Supercritical fluid extraction of jojoba oil

Supercritical fluid extraction of jojoba oil from Simmondsia chinensis seeds using CO₂ as the solvent is presented in this study. The effects of process parameters such as pressure and temperature of extraction, particle size of jojoba seeds, flow rate of CO₂, and concentration of entrainer (hexane) on the extraction yield were examined. Increases in the supercritical CO₂ flow rate, temperature, and pressure generally improved the performance. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased, indicating the importance of decreasing intraparticle diffusional resistance. The maximum extraction yield obtained was 50.6 wt% with a 0.23-mm particle size and a 2 mL/min CO₂ flow rate at 90°C and 600 bar. Use of an entrainer at a concentration of 5 vol% improved the yield to 52.2 wt% for the same particle size and also enabled the use of relatively lower pressure and temperature, i.e., 300 bar and 70°C.     

超临界CO2萃取黄酮类物质的研究进展

介绍了超临界流体萃取(SFE)黄酮类物质的研究现状，总结了影响萃取的因素，并对未来的发展趋势作了展望。     

超临界流体色谱法制备高纯度EPA-EE和DHA-EE

以二氧化碳作流动相,分别以极性相反的C18柱和硅胶柱为固定相,用超临界流体色谱法分离二十碳五烯酸乙酯(EPA-EE)和二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(DHA-EE)。比较C18柱和硅胶柱分离EPA-EE和DHA-EE的机理和分离效果,提出结合C18柱和硅胶柱的超临界流体色谱制备高纯度EPA-EE和DHA-EE的方法。     

The Possibility of Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel Using Supercritical Fluids

For the first time, the possibility of dissolution of spent nuclear fuel from a nuclear power plant in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide was demonstrated. As shown by the example of spent nuclear fuel, the dissolution and the extraction of actinides and fission products by solutions of tributyl phosphate and nitric acid adducts TBP(HNO₃)_1.8 in carbon dioxide can be used as one of the stages of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.     

超临界CO2萃取辣椒素最优工艺参数的研究及含量HPLC分析

采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术从辣椒粉中提取辣椒素,通过正交试验,确定出最佳工艺条件为分离釜Ⅰ压力17 Mpa,温度35℃;分离釜Ⅱ压力15 Mpa, 温度36℃,夹带剂流速0.1 L·h-1.回收率为0.20%,纯度为12.0%,辣椒素含量的线性回归方程为y=2.280600×105x + 7.486209×106,线性相关系数为0.862143.     

Antiradical Efficiency of Essential Oils from Plant Seeds Obtained by Supercritical CO2, Soxhlet Extraction,and Hydrodistillation

The effect of supercritical CO₂ (SCCO₂) extraction conditions (pressure and temperature) on the system performance as well as the antiradical efficiencies of the essential oils from Japanese pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum DC.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds were investigated. A control study with the conventional Soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation was also conducted to compare the performance of those processes. Antiradical efficiencies were investigated by utilizing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Higher pressure and temperature had positive effects on the supercritical process performance due to higher CO₂ density and substrate solubility in SCCO₂. Antiradical efficiencies of cardamom and pepper were almost the same, being significantly higher than that of fennel seeds. However, this effect decreased dramatically for all the spices when the extraction method was changed to Soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation. SCCO₂ extraction was found to yield more quality and effective essential oils than Soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation.     

