Mixed time/frequency domain approach to model reduction

The letter considers the problem of reducing the transfer function of a given system to a lower order. The approach proposed appears to be suitable in cases where both the frequency-domain and the time-domain characteristics of the given system are to be preserved in the reduced order model.     

Construction of a two-dimensional-VWOOC based on time domain/frequency domain optical CDMA system #$TAB

In this paper, a new two-dimensional variable weight optical orthogonal code (2D-VWOOC) for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is constructed. It takes the C as the frequency hopping sequence and the strict variable weight optical orthogonal code (SVWOOC) as the time spreading sequence. The code can meet the different quality of service (QoS) requirements of different users. Under the same time spread sequence, the bit error rate (BER) of QCHC/SVWOOC is 3~9 orders of magnitude lower than that of other similar 2D-VWOOCs. In Optisystem simulation, when the transmission rate of the system is 14 Gbits/s, the BER of users with code weight 4 is 7 orders of magnitude lower than that of users with code weight 2, and a clear and correct eye diagram can be obtained.     

Real time frequency domain fiberoptic temperature sensor

The excited state phosphorescence lifetime of alexandrite crystals is used to monitor temperature in the physiological range from 15-45°C with precision and accuracy of 0.2°C. A 500-μm cubic alexandrite crystal bounded to the distal end of an optical fiber of similar core dimensions is excited with pulsed Ne-He laser light. This apparatus uses a sampler for data acquisition and frequency domain methods for data fitting. The instrument amplifies the AC components of the detector output and band limits the signal to 12.5 kHz. The fundamental frequency of the excitation is set to 195.13 Hz to obtain 64 harmonics. This band limited signal is sampled and averaged over few hundred cycles in the time domain. The frequency domain representation of the data is obtained by employing fast Fourier transform algorithms. The phase delay and the modulation ratio of each sampled harmonic are then computed. Five to 50 values of the phase and modulations are averaged before computing the sensor lifetime. The instrument is capable of measuring precise and accurate excited state lifetimes from subpicowatt luminescent signals in plastic optical fibers. A least squares fit yields the lifetimes of single exponentials. A component of zero lifetime is introduced to account for the backscatter excitation seen by the photodetector leaking through optical interference filters. The phosphorescence lifetimes measured reproducibly to about three parts in a thousand are used to monitor physiological temperature. Temperatures are computed employing empirical polynomials. The system drift is negligible over 15 h of continuous operation. The instrumentation and methods allow 1.3-s update times and 30-s full response times     

多波长光声信号的时域与频域比较

为了分析在不同激发波长下不同组织/目标光声信号的时域与频域特点和差异,根据光声信号产生的基本原理,采用光声信号时域和频域分析方法,设计了石墨仿体和离体组织等不同样品的多光谱光声实验。结果表明,样品的光声信号在时域与频域所展示的性能有很大的不同,不同样品的光声信号的声谱是不同的,且在不同激发波长下的声谱的峰值所对应的频率均相同,因而可以用于组织特性的描述、组分识别等用途。此研究有助于利用光声成像实现组织识别,并为进一步利用频谱分析方法研究多光谱光声成像奠定了基础。     

基于频域数据采样和时域信号同步的超宽带时间反转成像

提出一种基于频域数据取样和时域信号同步的超宽带（Ultrawideband,UWB）时间反转（Time-Reversal,TR）成像方法.单个发射机发射UWB脉冲信号到探测区域,时间反转镜（Time Reversal Mirror,TRM）的每个天线单元对散射信号进行细频和粗频数据采样,得到各自单元的频率-频率-多站数据矩阵（individual-FF-MDM）.把所有单元的该矩阵堆砌起来,形成一个全体单元的频率-频率-多站数据矩阵（full-FF-MDM）,并对full-FF-MDM进行奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition,SVD）,得到耦合了目标位置信息的左奇异值向量.将每一个左奇异值向量变换成时域脉冲回传辐射,则来自TRM各单元的回传辐射信号在相应目标处同时到达波形的最大值,而在非该目标处则不能同时达到最大值.于是,定义各单元的回传信号乘积作为目标成像函数,可获得良好的横向和纵向分辨率.     

