Invited review: The effect of native and nonnative enzymes on the flavor of dried dairy ingredients

Dried dairy ingredients are used in a wide array of foods from soups to bars to beverages. The popularity of dried dairy ingredients, including but not limited to sweet whey powder, whey proteins and milk powders, is increasing. Dried dairy ingredient flavor can carry through into the finished product and influence consumer liking; thus, it is imperative to produce a consistent product with bland flavor. Many different chemical compounds, both desirable and undesirable, contribute to the overall flavor of dried dairy ingredients, making the flavor very complex. Enzymatic reactions play a major role in flavor. Milk contains several native (indigenous) enzymes, such as lactoperoxidase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, proteinases, and lipases, which may affect flavor. In addition, other enzymes are often added to milk or milk products for various functions such as milk clotting (chymosin), bleaching of whey products (fungal peroxidases, catalase to deactivate hydrogen peroxide), flavor (lipases in certain cheeses), or produced during the cheesemaking process from starter culture or nonstarter bacteria. These enzymes and their possible contributions will be discussed in this review. Understanding the sources of flavor is crucial to produce bland, flavorless ingredients.     

Symposium review: Genomic investigations of flavor formation by dairy microbiota

Flavor is one of the most important attributes of any fermented dairy product. Dairy consumers are known to be willing to experiment with different flavors; thus, many companies producing fermented dairy products have looked at culture manipulation as a tool for flavor diversification. The development of flavor is a complex process, originating from a combination of microbiological, biochemical, and technological aspects. A key driver of flavor is the enzymatic activities of the deliberately inoculated starter cultures, in addition to the environmental or “nonstarter” microbiota. The contribution of microbial metabolism to flavor development in fermented dairy products has been exploited for thousands of years, but the availability of the whole genome sequences of the bacteria and yeasts involved in the fermentation process and the possibilities now offered by next-generation sequencing and downstream “omics” technologies is stimulating a more knowledge-based approach to the selection of desirable cultures for flavor development. By linking genomic traits to phenotypic outputs, it is now possible to mine the metabolic diversity of starter cultures, analyze the metabolic routes to flavor compound formation, identify those strains with flavor-forming potential, and select them for possible commercial application. This approach also allows for the identification of species and strains not previously considered as potential flavor-formers, the blending of strains with complementary metabolic pathways, and the potential improvement of key technological characteristics in existing strains, strains that are at the core of the dairy industry. An in-depth knowledge of the metabolic pathways of individual strains and their interactions in mixed culture fermentations can allow starter blends to be custom-made to suit industry needs. Applying this knowledge to starter culture research programs is enabling research and development scientists to develop superior starters, expand flavor profiles, and potentially develop new products for future market expansion.     

Invited review: Sensory analysis of dairy foods

Sensory quality is the ultimate measure of product quality and success. Sensory analysis comprises a variety of powerful and sensitive tools to measure human responses to foods and other products. Selection of the appropriate test, test conditions, and data analysis result in reproducible, powerful, and relevant results. Appropriate application of these tests enables specific product and consumer insights and interpretation of volatile compound analyses to flavor perception. Trained-panel results differ from dairy judging and grading and one objective of this review is to clearly address and demonstrate the differences. Information on available sensory tests, when and how to use them, and the powerful results that can be obtained is presented.     

大豆蛋白素肉风味影响研究进展

素肉制品是近年才刚确定行业标准的新型仿生食品,并在口感、风味等方面大有取代肉制品的趋势,在实际生产中以大豆蛋白为主要原材料的素肉制品最为普遍。大豆蛋白素肉是大豆蛋白通过挤压等技术生产的具有类似肉类口感和风味的植物蛋白仿肉制品,风味和口感是影响蛋白素肉能否被消费者接受的重要因素,其中风味是消费者接收到的第一信号,因此,风味是否被消费者接受决定了素肉的市场前景。本文首先介绍大豆蛋白素肉的风味来源,然后总结不同加工因素对大豆蛋白素肉风味物质的影响,并对大豆蛋白肉风味物质的保留机制进行论述,以期为大豆蛋白素肉风味研究开发提供基础。     

乳制品减糖的必要性及研究进展

基于含糖食品对公众健康的影响,降糖成为食品工业的技术挑战之一。从乳制品和糖与健康的关系出发,重点分析了糖的消费现状和膳食推荐,以及不同国家和地区为控制居民糖的摄入而采取的营养标签标识、征税等措施；通过糖对乳制品的作用、乳制品中糖的应用现状、乳制品降糖面临的技术挑战等内容的解析,论述了乳制品减糖的必要性和发展趋势。乳制品减糖一般常用逐步降糖、糖替代、食品质构创新、多感官融合等技术方法。逐步降糖让消费者习惯低糖乳制品的口感是最理想的措施,但市场风险的存在使企业更倾向于选择在不降低甜度的前提下,使用非营养型高倍甜味剂、糖醇和膳食纤维等实现减糖。代糖物质对产品感官和品质的影响是乳品工业面临的技术挑战；食品质构创新可以在不增加产品中糖的添加量前提下,从质构调节、风味释放等多维度提升甜度感受；采用多感官融合技术从甜味质量、强度、持续性和空间性等4个维度综合模拟糖对产品的贡献、实现减糖是可行的趋势。     