超临界流体技术在聚合中的应用进展

介绍超临界状态下物质的特性及化学反应的特点,着重介绍采用超临界流体特别是超临界CO2流体技术在高分子聚合及烯烃聚合方面的应用,指出超临界流体技术在绿色化工方面,具有潜在优势和诱人的应用前景。     

超临界CO_2萃取橙花精油及GC/MS分析

用超临界CO2萃取技术结合分子蒸馏纯化制取橙花精油。通过正交实验确定了超临界CO2萃取最佳工艺条件,即萃取时间240min,萃取温度40℃、萃取压力20MPa、萃取流速20L.h-1。用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）联用仪对橙花精油成分进行了分析,共检测出54种化合物。用超临界CO2萃取结合分子蒸馏制取橙花精油的方法具有工艺操作温度低、基本上不破坏热敏性物质、精油香气更接近天然、无溶剂残留等优点。     

超临界CO2萃取橙花精油及GC/MS分析

用超临界CO2萃取技术结合分子蒸馏纯化制取橙花精油。通过正交实验确定了超临界CO2萃取最佳工艺条件,即萃取时间240min,萃取温度40℃、萃取压力20MPa、萃取流速20L.h-1。用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用仪对橙花精油成分进行了分析,共检测出54种化合物。用超临界CO2萃取结合分子蒸馏制取橙花精油的方法具有工艺操作温度低、基本上不破坏热敏性物质、精油香气更接近天然、无溶剂残留等优点。     

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Origanum Vulgare L.: Experiments and Mathematical Modeling

In this work, the supercritical CO₂ extraction of essential oil from Origanum Vulgare L. was investigated and modeled. An orthogonal test and ANOVA indicated that extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and extraction time had significant influence on extraction effects. Based on experiments, a mathematical model depended on mass conservation equation was established to describe and simulate supercritical CO₂ extraction of essential oil from Origanum Vulgare L. The mean diameter, accumulation properties, and the inside and outside transfer properties of extracted material particles were considered in the model. The model was solved numerically with the finite difference method and Runge-Kutta method synthetically. Model estimation was validated with small scale experimental data. Moreover, the effects of extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time, concentration, and the flow rate of the entrainer on mass of essential oil were investigated using the model.     

Preparative Purification of the Major Flavonoid Glabridin from Licorice Roots by Solid Phase Extraction and Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography

This study investigated a novel, simple, and economical method for the preparation and purification of glabridin from licorice roots. Glabridin was initially obtained from ethyl acetate extraction of licorice, followed by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The content of glabridin increased from 0.23% to 35.2% after SPE, and then a 16 mg product at a high purity of over 95% was obtained from 10 g licorice roots after purification by preparative HPLC. The purity was assessed by analytical HPLC, and the purified compound was characterized by LC-MS/MS and ¹H NMR.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of sunflower seed oil with CO2-ethanol mixtures

The effect of ethanol addition to supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), up to 20%, on sunflower seed oil extraction over the range of 150 to 350 bars and 42 to 80°C was studied. A nonrecirculating home-made bench-scale system was used as extraction equipment. The oil-SC-CO₂-ethanol mixture was reduced to atmospheric pressure in a test tube, where two phases, oil and ethanol, were obtained and ethanol-saturated CO₂ was liberated to the atmosphere. Results show that sunflower oil solubility in SC-CO₂ greatly increases with addition of ethanol as entrainer over the whole range of pressure and temperature conditions. Some phospholipids are co-extracted at levels directly proportional to the added ethanol. Moreover, a large amount of phospholipids was recovered in the ethanolic phase. Acidity of the extracted oil with ethanol as entrainer was lower than that without alcohol. Part of the free fatty acids was found in the ethanolic phase.     

超临界CO_2萃取结合柱色谱分离萝芙木生物碱

用超临界CO2萃取技术,设计了4因素3水平正交实验,研究从海南催吐萝芙木中提取利血平生物碱的最佳工艺。最佳提取条件为:萃取压力35 MPa,萃取温度60℃,夹带剂为100 g样品用25 mL乙醇,萃取时间2 h。用高效液相色谱法对萃取产物中的利血平含量进行了测定。将萃取所得产物用硅胶柱色谱进一步分离提纯,得到了质量分数为99.8%的利血平针状结晶。     

