腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜括约肌切开术联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石

目的：评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜括约肌切开术联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床效果。方法：对22例胆囊胆总管结石经逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP），行Oddi括约肌切开（EST）、网篮取石和气囊排石，再行腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）。结果：本组成功率81．8％（20／22），结石取净率100％，无严重并发症，术后住院5－19d。结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除和内镜括约肌切开术联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床效果可靠。     

ERCP在胆囊切除术后黄疸诊治中的应用

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胆胰管造影（endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatograp11y,ERCP）在胆囊切除术后黄疸患者的诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法：对53例胆囊切除术后不明原因或考虑为外科原因的黄疸患者行ERCP检查,明确黄疸的原因并在内镜下采取相应的治疗措施。对于胆总管结石的患者行乳头括约肌切开（endoscopicsphincterotomy,EST）或乳头球囊扩张（endoscopicpapillaryballoondilation,EPBD）取石,对胆漏和胆道狭窄患者行内镜引流术,对乳头狭窄或括约肌功能异常的患者行EST或EPBD。结果：53例患者均成功行ERCP检查,结果显示胆总管结石38例、胆道损伤8例、乳头狭窄或括约肌功能异常3例、乳头癌1例、肝门胆管癌1例、未见异常2例。经相应治疗后,所有患者均未出现严重并发症。结论：对于胆囊切除术后出现黄疸的患者,ERCP是理想的诊断方法,同时还可以进行内镜下治疗。     

ERCP在胆囊切除术后综合征诊治中的应用

目的:探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征(PCS)患者诊治中的应用价值.方法:对临床上诊断PCS患者行ERCP检查,证实胆总管结石的患者行EST或EPBD取石,乳头狭窄或括约肌功能异常的患者也行EST或EPBD,胆道梗阻患者行内镜引流术.结果:123例患者行ERCP检查,118例(95.9%)成功,证实胆总管结石78例,胆囊管过长3例、残留小胆囊伴结石2例、乳头狭窄或括约肌功能异常8例、乳头癌2例、壶腹部癌1例、肝门胆管癌1例、胆管良性狭窄3例、胃癌1例、乳头旁憩室16例、未见异常15例.78例胆总管结石中75例(96.2%)内镜取石治疗成功,8例乳头狭窄或括约肌功能异常中6例行EST,2例行EPBD.并发症发生率为3.25%,其中上消化道出血1例,急性胰腺炎3例.结论:对PCS患者,ERCP是理想的诊断方法,而且还可以同时进行治疗.     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的：探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征（PCS）诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法：对248例PCS病人行ERCP检查,根据不同病因,分别行内镜乳头插约肌切开术（EST）和／或内镜乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）,内镜鼻胆管引流（ENBD）,内支架治疗,取石治疗等。结果：243例（98％）ERCP成功,未发现异常24例,胆管结石141例,138例经1－3次内镜取石取净,乳头狭窄38例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功,其余有乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口,乳头肿瘤等40例,行EPBD或ENBD等治疗后,均有满意疗效,总的并发症发生率4．0％,结论：ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后综合征确切病因,内镜治疗胆管结石和乳头狭窄安全有效,并发症少。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残石护理新视野

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后胆总管残留结石的护理措施。方法 回顾性分析我院1991年9月～2004年12月14000例LC术后17例胆总管残留结石的原因、治疗及护理。结果 LC术后17例胆总管残留结石，均由内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术（ERCP）确诊，其中通过十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取出结石10例，再次手术取石7例。结论 通过应用ERCP和EST，不仅提高了对LC术后胆总管残留结石的诊断水平，尤其为胆总管残留结石找到了微创、有效、安全的治疗途径，并为相关的护理提供了新思路。     

