Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin a secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study

Background

The relationship between fish intake and stroke incidence has been inconsistent in previous Swedish studies. Here, we report the risk of stroke and fish intake in a cohort from southern Sweden.

Findings

Data were obtained from an already available population based case-control study where the cases were defined as incident first-time ischemic stroke patients. Complete data on all relevant variables were obtained for 2722 controls and 2469 cases. The data were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. Stroke risk decreased with fat fish intake ([greater than or equal to] 1/week versus <1/month) in both men and women; adjusted pooled Odds Ratio (OR) 0.69, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.54-0.89. However, stroke risk for women increased with intake of lean fish; adjusted OR 1.63 (95% CI: 1.17-2.28), whereas there was no association with men's lean fish intake; adjusted OR 0.97(95% CI: 0.73-1.27). Fish intake was self-reported retrospectively, yielding uncertain exposure assessment and potential recall bias. The findings regarding lean fish could be explained by recall bias if an individual's inclination to report lean fish consumption depended on both disease status and sex. The fact that the association between fat fish intake and stroke was similar in men and women does not support such a differential in recall.

Conclusions

The results suggest fat fish intake to decrease ischemic stroke risk and lean fish intake to increase women's stroke risk. The inconsistent relationship between fish intake and stroke risk reported in previous studies is further stressed by the results of this study.     

Effect of acute ethanol ingestion on fat absorption

A test meal (300 mg casein, 600 mg sucrose, 100 mg corn oil, tracer dose of 9.10³H oleic acid) was given to fasting adult rats with intestinal lymph fistulas. One group received an acute oral dose of ethanol (3.2 g/kg body weight) simultaneously with the test meal. Controls received 2.5 ml of water instead of ethanol. Ingestion of ethanol temporarily delayed the removal of lipid radioactivity from the stomachs. More than 25% of radioactivity fed remained 8 hr after feeding whereas with control rats less than 10% of lipid radioactivity fed remained 6 hr after feeding. In controls and ethanoltreated rats, the amounts of exogenous lipids in the intestinal lumen and mucosa were low and similar enough. Quantities of endogenous and exogenous lipids found in the lymph collected during 24 hr after feeding were similar in the two groups, but the fat absorption peak was found after 6 hr in alcoholic rats and before 6 hr in controls. This delay was probably due to the retention of lipids in the stomach. More of the exogenous lipid was always transported by small particles moving in the region of α₁ globulins in cellulose acetate electrophoresis than by larger particles remaining at the origin. This proportion was enhanced in the ethanoltreated animals. The larger fat particles were richer in endogenous fatty acids in alcohol-treated rats than in controls. These experiments are a part of a thesis of “Doctorat d'Etat” (Speciality: Biology) n^o C.N.R.S. A0 11.965 presented in Dijon on February 6, 1976.     

Pyrolysis of a lignite in an entrained flow reactor: 1. Effect of cations on total weight loss

The role of exchangeable metal cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr and Ba) in the rapid pyrolysis of a Montana lignite has been studied. The effects of variation of the cations present, and cation concentration, on weight loss and pyrolysis kinetics are presented. The reactor utilized was a dilute-phase entrained flow reactor. The reactor conditions decrease the degree of secondary reactions occurring to the primary volatile species and allow a clearer view of the fundamental pyrolysis processes. A model of the heat and momentum transfer in the reactor has been employed to estimate the particle time-temperature history. The results of pyrolysing the lignite samples display a significant role of metal cations. At 1173 K, the presence of metal cations resulted in a decrease in total weight loss at maximum residence time (0.25 s) from 50% (dry inorganic constituent free basis, dicf) for 0 wt% metal cations (acid washed) to 30% (dicf) (raw lignite, 2.8 wt% cations). Data are also presented concerning the maximum weight loss when only calcium, sodium or magnesium exchangeable cations were present. The apparent activation energy obtained from a first-order Arrhenius kinetic treatment is shown to be dependent on the presence of cations.     

Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage

Purpose  

To determine if timing of a supplement would have an effect on muscle damage, function and soreness.     

Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean diet: a healthy cardiovascular diet for weight loss

Background

Self-reports of dietary intake in the context of nutrition intervention research can be biased by the tendency of respondents to answer consistent with expected norms (social approval bias). The objective of this study was to assess the potential influence of social approval bias on self-reports of fruit and vegetable intake obtained using both food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour recall methods.

Methods

A randomized blinded trial compared reported fruit and vegetable intake among subjects exposed to a potentially biasing prompt to that from control subjects. Subjects included 163 women residing in Colorado between 35 and 65 years of age who were randomly selected and recruited by telephone to complete what they were told would be a future telephone survey about health. Randomly half of the subjects then received a letter prior to the interview describing this as a study of fruit and vegetable intake. The letter included a brief statement of the benefits of fruits and vegetables, a 5-A-Day sticker, and a 5-a-Day refrigerator magnet. The remainder received the same letter, but describing the study purpose only as a more general nutrition survey, with neither the fruit and vegetable message nor the 5-A-Day materials. Subjects were then interviewed on the telephone within 10 days following the letters using an eight-item FFQ and a limited 24-hour recall to estimate fruit and vegetable intake. All interviewers were blinded to the treatment condition.

Results

By the FFQ method, subjects who viewed the potentially biasing prompts reported consuming more fruits and vegetables than did control subjects (5.2 vs. 3.7 servings per day, p < 0.001). By the 24-hour recall method, 61% of the intervention group but only 32% of the control reported eating fruits and vegetables on 3 or more occasions the prior day (p = 0.002). These associations were independent of age, race/ethnicity, education level, self-perceived health status, and time since last medical check-up.

Conclusion

Self-reports of fruit and vegetable intake using either a food frequency questionnaire or a limited 24-hour recall are both susceptible to substantial social approval bias. Valid assessments of intervention effects in nutritional intervention trials may require objective measures of dietary change.     

Effect of interfacial weight loss by silver migration on the pullout strength of a silver wire embedded in an adhesive matrix

In this study an effort is made to correlate interfacial weight loss, by migration, from the surface of a silver wire embedded in an adhesive matrix, to bond strength between the silver wire and the adhesive matrix. Comparative studies are also performed using an aluminum an wire in place of silver to accurately assess the effect of interfacial weight loss by silver migration. The results of the pullout tests on silver migrated specimens are compared with pullout tests on silver-wire specimens, which were immersed in water for 2 h but without silver migration. Pullout tests are performed in both wet, and dry conditions of the bonded specimens. It is determined that the pullout strength of bonded silver-wire specimens in wet condition decreases by as much as 86%, subsequent to silver migration. The loss of bond strength for silver-migrated specimens tested in dry condition varies between 23% and 4%, depending on the embedded length used.     

Efficacy of a meal replacement diet plan compared to a food-based diet plan after a period of weight loss and weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial

Background  

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. It is implicated in the development of a variety of chronic disease states and is associated with increased levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of Medifast's meal replacement program (MD) on body weight, body composition, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among obese individuals following a period of weight loss and weight maintenance compared to a an isocaloric, food-based diet (FB).     

Influence of an alkalizing supplement on markers of endurance performance using a double-blind placebo-controlled design

Background

Previous research has shown that ingestion of substances that enhance the body's hydrogen ion buffering capacity during high intensity exercise can improve exercise performance. The present study aimed to determine whether the chronic ingestion of an alkalizing supplement, which purports to enhance both intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, could impact cardiorespiratory and performance markers in trained Nordic skiers.

