黑龙江省温度变化的气候预测

通过CCCma、CCSR、CSIRO、Gfdl和HadleY气候模式，对黑龙江其中包括齐齐哈尔、佳木斯、哈尔滨、牡丹江等4区未来50年(2005～2050年)，在GG、GS情景下进行了数值模拟。结果表明，未来2030、2050年气温均有较大增高。     

10年时间尺度气候预测

<正>10年时间尺度的气候预测,由于能够提供给政策制定者和有关部门与单位近期的气候变化预测,作为经济规划和社会生活安排等的参考,因此越来越受到重视。10年气候预测是气候科学中一个新的领域,一般预测方法采用:一是统计预测方法,根据前期气候变化特征,利用统计关系,计算预测未来10年的气候变化;二是动力模式预测方法,利用全球或区域气候模式,在一定初边条件和外强迫作用下,预测未来10年的气候变化;三是动力加统计     

气候变化承诺

全球气候变暖是当代最受关注的问题之一。当然,人们首先想知道变暖究竟能达到什么程度。既然变暖的主要原因是人类活动造成温室气体增加,使温室效应加剧,则未来变暖的程度显然取决于过去排放了多少温室气体,以及今后以什么速度、排     

中国西部地区未来气候变化趋势预测

用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球环流耦合模式(IAP/LASG GOALS),对中国西部地区由于CO2含量增加引起的未来气候变化进行了模拟预测分析.预测CO2含量每年以1%速度递增,对此进行了控制试验和扰动试验两个长期积分,并用它们的差值来表示中国西部地区的气候变化.结果表明,CO2增加以后,在初始阶段平均温度、降水和湿度变化不大,随着CO2含量的增加,中国西部地区温度、降水及湿度均呈显著的增加趋势,且比全球增加大得多.到2050年全球温度相对于现在增加1.5℃,而中国西部地区温度升高在1.2～2.2℃,其中最大增温区出现在青藏高原附近;西南地区降水将增加200mm以上,比湿增加最大,达0.8 g kg-1以上,新疆西部和西北部地区降水减少50 mm左右,平均降水增加15%,整个西部地区气候变暖变湿.     

Prediction Research of Climate Change Trends over North China in the Future 30 Years

A simulation of climate change trends over North China in the past 50 years and future 30 years was performed with the actual greenhouse gas concentration and IPCC SRES B2 scenario concentration by IAP/LASG GOALS 4.0 （Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system coupled model）, developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP）, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）. In order to validate the model, the modern climate during 1951-2000 was first simulated by the GOALS model with the actual greenhouse gas concentration, and the simulation results were compared with observed data. The simulation results basically reproduce the lower temperature from the 1960s to mid-1970s and the warming from the 1980s for the globe and Northern Hemisphere, and better the important cold （1950 1976） and warm （1977-2000） periods in the past 50 years over North China. The correlation coefficient is 0.34 between simulations and observations （significant at a more than 0.05 confidence level）. The range of winter temperature departures for North China is between those for the eastern and western China＇s Mainland. Meanwhile, the summer precipitation trend turning around the 1980s is also successfully simulated. The climate change trends in the future 30 years were simulated with the CO2 concentration under IPCC SRES-B2 emission scenario. The results show that, in the future 30 years, winter temperature will keep a warming trend in North China and increase by about 2.5~C relative to climate mean （1960-1990）. Meanwhile, summer precipitation will obviously increase in North China and decrease in South China, displaying a south-deficit-north-excessive pattern of precipitation.     

气候与气候系统研究进展

2011年,气候系统研究所在气候系统模式研发、陆面过程对我国气候的影响以及我国云南持续性干旱的成因等方面开展了深入研究,取得可喜的进展。     

IAP数值气候预测系统对2004年中国夏季气候的预测

通过1980～2000年共21年的集合后报试验,考察水平分辨率提高至2°×2.5°的IAP短期数值气候预测系统对中国夏季气候异常的预报技巧.后报试验结果表明:该预测系统对中国夏季气温异常具有较好的预报能力,此外对夏季降水异常也具有一定的预报能力.利用IAP ENSO预测系统,较好地预报出2004年3月以后热带太平洋海温的演变情况,并在此基础上,对2004年中国夏季气候进行了实时预测.与实况比较表明,IAP数值气候预测系统总体上较好地预报出2004年夏季我国大范围的降水和温度异常分布,特别是较好地预测出夏季我国北方大部、华南沿海等地区气温偏高,而黄淮以及长江中上游地区气温偏低的观测事实.预测的温度距平与中国地区160个站观测实况的距平相关系数可达0.39.     

