity, α-phase extruded Pu. Recently developed high-rate quenching techniques for Pu were used to retain coarse-grained β-Pu. The grain size of the a formed by the rapid $\text{β → α}$ transformation of coarse-grained β was substantially larger than the grain size of the a produced at the same subzero temperature by the comparatively sluggish transformation of fine-grained β. Conversely, the α formed from fine-grained β at a high a-phase transformation temperature (+ 78°C) had coarse grains. These microstructural observations represent the first direct evidence of a correlation between β and α grain size for the $\text{β → α}$ tranformation at subzero temperatures. They also support previous observations of an apparent correlation between β grain size and $\text{β → α}$ transformation rates. These results further demonstrate that the subzerotemperature grain-size relationship does not extend to high a-phase transformation temperatures. An activation energy of 10 kcal/mol was derived from the kinetic data for the $\text{β → α}$ transformation of retained, fine-grained β at temperatures below ?80°C.     

高温气冷堆用碳毡材料导热系数测量及反问题计算

碳纤维材料已成为核能、航天等领域不可或缺的重要功能材料,在高温气冷堆及其相关实验中需要使用大量碳纤维保温材料。但由于目前测试方法的限制,相关材料物性参数测量数据严重不足,尤其是缺乏高温1000℃以上的热物性参数,致其使用受到限制。为此,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院研制了模拟高温气冷堆温度、环境氛围的材料测试装置,可提供1600℃以下的材料性能测试。根据该装置一次典型实验过程的测量数据,详细介绍了采用非线性导热反问题方法确定材料温度相关导热系数的完整过程和具体算法。提出了一种依据稳态、非稳态热传导原理求解反问题的简明算法,该方法既可单独使用,也可为其他反问题算法提供良好的迭代初值。实验确定了高温气冷堆用碳毡保温材料在1600℃以下的导热系数,将为高温气冷堆相关实验和其他特高温条件下的应用提供重要参考。     

CLAM钢的热变形行为及热加工图

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对中国低活化马氏体（CLAM）钢进行热模拟压缩试验,研究变形温度为950～1150 ℃、应变速率为0.01～5 s^-1和真应变为1.2条件下的热变形行为。建立了CLAM钢的本构方程,绘制了热加工图,并采用Leica-DMI5000M金相显微镜观察了CLAM钢在热加工稳定区和失稳区的变形条件下的微观组织。结果表明：在较高变形温度和较低应变速率条件下的主要变形机制是动态再结晶;在较低温度和较高应变速率下主要发生动态回复;应避免的失稳区存在于较低变形温度和较高应变速率区域。对比分析热加工图和变形后的组织得到最佳热加工工艺参数为变形温度955～1035 ℃、应变速率0.03～0.32 s^-1,在此条件下,功率耗散率大于36%。     

Studies on Nitrogen Oxides Removal Using Plasma Assisted Catalytic Reactor

An electric discharge plasma reactor combined with a catalytic reactor was studied for removing nitrogen oxides. To understand the combined process thoroughly, discharge plasma and catalytic process were separately studied first, and then the two processes were combined for the study. The plasma reactor was able to oxidize NO to NO2 well although the oxidation rate decreased with temperature. The plasma reactor alone did not reduce the NOx (NO NO2) level effectively, but the increase in the ratio of NO2 to NO as a result of plasma discharge led to the enhancement of NOx removal efficiency even at lower temperatures over the catalyst surface (V2O5-WO3/TiO2). At a gas temperature of 100℃, the NOx removal efficiency obtained using the combined plasma catalytic process was 88% for an energy input of 36 eV/molecule or 30 J/L     

超高温下核级316H不锈钢材料基础特性研究

第四代反应堆的一个基础特征是设计运行温度大多数在500~800℃,而传统压水堆材料体系和数据均在350℃以下得到,无法满足需求。本文通过广泛论证分析,筛选出了适用于大多数反应堆、最接近工程应用的316H不锈钢材料作为研究对象。开展800℃超高温下力学性能、比热容、平均线膨胀系数、晶间腐蚀特性、低周疲劳等试验研究,结果表明,316H不锈钢实测数据结果大幅高于规范标准值,长期应用温度限值建议不超过700℃,短时瞬态运行温度限值建议不超过800℃。该研究为第四代反应堆结构材料筛选和评价提供了依据。      