A comparison of time versus frequency domain antenna patterns

This paper compares the performance of antenna arrays that use sinusoidal and ultra-short pulse waveforms. There are two parts to the paper: first, a comparison of narrowband versus ultra-wideband linear arrays using an analytic approach and second, a series of computer simulations used to extend the analytic results and to show the characteristics of nonstandard array configurations. Analysis shows that antennas using ultra-short waveforms have highly desirable pattern properties that do not appreciably degrade under conditions of high array sparsity, failed elements, or antenna element position errors. Patterns are given that show these properties directly. These results are of particular importance to the emerging technology of base-band or time-domain communications and remote sensing. It addresses the practical problem of designing extremely large aperture space-based arrays without populating those arrays densely with antenna elements and also reducing the traditional fabrication tolerances.     

Comparison of MC-CDMA with DS-CDMA using frequency domain and time domain RAKE receivers

In this paper a multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) system with a soft decision differential phase shift keying (DPSK) frequency domain RAKE receiver is described. We compare a MC-CDMA system with a direct sequence CDMA system using RAKE receivers. In contrast with previous MC-CDMA systems, guard intervals are not used and the carriers are spaced at the reciprocal of the bit rate, optimising the usage of the bandwidth. In this way a comparison can be made between the multicarrier CDMA system described and a direct sequence (DS-CDMA) system with the same bandwidth. The results presented are received bit error rates from Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations are conducted in a multipath channel with Rayleigh fading and 300 Hz Doppler spectrum with additive white Gaussian noise. It is shown that the multicarrier CDMA matched filter receiver performs favourably compared to the direct sequence CDMA matched filter receiver for 1 -path fading. For a single user at a receive bit error rate of 1×10^–3 in the 4-path fading channel the multicarrier RAKE receiver requires no knowledge of the channel delay spread and performs 3 dB worse than the DS-CDMA RAKE receiver simulated. The performance of the MC-CDMA RAKE receiver for a single user increases with increasing channel dispersion. The performance of the DS-CDMA RAKE receiver for multiple user is superior to that of the MC-CDMA RAKE receiver.     

紧缩场干扰波的时域分析

紧缩场电气测试调整是保证紧缩场最终电气性能指标的一个重要过程。在此过程中，需要根据电气性能检测结果对紧缩场电气设计和机械设计进行必要的调整，排除或尽量控制影响静区的干扰波。在满足近轴近似的条件下，通过平面波角谱分析的方法可以准确地预测干扰波的入射方向和大小。对入射方向相同或相近的两列干扰波，可以采用时域分析方法进行辅助分析。     

New wavelet based approach for time domain simulations

A new numerical method for the time domain solution of Maxwell's equations in linear media is proposed in this paper. The field quantities derived from the spatial discretization of Maxwell's equations are expanded in the time domain by wavelets on the interval. This choice yields a new arrangement of the unknowns into a matrix (instead of the usual vector) and transforms the differential equations in time in a Sylvester (1983) matrix equation. The memory requirements are proportional to the number of spatial unknowns and the time evolution of the space quantities is obtained with better accuracy than in conventional marching-on-time techniques.     

基于时域/频域OCDMA系统的一种新型二维变码重光正交码构造

构造了一种适用于光码分多址(OCDMA)系统的新型二维变码重光正交码(2D-VWOOC),用于满足不同用户及业务对服务质量(QoS)的不同要求,以两两正交拉丁方阵序列(MOLS)为波长跳频序列,以一维严格变码重光正交码(1D-SVWOOC)为扩时序列。分析了该码字在不同参数(码长、码重及波长数)下的码字性能;在相同条件下与其他二维变码重光正交码进行对比,该码字码容量较大,误码率相对其他码字低9～17个数量级。在Optisystem仿真中,当系统传输速率为16 Gbits/s时,码重为4比码重为2的用户误码率低2个数量级,能获得清晰端正的眼图。     