热处理引起牛乳风味变化的研究进展

热处理是各种乳制品生产过程中不可或缺的工艺步骤,热处理过程中乳体系的风味组成会发生变化。近年来,不同乳制品的风味日益引起国内外学者和消费者的关注。本文介绍了新鲜牛乳中风味物质的基本特性、风味物质的形成途径及乳中异味的来源;探讨了热处理过程中主要风味前体发生的变化;阐述了加热、浓缩、干燥等热处理对乳制品中风味组成的影响及其对储藏过程中风味变化的作用,为乳制品加工中热处理的潜在影响提供理论参考。     

川菜肉类菜肴工业化及其关键技术

传统肉类菜肴的工业化已成为扩展其消费渠道和空间、促进文化传播以及肉制品加工开发新产品、培养产业增长点的新途径,而肉类加工技术进步和方便、快捷风味食品市场需求增长为其工业化进程提供了动力。川菜是中国菜系极其重要的组成部分,其肉类菜肴的工业化涉及菜肴类型选择、加工工艺研发、设施设备配套、质量安全控制等关键环节。在其产业化开发中,可根据市场需求,参照“1＋2＋3”原则选择适宜于工业化的菜肴品类;以现代肉类加工技术为借鉴进行技术研发和产品开发;针对风味衰减关键因子应用WAETT（微生物残留、水分活度、包装容器内残留氧、贮藏时间、贮藏温度）调控技术确保菜肴特色风味和品质;根据产品工艺特性需求合理配套实用、先进的设备;通过借鉴肉类加工成熟的安全控制体系,并与现代质量安全可追溯等技术结合,通过MATEPP（马特普）栅栏技术控制,确保产品品质,提升加工效率。本文对涉及上述关键技术的研究进展进行综述。     

我国乳品工业的现状与发展前景

阐述了我国乳品工业发展现状和存在问题，生产技术、设备、成品品种、风味、包装、质量检测、讨论了改变我国乳品工业现状和问题的对策。我国乳品工业在品牌定位等方面已有很大的进步，但还存在产品结构、冷链建设、管理体制等方面的问题。因而必须加强宣传、引导消费、提高产品质量、调整产品结构、引进先进技术，转变经营观念，以使我国乳品工业得到健康发展。     

植物蛋白素肉原料与工艺的研究进展

为缓解肉类供给不足的压力,以营养价值较高的植物蛋白素肉产品替代传统肉类成为食品研究发展的新方向。然而,目前缺少对植物蛋白素肉的产品配方、加工技术、产品品质、消费者态度等的系统综述。因此,该文总结了植物蛋白素肉的组成成分及其对产品品质的影响,分析了植物蛋白素肉在加工过程中所应用的加工技术及在质构、颜色、风味、营养方面的品质现状,进而阐述了植物蛋白素肉的市场接受程度,以期促进植物蛋白素肉科学研究的进一步发展,并促进其产品市场的扩大化。     

大米增香的反应型香料的制备

模仿天然食品加工中产生风味物的途径 ,制备了目前国内尚处萌芽阶段的反应型香料 ,作为大米主增香剂 ,并利用排序检验法优化了制备反应型香料的反应条件 ;同时对该反应型香料和增香米的顶空气体进行了GC MS分析 .     

Transforming the fermented fish landscape: Microbiota enable novel,safe, flavorful,and healthy products for modern consumers

Regular consumption of fish promotes sustainable health while reducing negative environmental impacts. Fermentation has long been used for preserving perishable foods, including fish. Fermented fish products are popular consumer foods of historical and cultural significance owing to their abundant essential nutrients and distinct flavor. This review discusses the recent scientific progress on fermented fish, especially the involved flavor formation processes, microbial metabolic activities, and interconnected biochemical pathways (e.g., enzymatic/non-enzymatic reactions associated with lipids, proteins, and their interactions). The multiple roles of fermentation in preservation of fish, development of desirable flavors, and production of health-promoting nutrients and bioactive substances are also discussed. Finally, prospects for further studies on fermented fish are proposed, including the need of monitoring microorganisms, along with the precise control of a fermentation process to transform the traditional fermented fish to novel, flavorful, healthy, and affordable products for modern consumers. Microbial-enabled innovative fermented fish products that consider both flavor and health benefits are expected to become a significant segment in global food markets. The integration of multi-omics technologies, biotechnology-based approaches (including synthetic biology and metabolic engineering) and sensory and consumer sciences, is crucial for technological innovations related to fermented fish. The findings of this review will provide guidance on future development of new or improved fermented fish products through regulating microbial metabolic processes and enzymatic activities.     