胆囊合并胆总管结石的诊治体会

目的探讨现代外科对胆囊合并胆总管结石的诊治方法。方法对162例患者在准备行腹腔镜胆囊切除术前行ERCP或MRCP检查。其指征为：近期有胰腺炎发作或黄疸史，肝功能异常，B超或CT示胆总管扩张或有结石者。结果在此162例中，有157例发现结石并行EST或网篮取石成功，待胆管恢复正常后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。13例发现乳头狭窄或胆总管肿瘤，行EST，支架内引流或手术治疗。12例ERCP失败。结论胆囊合并胆总管结石的治疗策略为术前先行ERCP或MRCP＋EST，取石成功后再行为最佳策略。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残石护理体会

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）、术后胆总管残留结石的护理措施。方法回顾性分析我院1991年9月。2005年12月15000例LC术后19例胆总管残留结石，均由经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）确诊，其中通过十二指肠镜乳头括内镜下约肌切开术（EST）取出结石11例，再次手术取石8例。结果19例中12例经EST取石成功，另8例再次剖腹胆总管切开取石治愈。结论通过应用ERCP和EST，不仅提高了对LC术后胆总管结石的诊断水平，尤其为胆总管残留结石找到了微创、有效、安全的治疗途径，并为相关的护理提供了新思路。     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗胆囊并胆总管结石的内镜应用

目的 探讨内镜参与腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）、开腹手术治疗胆囊并胆总管结石的效果.方法 对54例胆囊并胆总管结石病人在LC或开腹手术之前行内镜检查、取石.结果 54例十二指肠逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）均成功,选择性十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取胆总管结石成功49例,占90.74%.EST后选择性LC成功47例,内镜加LC总取石成功者占87.05%,1例EST取石后急性胆囊炎加重中转手术;内镜术后选择性开腹手术成功7例,占12.95%.无严重并发症发生.结论 先行内镜检查、取石,再行LC处理,大部分胆囊并胆总管结石病人可治愈而且并发症少,少部分疑难、复杂者仍需开腹手术处理.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石83例分析

目的：评价内镜诊断、治疗胆总管结石的价值.方法：83例胆总管结石患者在行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查后,其中74例经内镜行EST治疗胆总管结石.结果：本组83例患者中,ERCP显示明确为胆总管结石78例,诊断准确率为93.98%（78/83）.行括约肌切开术（EST）并取石者74例,取石成功68例,成功率为91.89%（68/74）.EST术后并发症发生率为4.05%（3/74）.结论：ERCP对胆总管结石有较高的诊断及治疗价值,同时也是一种治疗胆总管结石的安全治疗方法.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石的临床护理

目的：探讨经内镜括约肌切开（EST）和内镜乳头气囊扩张（EPBD）治疗胆总管结石的临床应用价值及其并发症的护理。方法：对于〈10mm结石采用EPBD治疗，〉10mm采用EST治疗。结果：91例经内镜乳头括约肌切开（EST），69例采用内镜乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）。自然排出者30例（18.7％）；采用网篮或取石球囊取出结石有100例（62.5％），其中6例2次取石取尽，5例残留结石行外科手术治疗；采用碎石网篮碎石后取出结石者25例（15.7％），其中单颗结石4例，多发性结石10例。13例1次碎石取出，10例2次取出，2例经3次内镜取石取净。1例继发急性胆管炎，4例急性胰腺炎。本组无1例消化道穿孔及死亡。结论：EST和EPBD安全、有效，并发症少，是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段。     

Diagnosis and therapy of common bile duct stones in a patient with a history of hypersensitivity reaction to radiologic contrast media --a case report]

Common bile duct (CBD) stones may occur in patients who had been previously cholecystectomized because of gallbladder stones. CBD stones occur in 15%-20% of patients with symptoms secondary to cholecystolithiasis. After cholecystectomy they occur in 1%-5% of patients, either in the form of retained or recurrent choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a novel and excellent diagnostic screening procedure for common bile duct stones. Numerous reports confirm an equal success rate for endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, unanimity of opinion with respect to the best diagnostic procedure for the detection of CBD stones does not exist to date. We report a 74-year-old female patient with CBD stones, who was shown to have a severe allergy to X-ray contrast medium at a previous examination. In view of the pre-existing contraindication for ERCP, we diagnosed the stones by EUS. The majority of patients would require ERCP for endoscopic treatment, but our patient rejected the administration of contrast medium as well as conventional surgical treatment. After introducing a guide wire into the bile duct to assure its position, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) without contrast imaging was performed successfully. The CBD stones were extracted with a basket. Based on our results we believe that EUS ranks as an important procedure in the diagnosis of CBD stones, and that successful endoscopic treatment can be performed without previous ERCP. We do realize that EST without ERCP in unsuitable as a routine procedure, but may be used successfully in specific cases such as that of the patient reported here.     