A novel systematic approach for equivalent model extraction of embedded high-speed interconnects in time domain

Based on time-domain scattered data, an efficient systematic approach in the time domain has been proposed to extract the SPICE-compatible models of embedded high-speed interconnects. The approach combines the layer-peeling technique and the generalized pencil-of-matrix method to obtain a pole-residue representation of the step response of the interconnects. An order-reduction procedure is implemented based on the bandwidth criterion to find the optimum pole-residue representation of the interconnects with minimum pole numbers. The SPICE-compatible lumped circuits are then systematically extracted from the pole-residue rational functions. The discontinuous microstrip lines and bonding wire structure are used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Good agreement is seen between the modeled and measured transient response. The advantages of this approach are the de-embedding ability for arbitrary nonuniform interconnects, systematically obtaining lower order and more accurate SPICE-compatible circuits, and broad-band performance of the extracted circuits.     

频率步进激励信号的时域特性研究

将频率步进扫频信号用于电声测量系统工作过程中的激励信号,测量精度相对较高,但测量速度慢。并且,在频率不同的两段正弦激励信号衔接播放时,时域信号存在冲击量,如不加以改善,既延长了激励信号的过渡过程时间,又降低了测量精度。使用希尔伯特变换计算激励信号的时域包络曲线,可以分析冲击量的强度,且通过在激励信号频率步进衔接段采用时域加窗及平滑方法,可以降低这一冲击量的强度。理论分析和实验试听表明,该方法可以提高正弦激励信号频率步进时信号播放时的平滑度,降低冲击量,缩短过渡过程时间,且为改善测量精度提供一定的支持。     

Block time and frequency domain modified covariance algorithms forspectral analysis

Block modified covariance algorithms are proposed for autoregressive parametric spectral estimation. First, the authors develop the block modified covariance algorithm (BMCA) which can be implemented either in the time or in the frequency domain-with the latter being more efficient in high-order cases. A block algorithm is also developed for the energy weighted combined forward and backward prediction. This algorithm is called energy weighted BMCA (EWBMCA) and its performance is analogous to that of the weighted covariance method proposed by Nikias and Scott (1983). Time-varying convergence factors, designed to minimize the error energy from one iteration to the next, are given for both algorithms. In addition, three updating schemes are presented, namely block-by-block, sample-by-sample, and sample-by-sample with time-scale separation. The performance of the proposed algorithms is examined with stationary and nonstationary narrowband and broadband processes, and also with sinusoids in noise. Lastly, the authors discuss the computational complexity of the proposed algorithms and give performance comparisons to existing modified covariance algorithms     

Direct formulation of the state equations: signal-flow-graph approach in time domain

In the t domain, the drawing of the signal-flow graph by inspection which is very useful in the direct formulation of the state equations of an active RLC network is discussed, and a method to obtain the state equations, based on the drawing of the signal-flow graph and on Mason's gain formula, is given.     

Blind identification and equalization based on second-orderstatistics: a time domain approach

A new blind channel identification and equalization method is proposed that exploits the cyclostationarity of oversampled communication signals to achieve identification and equalization of possibly nonminimum phase (multipath) channels without using training signals. Unlike most adaptive blind equalization methods for which the convergence properties are often problematic, the channel estimation algorithm proposed here is asymptotically ex-set. Moreover, since it is based on second-order statistics, the new approach may achieve equalization with fewer symbols than most techniques based only on higher-order statistics. Simulations have demonstrated promising performance of the proposed algorithm for the blind equalization of a three-ray multipath channel     

Non-Wiener solutions for the LMS algorithm-a time domain approach

A time domain analysis of the LMS algorithm is presented for a sinusoidal deterministic reference input. For the sinusoidal reference input only, the N-dimensional time-varying linear matrix recursion for the weight vector is solved using a 2-D orthogonal subspace decomposition. Using this weight vector solution, it is shown that there exists a linear time-invariant relationship between the desired input and the filter output