Review on Progressive Freeze Concentration Designs

Progressive freeze concentration (PFC) is a process where only a large single ice crystal is formed in the system and grown on the cooling surface so that the separation between the ice crystal and the mother solution is very easy. This makes the system very simple and leads to a lower cost. The conventional setup of PFC produces ice with high purity but lower productivity than suspension freeze concentration (SFC). The volume of ice produced is also usually low. Hence, continued areas of the development for PFC system include the quest for improved productivity and better efficiency. Different kinds of design have been investigated, which are easy to operate and cost-effective besides the ability to obtain high quality of product and better efficiency of the system. The PFC system is recognized as a good alternative if high-quality products can be produced with higher productivity. In this article, previous researches on PFC designs were reviewed for the purpose of providing an understanding on methods of designing a PFC system and also to provide references for future application of PFC.     

渐进冷冻法处理工业废水的研究

通过在人工模拟自然条件下进行冷冻分离实验,以实际工业废水如苯胺废水、脱色再生废水、可乐废水以及自配硫酸锌溶液为研究对象,以COD、吸光度、浊度和电导率的变化为依据,分析渐进冷冻法对废水中有机物、重金属离子的分离效率.实验结果表明:冰晶体中的洁净层,其融冰出水COD值,吸光度、电导率以及重金属离子的去除率均可达到90%以上,其洁净层的厚度与废水浓度、冷冻温度等多种因素有关.该方法适合于我国北方地区冬季时间长、气温低的气候条件.     

Freeze concentration for removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in water

A progressive freeze concentration process, unidirectional downward freezing (UDF), was investigated for removal of five commonly used pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, acetylsalicylic acid, metoprolol and sulfamethoxazole) in water. The feed water with the pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) at concentrations from ng/L to mg/L range was frozen at −7 and −15 °C. The separation efficiency of PhACs in the single stage and two-stage UDF was examined. By freezing only 80% (volume) of the feed water and without washing of the ice, about 84-92% reduction of the drug content in ice was achieved in the single stage UDF and about 99% reduction in the two-stage UDF. The partitioning behavior of the PhACs in the ice and liquid phases seems different from the solutes in glucose solutions or liquid foods reported in the literature. A strong linear relationship between the PhACs concentration and their TOC concentration was established, suggesting that TOC, a parameter commonly used to measure WWTP effluent quality might be used to monitor the level of PhACs in WWTP effluent.     

冷冻浓缩技术的应用与研究简介

本文简要介绍了冷冻浓缩的基本原理和研究现状。分别对悬浮结晶冷冻浓缩法和渐进冷冻浓缩法的发展动向及存在问题进行了阐述与分析     

聚合物驱采出水处理技术进展

随着聚合物驱油的广泛应用,含聚污水也在逐年增加。与水驱采出水相比,聚合物驱采出水水质性质复杂,并且聚合物的存在使水处理难度增大,其处理已经成为亟待解决的问题。本文分析了聚合物驱采出水的特性,论述了聚合物驱采出水处理方法,并对今后聚合物驱采出水处理提出了建议。     

高浓度制革废水污泥减量化实验研究

实验主要研究制革废水厌氧最佳条件、COD去除率和污泥减量,根据制革废水的特点以及实验目的要求,在不经絮凝剂处理的情况下,加入中性酶经过2～3h的处理后,在不同外界环境下进行多组厌氧处理,使废水能够迅速的处理到一定浓度,解决制革废水厌氧处理上的难题.     

印染废水的性质与污泥含水率的关系以及污泥减量化机理的研究

印染废水的复杂性和废水处理过程中剩余污泥的大量产生,使得纺织印染企业需要在这方面投入过多的资金,且处理效果较差,成为制约纺织行业发展的一大重要因素。本文主要对印染废水性质与污泥含水率和污泥减量化进行阐述研究,分别介绍国内外印染行业的污泥减量化工艺技术。     

Potential Ozone Applications for Water/Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Several applications of ozonation were examined in this study for:

1. the treatment of stabilized high strength municipal landfill leachates,

2. the reclamation potential and toxicity reduction of municipal secondary effluents, and

3. the removal potential of phytoplanktons from surface waters.

The major parameters examined were the applied ozone dosage and the respective contact time. The application of single ozonation on leachates resulted in the efficient removal of color and organic loading, due to the respective oxidation, induced by ozonation. In addition, ozonation was found to be effective for the removal of the residual organic content of secondary municipal effluents. However, acute toxic effects after ozonation were observed on V. fischeri and were related to ozone concentration and contact time. Furthermore, the surface water used for drinking water production, was subjected to ozonation treatment for the removal of harmful cyanobacteria. Ozonation resulted in the reduction of the number of cyanobacteria species and in the breakage of the chain‐type species to cells with a lower number of atoms.     