锆合金薄壁细管的单调拉伸与低周疲劳试验研究

利用自行研制的高温夹具完成了Zr-1Nb合金和Zr-4合金薄壁短管试样不同温度下的单调拉伸和375℃下的等幅低周疲劳试验,获得了两种锆合金的单调和循环本构关系及Manson-Coffin寿命估算模型。研究结果表明：Zr-1Nb合金和Zr-4合金的弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度以及应变硬化程度明显下降。随着温度的升高,温度对Zr-4合金的应变硬化程度的影响逐渐减弱;应变速率对Zr-4合金的拉伸性能的影响微弱。在等幅应变循环过程中,Zr-4合金表现为循环硬化,应变幅越低,硬化现象越明显;Zr-1Nb在较低应变幅下表现为循环硬化特性,而在较高应变幅下表现为循环软化。相对于单调拉伸行为,Zr-4合金在不同温度下的循环行为均表现出明显的强化特性。     

P92钢高温低周疲劳的实验研究

由于高的热效率和简单的系统组成,超临界水堆(SCWR)被认为是第四代核反应堆的一种选择。超临界水堆的关键问题之一是核心部件尤其是燃料组件包壳的材料。这些材料在高温下的力学性能、腐蚀和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性以及抗辐射性能等对核电厂的安全运行至关重要。本文对SCWR包壳候选材料的F/M类材料P92钢进行了高温低周疲劳实验研究。实验温度为600和650℃,控制方式为总应变控制,应变范围均为±0.2%～±0.6%。实验结果表明,在两种温度下,P92钢均为循环软化材料,但未出现循环稳定现象。由于温度升高,塑性增强,P92钢在650℃下的宏观裂纹出现周次比率随应变范围的增加,下降比较平缓,且650℃下的失效寿命显著高于600℃下的失效寿命。并得到了两种温度下的稳定循环应力-塑性应变的关系以及循环失效寿命和应变的关系。     

Boiling characteristics of dilute polymer solutions and implications for the suppression of vapor explosions

Quenching experiments of hot solid spheres in dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide polymer and surfactant have been conducted for the purpose of investigating the physical mechanisms of the suppression of vapor explosions in this polymer solutions. Two spheres of 22.2 and 9.5 mm-diameter were tested in the polymer solutions of various concentrations and pool temperatures from 30°C to its boiling point. The minimum film boiling temperature in 30°C liquid rapidly decreased from over 700°C for pure water to about 150°C as the polymer concentration was increased up to 300 ppm for a 22.2 mm sphere, and it decreased to 350°C for a 9.5 mm sphere. This trend is observed consistently in the heated pool up to its boiling temperature, while the tests with surfactant solutions do not show an appreciable reduction in the minimum film boiling temperature. The ability of suppression of vapor explosions by dilute polyethylene oxide solutions against an external trigger pressure was tested by dropping molten tin into the polymer solutions at 25°C. It was observed that in 50 ppm solutions more mass fragmented than in pure water, but it produced weaker explosion pressures. The explosion was completely suppressed in 300 ppm solutions with the external trigger. The debris size distributions of fine fragments smaller than 0.7 mm were shown to be almost identical regardless of the polymer concentrations.     

X-ray diffraction of UC-UC2 and UC-UN alloys at elevated temperatures

Unit-cell dimensions of U-C-N alloys were measured at temperatures of 760 to 2250 °C with an X-ray diffractometer. Lattice dimensions of the face-centered cubic phase in both the UC-UC₂ and UC-UN solutions are found to be linear functions of the UC mole fraction. In carbon saturated body-centered tetragonal α-UC₂ between 1000 and 1400 °C, a small but distinct decrease in rate of volume change (slope) occurs with increasing temperature. The data suggest that the C/U ratio in α-UC₂ at 1000 °C and below is 1.97± 0.03, a value in excess of that prevailing in carbon-saturated α-UC₂ at higher temperatures.     