Climate Whispers: Media Communication About Climate Change

The product of ten months of careful collection, review, analysis and international consensus building was, on completion, communicated through the news media in April 1997. The story, which concerned the potential for changes in tropical cyclone intensity in a greenhouse-warmed world, gained media interest in Australia because in the previous month Tropical Cyclone Justin had occupied public attention. The two days of media coverage essentially rewrote the committee findings. The process closely resembled the children's party game of Chinese whispers in which a simple statement is modified, sometimes beyond recognition, by repetition without understanding or correction. This paper reports and analyzes the processes involved in this miscommunication of science to and through the media and draws some salutory lessons.     

气候和气候变化领域的研究进展

该文回顾了过去几十年来中国气象科学研究院在气候和气候变化研究方面的成果, 主要包括对我国历史气候资料的恢复、重建和整理, 气候区划, 对我国气温和降水的研究, 对青藏高原温度和降水、近地层与边界层地-气过程, 大气热源特征和臭氧变化的研究, 古气候模拟, 对气候变化的预测理论和方法以及气候和气候变化对我国社会、经济的影响等方面的研究。近50年中国气象科学研究院收集大量气候资料并整理出版了《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》; 对风能等资源进行了气候区划; 明确了近几十年中国地区在20世纪40年代和90年代出现了两个暖期, 20世纪50—60年代出现了相对冷期; 在全球变暖的背景下, 以四川为中心的西南地区自20世纪50年代到80年代一直在变冷; 20世纪80年代以后, 多雨带由华北南移到长江中下游地区; 提出青藏高原近地层与边界层地-气过程的综合物理图像; 发现青藏高原夏季臭氧低值中心; 模拟出青藏高原隆起过程中中国气候变化特征; 揭示出东亚季风环流系统及其成员; 设计了多种预报方法; 还将气候和气候变化研究成果向国家经济转化。     

气候系统与气候变化研究进展

2010年度气候系统研究所在准双周振荡结构与起源、东部地区降水年代际演变特征、13变化机理、降水评估和古气候研究等方面取得明显进展,主要研究成果如下。     

巴黎气候变化大会后中国的气候变化应对形势

巴黎气候变化大会取得成功并达成《巴黎协定》对全球合作应对气候变化的进程具有里程碑意义。中国在对气候变化问题的认识上经历了一个逐渐深化和清晰的过程。中国国家最高领导人首次出席《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会,体现了中国把应对气候变化进一步纳入生态文明建设,推进社会经济发展低碳转型的决心。中国为推动巴黎气候变化大会成功所做的一系列努力,是中国积极、建设性参与全球治理的一个成功范例,体现了中国负责任大国的担当。“各尽所能、合作共赢”“奉行法治、公平正义”“包容互鉴、共同发展”的主张,将成为中国积极参与国际制度建设、推进《巴黎协定》落实的指导思想和努力方向。     

自然风景区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

雷电灾害已日益成为影响人类经济社会发展的严重灾害之一。基于信息扩散理论建立雷电灾害风险评估模型,对江苏省2008—2019年雷电灾害事故进行分析计算。结果表明：江苏省雷电灾害事故多集中于320次·a^-1内,约1.9 a一遇,而发生880次·a^-1以上的概率较小,约38.2 a一次;人身伤亡风险主要集中在12人·a^-1内,约1.8 a一遇,大于30人·a^-1的伤亡次数则约14.1 a发生一次;经济损失风险值为650万元·a^-1的累积发生概率为58.62%,而2 250万元·a^-1的发生概率极低,仅为1.84%。定量化的计算分析数据可使人们对雷电灾害事故有更深入的了解,并为相关政府部门制定防灾减灾决策提供一定的科学依据。