超临界CO2流体萃取金银花的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术得到金银花提取物,通过用正交试验法进行了最佳工艺优化,对产物进行GC/MS定性分析。结果表明：萃取时间2.5 h、萃取温度55℃、CO2流量9 L/h、萃取压力25 MPa,得率为2.94%,共鉴定出18种香味成分。     

超临界CO2萃取技术在医药化工领域的应用新进展

详细阐述了超临界萃取技术近年来在医药化工领域应用取得的新进展。     

超临界CO_2萃取大豆磷脂的影响因素研究

应用超临界CO2 萃取技术从大豆粗磷脂中提纯得到了质量分数为 98%的大豆磷脂。研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对萃取率的影响 ,3个影响因素的影响顺序为 :萃取温度 >萃取时间 >萃取压力。优化工艺条件是 :萃取压力 2 0MPa ,萃取温度 5 0℃ ,萃取时间 5h。     

气溶胶溶剂萃取技术制备β-谷甾醇亚微粒

The submicroparticles of β-sitosterol were produced by using an aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) and characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The effects of operational parameters including pressure, temperature, solution concentration, and ratio of flow rate (CO2/solution, r) on particle size (PS), yield, and morphology were investigated. The results showed that microparticles of β-sitosterol (less than 1000 nm size and larger than 70% yield) could be obtained at 10-15 MPa, 35-50°C, 15 mg•ml－1, 10/1(r); β-sitosterol particles were found to occur as three mophologies: flakes, rods, and spheres by varying ratio of flow rate or solution concentration. In contrast, the crystallinity of β-sitosterol decreased, whereas its molecular structure remained almost unchanged after being ASES-treated. Therefore, ASES was an effective method to produce submicroparticles of β-sitosterol.     

超临界CO2萃取与水蒸气蒸馏提取姜油的GC-MS分析

采用超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定了两种提取方法所得姜油的化学成分并进行了分析比较。结果显示:超临界CO2流体萃取法的姜油得率约为水蒸气蒸馏法的3.8倍,提取时间短,温度低,特别是得到了含量较高为12.82％的主要有效成分之一6-姜酚,而在水蒸气蒸馏法得到的姜油中则未见。     

Extraction of lipid-grown bacterial cells by supercritical fluid and organic solvent to obtain pure medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates

A simple two-step process was developed to extract and purify medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHA) from bacterial cells (Pseudomonas resinovorans) grown on lard and tallow. The process consists of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the lyophilized cells with carbon dioxide to remove lipid impurities, followed by chloroform extraction of the cells to recover the MCL-PHA. SFE conditions were varied as to temperature (40–100°C), pressure (2000–9000 psi), and carbon dioxide flow rate (0.5–1.5 L/min, expanded gas). Lipid material, usually 2–4%, but in some cases as high as 11%, was extracted from the dried cells by SFE. A pressure range (5000–9000 psi, increased stepwise), a temperature of 60°C, and a carbon dioxide flow of 1.5 L/min were routinely used to extract the bacterial cells (4–5 g) after 3 h. Higher flow rates could shorten the extraction time even more. SFE did not extract MCL-PHA from the cells. Yield of MCL-PHA after chloroform extraction at room temperature was a maximum of 42.4% based on dry cell weight. The results show that the two-step process saves time, uses much less organic solvent, and produces a purer MCL-PHA biopolymer than previous extraction and purification methods. A more environmentally friendly clean-up procedure based on SFE and organic solvent recovery was developed to remove contaminating lipid materials from the fermentation biomass, allowing for the recovery of higher purity MCL-PHA that are suitable for more demanding applications.     

超临界CO2萃取玉米胚芽油工艺的研究

本文研究采用超临界ＣＯ２从玉米胚芽中萃取油品的工艺条件，运用响应面法探讨了萃取压力、萃取温度和物料粒径在油品产率为９０％时对ＣＯ２消耗量的影响，确定了最佳工艺参数，分析比较了超临界ＣＯ２萃取、正己烷索氏萃取和压榨三种方法对油品质量和脂肪酸组成的影响。