The continuous cooling transformation behaviour of zirconium-niobium-oxygen alloys

The continuous cooling transformation behaviour of zirconium alloys containing up to 5 at% niobium and 3 at% (5300 ppm) oxygen has been examined using thermal analysis and metallographic techniques. Two types of reactions were found; nucleation and growth reactions which showed the familiar C-curve kinetics, and the athermal martensite reaction. The nucleation and growth reactions were identified as the formation of α-zirconium at the β-grain boundaries and the transformation βzr → αZr+βNb throughout the grains. Increasing niobium content lowered the temperature and increased the time required to obtain the thermal arrests. Increasing oxygen raised the temperature of both reactions and caused grain boundary nucleation to occur sooner and nucleation within the grains to occur later. The martensite start temperature was not affected by oxygen but decreased linearly with niobium content.     

Study of chemical kinetics on labeling of 99mTc-N-ethyl-N2S2-Memantine

In this work,a calculation method of chemical kinetics was established for labeling reaction of 99mTc-N-ethyl-N2S2-memantine,a potential NMDA receptor imaging agent prepared in our laboratory.Four groups of vials (3 vials per group) were added with 0.02 mL (1 mg/mL) N-ethyl-N2S2Memantine,0.08 mL (40 mg/mL) GH,0.05 mL (10 mg/mL) EDTA-2Na,0.035 mL (2 mg/mL) SnF2,0.8 mL phosphate buffer(1mol/L,pH 6.5) and 37 MBq Na99mTcO4.The vials were incubated at 70℃,80℃,90℃ or 100℃.Samples were taken with capillary from the vials at 2,5,10,20,30,40 and 60min.Labeling yields were determined by TLC.Order of reaction n,rate constant k,activation energy Ea and half life t1/2 of labeling reaction were calculated with the kinetics software we compiled.Mean labeling yields of 99m Tc-N-ethyl-N2S2-memantine at 2,5,10,20,30,40 and 60min were (1) 13.5,15.7,34.0,64.8,81.9,91.4 and 95.4 at 70℃;(2) 13.2,20.5,40.1,70.0,88.2,94.5 and 95.6 at 80℃;(3) 15.6,22.9,43.7,74.3,87.2,93.4 and 96.1 at 90℃;and (4) 20.5,25.8,45.3,81.1,92.2,95.6 and 96.0 at 100℃.The other parameters were;n =1;k=0.053,0.061,0.063 and 0.076 L/min at 70℃,80℃,90℃ and 100℃,respectively;Ea=12.38 kJ/L;t1/2=13.11,11.45,11.05 and 9.07min at 70℃,80℃,90℃ and 100℃,respectively.The mean labeling yield increased with temperature and time,optimized at 100℃ and 40-60min.The concentration of 99mTc-N-ethyl-N2S2-Memantine was larger than that of Na99mTcO4,so n=1.The k increased with reaction,hence the accelerated reaction rate at higher temperatures.The labeling reaction was not so difficult because of the low Ea.The t1/2 decreased with increasing reaction temperature,hence the acceleration of labeling reaction.     

ATF用ODS-FeCrAl管材的耐腐蚀性能研究

针对尺寸为Φ9.5 mm×0.3 mm的氧化物弥散强化（ODS）-FeCrAl管材在360℃/18.6 MPa/100 d静态水溶液、360℃/18.6 MPa/1200 ppm B+2.2 ppm Li/100 d（1 ppm=10?6）动态水溶液、1200℃/0.1 MPa/8 h水蒸气中的腐蚀行为进行研究,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等检测方法,分析管材表面氧化膜形貌、组织结构和元素分布。结果表明,360 ℃水溶液中极低的氧浓度使得ODS-FeCrAl管材在静态和动态水溶液的腐蚀产物主要是Fe₃O₄,质量增重分别为0.036 mg/cm2和0.36 mg/cm2,氧化膜厚度分别为管壁厚度的0.072%和0.72%;1200℃水蒸气腐蚀时,高温和充足的氧含量促使管材表面生成平均厚度为2.34 μm的α-Al₂O₃膜,延缓基体进一步氧化;腐蚀后的氧化膜表面和截面未发现开裂、孔洞等缺陷。与Zr-4管材参比试样相比,ODS-FeCrAl管材表现出优异的高温抗氧化、抗腐蚀性能。      

DeNOx Study in Diesel Engine Exhaust Using Barrier DischargeCorona Assisted by V2O5／TiO2 Catalyst