     

全球气候变化对我国气候安全影响的思考

依据政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 第5次评估报告以及国内相关科学研究成果,使用最新的观测资料凝练了对全球气候变化的有关认识;从极端天气气候事件和气候承载力角度,分析了气候变化给我国带来的气候风险。研究发现:1961—2015年我国平均高温日数增加了28.4%,暴雨日数增加了8.2%。21世纪以来,登陆我国热带气旋的强度明显增加。在全球气候变暖的背景下,我国气候承载力将发生明显变化,未来面临的气候风险将加大。因此,保障我国气候安全,需要科学认识气候,提高气候风险意识; 主动适应气候,提高应对极端事件能力;努力保护气候,减缓气候变化的影响。     

国际气候变化研究趋势

以全球变暖为显著特征的气候变化现象引起了政府、公众和科学界的广泛关注。近年来,一系列极端气候事件更使气候变化成为一个全球性的重大议题。2009年哥本哈根会议中的争论表明,气候变化已经超出一般的环境或气候领域,是涉及到新的     

Efficient Adaptation to Climate Change

Firms and individuals will likelyengage in substantial private adaptation with respectto climate change in such sectors as farming, energy,timber, and recreation because it is in their interestto do so. The shared benefit nature of jointadaptation, however, will cause individuals tounderprovide joint adaptation in such areas as watercontrol, sea walls, and ecological management. Governments need to start thinking about jointadaptation, being careful to design efficientresponses which treat climate change problems as theyarise.     

The ACPI Climate Change Simulations

The Parallel Climate Model (PCM) has been used in the Accelerated ClimatePrediction Initiative (ACPI) Program to simulate the global climateresponse to projected CO₂, sulfate, and other greenhouse gasforcingunder a business-as-usual emissions scenario during the 21st century. In these runs, the oceans were initialized to 1995 conditions by a group from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and other institutions. An ensemble of three model runs was then carried out to the year 2099 using the projected forcing. Atmospheric data fromthese runs were saved at 6-hourly intervals (hourly for certain criticalfields) to support the ACPI objective of accurately modeling hydrologicalcycles over the western U.S. It is shown that the initialization to1995 conditions partly removes the un-forced oceanic temperature and salinity drifts that occurred in the standard 20th century integration. The ACPI runs show a global surface temperature increase of 3–8 °C over northern high-latitudes by the end of the 21st century, and 1–2 °C over the oceans. This is generally within ±0.1°Cof model runs without the 1995 ocean initialization. The exception is in theAntarctic circumpolar ocean where surface air temperature is cooler in theACPI run; however the ensemble scatter is large in this region. Althoughthe difference in climate at the end of the 21st century is minimalbetween the ACPI runs and traditionally spun up runs, it might be largerfor CGCMs with higher climate sensitivity or larger ocean drifts. Ourresults suggest that the effect of small errors in the oceans (such asthose associated with climate drifts) on CGCM-simulated climate changesfor the next 50–100 years may be negligible.     

Climate Change and Water Resources

Current perspectives on global climate change based on recent reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are presented. Impacts of a greenhouse warming that are likely to affect water planning and evaluation include changes in precipitation and runoff patterns, sea level rise, land use and population shifts following from these effects, and changes in water demands. Irrigation water demands are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. Despite recent advances in climate change science, great uncertainty remains as to how and when climate will change and how these changes will affect the supply and demand for water at the river basin and watershed levels, which are of most interest to planners. To place the climate-induced uncertainties in perspective, the influence on the supply and demand for water of non-climate factors such as population, technology, economic conditions, social and political factors, and the values society places on alternative water uses are considered.     

用技术来应对气候变化

<正>最近英国广播公司(BBC)发表了一篇综述性质的文章,探讨用科学技术和工程来"应对气候变化"。文章从能源、运输和工程3个方面进行论述。核心思想是:要想世界经济继续增长,同时又不造成气候变化加速,就将需