Selective endoscopic cholangiography for the detection of common bile duct stones in patients with cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The detection and management of common bile duct (CBD) stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy continues to be controversial. Several diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been suggested. These include intraoperative cholangiography, selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selective ERCP in detecting CBD stones in patients with cholelithiasis before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, patients with cholelithiasis who presented during a 6-year period were assessed on a selective basis with ERCP for suspected CBD stones before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ERCP was carried out if the patient had any of the following criteria: a dilated CBD on ultrasound, gallstone pancreatitis, or abnormal liver function tests. Intraoperative cholangiography was not performed in any of the patients. Long-term follow-up was undertaken. RESULTS: The study included 427 patients. On the basis of selective criteria, ERCP was carried out in 41 patients (9.6 %), with confirmed CBD stones in 22 cases (53.7 %). The most useful predictor of CBD stones on ERCP was the presence of a dilated CBD in association with abnormal liver function tests. In this situation, CBD stones were identified in 14 of 17 cases (82 %). Abnormal liver function tests alone had a sensitivity of 50 % (four of eight). All other parameters used in isolation had a lower detection rate. During a median follow-up period of 6 years (range 1-10 years), six of 386 patients (1.6 %) with initially normal imaging and biochemical tests presented again with retained stones. All were successfully managed by ERCP and sphincterotomy. There were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative selective ERCP is effective in detecting clinically significant CBD stones. However, there is a high false-negative rate when a single criterion is used to guide therapy. Multivariate analysis of preoperative parameters for risk stratification, in conjunction with other imaging modalities, may make it possible to minimize unnecessary ERCPs.     

Accuracy of linear endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of patients with suspected common bile duct stones

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with radial scanning is an efficient diagnostic tool where there is suspicion of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Little is known about the use of linear EUS in this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of linear EUS in a large group of patients suspected to have bile duct stones, using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy and exploration of the CBD using a Dormia basket, or surgical choledochotomy with choledochoscopy, as diagnostic "gold standards." PATIENTS AND METHODS: 134 patients with clinical suspicion of CBD stones were included in the study and prospectively evaluated, using EUS, and ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy (127 patients), or choledochotomy with choledochoscopy where ERCP was unsuccessful (seven patients). EUS was done before ERCP using an echo endoscope (Pentax FG 32 UA; 5 - 7.5 MHz) and Hitachi EUB 405 ultrasound machine. ERCP was done using the TFJ 100 or TJ 20 Olympus duodenoscope. ERCP was carried out within a mean of 2 days after EUS. The longest time between EUS and ERCP was 3 days. The examiners were blinded to the results of the other method used. RESULTS: CBD stones were found in 91 (68 %) patients at ERCP with ES or at surgery. The correct diagnosis was established by EUS in 85 patients. The remaining 43 patients without CBD stones were correctly diagnosed in 41 cases by means of EUS, giving an accuracy of 94 %, sensitivity of 93 %, specificity of 93 %, a positive predictive value of 98 %, a negative predictive value of 87 %, and a Youden's index of 89 %. CONCLUSIONS: Linear EUS is a fairly reliable method for the evaluation of patients with high suspicion for CBD stones. The usefulness of linear EUS in the evaluation of patients with low or moderate suspicion for CBD stones warrants further study.     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床疗效.方法:回顾分析2009年1月-2010年12月腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合十二指肠镜治疗35例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料.所有患者均采取经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST),取出胆总管结石,放置胆道塑料支架引流(ERBD).ERCP后3d内行LC,术后4d出院.出院后1～2周内再次行十二指肠镜取出胆道支架并行ERCP了解胆管有无残余结石.结果:35例患者均1次取净胆总管结石,1例EST术中出血,34例成功行LC,1例中转开腹行胆囊切除术.术后并发急性胰腺炎2例,所有患者均无胆漏、十二指肠穿孔、黄疸等并发症.结论:腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石具有疗效确切、创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