Methods

Twenty-four skiers (12 men, 12 women), matched for upper body power (UBP), were split into treatment and placebo groups. The treatment group ingested Alka-Myte^?-based alkalizing tablets (1 tablet/22.7 kg body mass/day) over seven successive days while the placebo group consumed placebo tablets (i.e., no Alka-Myte^?) at the same dosage. Prior to tablet ingestion (i.e., pre-testing), both groups completed a constant power UBP test, three successive 10-sec UBP tests, and then a 60-sec UBP test. Next, skiers completed the 7-day ingestion of their assigned tablets followed immediately by a repeat of the same UBP tests (i.e., post-testing). Neither the skiers nor the researchers were aware of which tablets were being consumed by either group until after all testing was complete. Dependent measures for analysis included heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO₂), minute ventilation (V_E), blood lactate (LA), as well as 10-sec (W10, W) and 60-sec (W60, W) UBP. All data were evaluated using a two-factor multivariate repeated measures ANOVA with planned contrasts for post-hoc testing (alpha = 0.05).

Results

Post-testing cardiorespiratory (HR, VO₂, V_E) and LA measures for the treatment group tended to be significantly lower when measured for both constant power and UBP60 tests, while measures of both 10-sec (W10: 229 to 243 W) and 60-sec UBP (W60: 190 to 198 W) were significantly higher (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes for the placebo group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Following the 7-day loading phase of Alka-Myte^?-based alkalizing tablets, trained Nordic skiers experienced significantly lower cardiorespiratory stress, lower blood lactate responses, and higher UBP measures. Thus, the use of this supplement appeared to impart an ergogenic benefit to the skiers that may be similar to the effects expected from consuming well-studied extracellular buffering agents such as sodium bicarbonate.     

Acute drug induced hepatitis secondary to a weight loss product purchased over the internet

Background  

Many people now seek alternative methods of weight loss. The internet provides a readily available source of weight reduction products, the ingredients of which are often unclear. The authors describe a case of acute hepatitis in a 20 year old woman caused by such a product purchased over the internet.     

Effects of thermally processed oil on weight loss in rats

We have previously proposed that thermally processed oil holds promise as a dietary supplement intended for weight loss. We employed a thermal process whereby oil was heated to 180 degrees C for 10 h in the absence and presence of gluten. We compared the effects of three diets, untreated oil, heated oil, heated oil and gluten on body weight, retroperitoneal weight and lipid composition and fecal lipid contents. Ten week-old male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum a diet containing 7 wt% of the oil for 12 weeks. The oil heated with gluten showed low levels of food efficiency and oil absorption ratios, and high levels of fecal oil excretion, oil content and bile acid content. Diets containing thermally treated oils resulted in significantly lower retroperitoneal tissue weights and lipid contents as compared to the control group; the groups fed the heated oil and gluten diets showed a general decrease in the fatty acid (especially linoleic acid) amount. In conclusion, oil heated with gluten was not fully digested and thus excreted without showing any detrimental effects on either the organs or feces. This resulted in safe and effective weight loss in growing adult rats.     

烧失剂对轻质硅砖的影响

采用废硅砖熟料生产轻质硅砖,通过选用无烟煤粉、复合烧失物XW、焦炭粉等作为烧失剂分别进行添加填充实验,研制出成品轻质硅砖,通过对实验结果的对比分析,优选出一种可以明显减少烧成时制品飞边飞棱现象、提高产品外观质量的烧失物。     

低分子量聚合物降滤失剂的合成与研制

以丙烯酸(AA)、烯丙基磺酸钠(AS)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,(NH4)2S2O8-Na HSO3为引发剂,采用自由基聚合方式,合成了一种低分子量聚合物降滤失剂。通过单因素实验法确定了合成降滤失剂的最佳条件:单体浓度为35%、引发剂浓度为8%、单体配比m(AA)∶m(AS)∶m(DMDAAC)为4∶4∶2、反应时间为6 h、反应p H值为7、反应温度为60℃。利用傅里叶红外光谱分析表明合成产物结构与设计结构一致。常温中压失水实验显示当降滤失剂加量为2%时,API滤失量为8.9 m L,表明合成产物具有较好的降失水性能。通过扫描电镜分析了滤饼的微观形貌,结果表明所合成降滤失剂能吸附于黏土表面,增加黏土颗粒的分散度,促使致密滤饼的形成,从而有效降低钻井液滤失量。