A 100-Year Review: Sensory analysis of milk

Evaluation of the sensory characteristics of food products has been, and will continue to be, the ultimate method for evaluating product quality. Sensory quality is a parameter that can be evaluated only by humans and consists of a series of tests or tools that can be applied objectively or subjectively within the constructs of carefully selected testing procedures and parameters. Depending on the chosen test, evaluators are able to probe areas of interest that are intrinsic product attributes (e.g., flavor profiles and off-flavors) as well as extrinsic measures (e.g., market penetration and consumer perception). This review outlines the literature pertaining to relevant testing procedures and studies of the history of sensory analysis of fluid milk. In addition, evaluation methods outside of traditional sensory techniques and future outlooks on the subject of sensory analysis of fluid milk are explored and presented.     

感官分析在番鸭产品研发中的应用

为了解消费者对鸭加工食品风味的偏好,指导番鸭产品加工工艺的改进,采用感官属性强度分析的方法对市售鸭肉制品的感官特性进行定性和定量评定,剖析测定该类产品的主要风味特征及其强度;采用感官嗜好性评价方法,对市售产品和自制样品进行分析对比。结果表明:色泽明亮红润,咸味酱香适中,鲜味明显且滞留感弱,油腻感少的产品更受欢迎。     

气味指纹识别技术在乳品香精品质评价中的应用

气味指纹识别技术(又称电子鼻技术)是由传感和自动化模式识别系统组成的针对各种气味进行精确识别的智能系统。由于该技术可以客观、准确、快速、全面地测定食品气味,因而将气味指纹识别技术应用于食品风味鉴别体系是目前食品感官品质评价的热点之一。本实验通过利用电子鼻对不同类型的奶酪制品、奶粉样品、商品天然奶味香精与自制天然奶味香精样品的总体香气组分进行采集得到传感器响应值,并通过主成份分析(PCA)和统计质量控制分析(SQC)的两种方法对采集得到的数据进行处理。研究结果表明电子鼻技术可以方便、客观地确定自制奶味香精与其他香精样品的风味相似程度,并能够迅速地对自制奶味香精样品的香气品质进行评价,从而为电子鼻在香精香料领域内的研究与应用开辟了新的途径与方法。     

植物基食品乳酸菌发酵技术研究进展

植物基食品泛指用植物来源的原料制成的食品。进入大健康时代,植物基食品具有较大的增长空间。乳酸菌发酵技术在多元化的植物基食品开发方面具有明显潜力,可实现植物基食品风味口感和营养健康功效的多元化。因此,植物基乳酸菌发酵食品产业面临良好的发展机遇。作者对国内外植物基乳酸菌发酵食品的类型、相关基础理论和关键技术研究以及产业化现状等进行了综述,并分别从基础理论、关键技术、产品开发等方面简要讨论了植物基乳酸菌发酵食品产业未来发展趋势,旨在为新型植物基乳酸菌发酵食品研发提供参考。     

食品风味的图形表达方法探讨

为研究食品中各风味成分的种类和浓度与其感官评分值之间的关系,提出了以数学建模的方法来构建食品主要风味成分的几何图形,食品风味能通过几何图形表达得更为直观,陈述了5种风味图形表示方法,通过风味图形可发现风味变化规律和对风味物质的变化进行定性定量研究,并可通过数学方法找到最佳风味食品所对应的风味化学物质组成,同时还对各种风味几何图形的优缺点进行了评价。     

可可粉末香精的感官分析及其在食品中的应用

研究了可可粉末香精作为可可粉的代替物在食品中的应用,通过感官分析从整体喜好度、香气、巧克力风味、苦味、口感五个方面对样品进行评价,并通过SPSS软件对所得数据进行方差分析.实验得出可可粉末香精能替代可可粉,同时在感官分析中没有明显差异.试验得出可可粉末香精在不同食品中可可粉的代替量,在水中溶解0.02％可可粉末香精可替代0.25％可可粉：在奶粉和牛奶中0.04％的可可粉末香精可替代0.25％的可可粉;在冰淇淋中0.05％的可可粉末香精可替代0.5％的可可粉;在饼干夹心中0.15％的可可粉末香精可代替2.5％的可可粉末.通过实验可以看出可可粉末香精在不影响产品感官品质的同时能大大降低可可粉的用量,降低产品的成本.