A plasma-assisted catalytic reactor was used to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engine exhaust operated under different load conditions. Initial studies were focused on plasma reactor (a dielectric barrier discharge reactor) treatment of diesel exhaust at various temperatures. The nitric oxide (NO) removal efficiency was lowered when high temperature exhaustwas treated using plasma reactor. Also, NO removal efficiency decreased when 45% load exhaust was treated. Studies were then made with plasma reactor combined with a catalytic reactor consisting of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, V2O5/TiO2. Ammonia was used as a reducing agent for SCR process in a ratio of 1:1 to NOx. The studies were focused on temperatures of the SCR catalytic reactor below 200℃. The plasma-assisted catalytic reactor was operated well to remove NOx under no-load and load conditions. For an energy input of 96 J/1, the NOx removal efficiencies obtained under no-load and load conditions were 90% and 72% respectively at an exhaust temperature of 100℃.     

High temperature fracture characteristics of a nanostructured ferritic alloy (NFA)

The nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) have been developed to improve high temperature strength and radiation resistance by refining grains and including nanoclusters. Among the key properties of NFAs needed to be assessed for advanced reactor applications the cracking resistance at high temperatures has not been well known. In this work, therefore, the high temperature fracture behavior has been investigated for the latest nanostructured ferritic alloy 14YWT (SM10). The fracture toughness of the alloy was above 140 MPa √m at low temperatures, room temperature (RT) and 200 °C, but decreased to a low fracture toughness range of 52-82 MPa √m at higher temperatures up to 700 °C. This behavior was explained by the fractography results indicating that the unique nanostructure of 14YWT alloy produced shallow plasticity layers at high temperatures and a low-ductility grain boundary debonding occurred at 700 °C. The discussion also proposes methods to improve resistance to cracking.     

铍的高温氧化行为及特性研究

在不同温度下对金属铍（Be）进行热氧化,采用热重、AES和SEM对Be的热氧化过程、氧化后表面状态、微区成分和氧化层厚度进行表征和分析,探讨了不同温度下Be的氧化行为和氧化特性。结果表明：室温～400 ℃范围内,Be样品的氧化增重主要服从抛物线规律;400～900 ℃范围内,主要呈线性变化。在较低温度下,Be表面形成的钝化层具有良好的保护作用,比较耐蚀。高温对Be样品的氧化影响较大,认为600 ℃以下Be的氧化主要受Be原子向表面的热扩散控制;800 ℃以上,氧通过晶界和孔洞扩散进入材料体内、氧化膜受热膨胀以及应力作用开裂等,导致Be发生严重的氧化腐蚀。     

Temperature dependence of the zircaloy-4 strength-differential

An investigation was undertaken to determine the behavior of the strength-differential in the three principal directions of α-rolled, Zircaloy-4 plate as a function of temperature. The method of using Knoop hardness numbers to generate yield loci was employed in determining the magnitude of the strength-differential. It was found that the magnitude of the strength-differential was proportional to the concentration of basal poles along the direction of consideration and that it decreased in magnitude with increasing temperature. However, it remained of significant magnitude (≈85 MPa) in both the transverse and normal directions at light water reactor operating temperatures. Use of the elevated temperature, strength-differential data in clad creep down analyses demonstrated that the consideration of the strength-differential in clad creep analysis can increase predicted collapse times by a factor greater than two in pressurized water reactor fuel pins. It was also found that the strength-differential effect on such predictions is sensitive to clad texture.     

Influence of Nb concentration in the α-matrix on the corrosion behavior of Zr-xNb binary alloys

The influence of the Nb concentration in the α-matrix on the corrosion behavior of Zr-xNb (x=0-0.6 wt%) binary alloys was evaluated using a static autoclave in the temperature range from 300 to 500 °C. Corrosion tests and precipitate analysis of Zr-xNb binary alloys showed that corrosion resistance increased with the increase of the Nb concentration in the α-matrix, and the best corrosion resistance was obtained when the Nb concentration was nearly at its equilibrium solubility limit at all test temperatures. The alloys containing a higher Nb concentration than their equilibrium solubility also showed good corrosion resistance, which could be attributed mainly to the formation of Nb-precipitates, resulting in an equilibrium Nb concentration in the α-matrix. These results imply that the corrosion resistance of Nb-containing Zr-alloys can be controlled by the Nb concentration in the α-matrix rather than the Nb-precipitates.