胆总管结石继发急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的急诊内镜治疗

目的：探讨胆总管发急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的急诊内镜镜治疗方法,方法：118例胆总管结石继发急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎患者接受ERCP检查和治疗,112例,人镜括约肌切开（EST）或内镜乳头气囊扩张（EPBD）取石梳 及放置鼻胆管引流（ENBD）,结果：31例经EPBD后取石,39例经EST后取石,或同时放置ENBD,42例单纯放ENBD,105例患者经急诊治疗后症状得到缓解,无严重并发症和死亡,结论：内镜治疗急性胆管炎较传统开腹手术具有操作简单,安全,有效,创伤小和恢复快等优点。     

鼻胆管引流治疗胆囊切除术后胆漏

目的:探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)在胆囊切除术后胆漏诊治中的应用价值。方法:对胆囊切除术后有腹痛、发热、B超引导穿刺引流出胆汁而诊断为胆漏的患者进行ERCP检查,并行ENBD。结果:15例患者ERCP检查均成功,10例发现有造影剂漏出,其中2例伴有明显胆管损伤,2例合并有胆总管结石。除2例胆管损伤患者接受手术治疗外,其余13例均经ENBD治疗成功,2例胆总管结石患者成功接受了EST网篮取石术。结论:对于胆囊切除术后出现胆漏的患者,ERCP是理想的诊断方法,而且还可以通过ENBD结合腹腔引流得到有效治疗。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术及括约肌切开术在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术前后的应用

目的总结内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）和内镜括约肌切开术（EST）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）手术前后对胆总管结石的诊断和治疗效果。方法对68例LC术前、术后合并或可疑胆总管结石的患者行ERCP。结果 LC术前发现胆总管结石42例,EST清除39例,清除率92.9%（39/42）;LC术后发现胆总管结石7例,EST清除7例,清除率100%（7/7）。结论 ERCP、EST对于LC术前术后胆总管结石的诊断和治疗是一种准确、安全、有效的微创方法,并对于后期的结石再发具有可重复操作性。     

Managing concomitant gallbladder stones and common bile duct stones in the laparoscopic era: a systematic review

Background: There is still no consensus on the ideal management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. This article aims to review the management of concomitant gallbladder stones and CBD stones in the laparoscopic era. Method: A PubMed database search was performed to identify MEDLINE articles from 1986 to 2010 using the key terms “common bile duct stones,”“cholecystectomy,”“bile duct exploration,”“ERCP” (endoscopic retrograde cholangiography), and “endoscopic sphincterotomy.” Results: There were five randomized comparative trials (RCT) comparing sequential preoperative ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) to laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Two RCTs showed similar stone clearance rates and shorter hospital stays in the LCBDE group, while three RCTs showed similar stone clearance rates and hospital stays in sequential preoperative ERCP, LC and LCBDE groups. There were two RCTs comparing LCBDE to sequential LC and postoperative ERCP. One showed similar stone clearance rate and shorter hospital stay in LCBDE group, while the other showed similar stone clearance rate and hospital stay. There were three RCTs comparing sequential preoperative ERCP and LC against LC with intraoperative ERCP. All three studies showed similar stone clearance rates and shorter hospital stays in the intraoperative ERCP group. There was only one RCT comparing sequential preoperative ERCP and LC against sequential LC and postoperative ERCP. This showed a similar stone clearance rate and shorter hospital stay in the postoperative ERCP group. Conclusion: Different management approaches of concomitant gallbladder stones and CBD stones were equivalent in efficacy. However, one‐stage management had the advantage of providing a shorter hospital stay.