WAO法处理中进水浓度对废水浊度去除的影响

采用湿式空气氧化法,对高浓度难生化有机废水进行处理.试验研究在湿式空气氧化法处理有机废水中不同进水浓度对浊度去除率的影响,通过测定水样浊度、浊度去除率的变化,发现,WAO法对不同进水浓度废水的处理效果都是随着反应时间增加而增加,而进水浓度越小,WAO法处理有机废水的效果越好.结果表明,当进水浓度COD=1000 mg/...     

油田采油污水处理用絮凝剂研究进展（一）

简要介绍了絮凝剂的作用机理,并对近年来国内外油田采出污水处理用絮凝剂进行了综合评述,介绍它们的种类,性能以及近期在实验室和现场的研究及应用情况,指出将来油田采出污水处理用絮凝剂应向环境友好,安全高效的改性天然高分子絮凝剂、微生物絮凝剂和兼具多种功能的水处理剂方向发展。     

离线镀膜冷冻冷却水系统的设计和选型

根据离线镀膜生产线生产特点,介绍与之相适应的冷冻冷却水系统的设计和选型,及安装过程中的注意事项.     

高浓缩倍数无磷方案在乙烯循环水系统的应用

采用高浓缩倍数无磷水处理方案,使循环水在5倍以上高浓缩倍数下运行处理,运行指标和监测数据均达到并优于国标和中石化规定的要求。运行结果表明,该方案达到了很好的抗腐蚀、结垢和微生物控制效果,同时兼具环保、节水效果。     

高浓度聚合物驱采出水水质特性及处理技术研究

以大庆油田采油六厂高浓度聚合物试验区中心井采出水为研究对象,室内进行了沉降分离和离心分离技术的研究。研究结果表明：采出水中聚合物浓度增加,使得采出水粘度增加,油珠上浮速度慢,油水分离难度加大,单纯地依靠油水密度差长时间沉降分离很难达到预期的目的;当采出水粘度较大时,采用离心法具有较好的处理效果。     

染色废水的还原脱色及其回用

使用还原型双组分脱色剂对含有不同种类水溶性染料的染色废水进行脱色处理，重点研究了脱色剂用量、反应温度、pH值和时间对脱色反应的影响。并且将脱色后的染色废水回用于织物染色中，在染料的上染速率曲线和颜色特征方面进行了比较。结果表明，随着脱色刑用量的增加，染色废水的脱色率都逐渐升高：中性pH条件和温度的升高均可以促进染色废水的脱色；在60℃～700℃，脱色率可达到90％；在常温下3～5分钟内完成脱色，而直接染料不超过15分钟，脱色废水能够回用于织物染色中，染料的上染曲线几乎没有变化，染色深度和色差变化极小。     

高氨氮废水的处理技术

介绍了高氨氮煤化工废水的处理技术:物化法、生化联合法和新型生物脱氮法。目前实际应用中多采用生化联合法技术,在生物处理前,先对高浓度氨氮废水进行物化处理。短程硝化反硝化等一些新型生物脱氮法技术前景看好,值得关注。     

Pd-Ru/CeO2催化降解高浓度苯胺废水的研究

以Pd-Ru/CeO2为催化剂,以苯胺去除率和降解生成N2的选择性为目标,研究了高浓度苯胺模拟废水湿式催化氧化降解的工艺条件。在220℃,2.4 MPa和pH为4～7条件下处理浓度为600 mg/L的苯胺废水,在2 h内,苯胺去除率可达95%以上,降解生成N2的选择性可达到85%以上,催化剂有较好的重复利用性。     

冻干机直冷式与间冷式捕水器综合性能的比较

在真空冷冻干燥机（以下简称冻干机）中，有个重要的部件“捕水器”。国际国内绝大部分冻干机制造商均设计采用直接制冷式（以下简称直冷式）捕水器，也有少数冻干机制造商设计采用间接制冷式（以下简称间冷式）捕水器。上述两种捕水器性能参数很少见诸报道。近几年，上海远东制药机械总厂冻干设备厂对其进行了综合性能的研究比较，结论是两者各有优缺点，但综合性能还是直冷式更优。     

高浓度有机废水中COD的测定方法改进

通过采用专用比色皿进行多次实验,对高浓度有机废水中COD的进行了改进,该法检测速度快,误差小,能很好的运用于实际工作中的废水检测。     

理想强边水驱油藏天然水体体积的简便计算

针对天然水体体积计算难题,从水侵量的定义公式出发,以S理想边水驱油藏为例,以廖运涛方法获得的精确解为约束条件,主要是对采用的综合压缩系数进行校正,获得了理想边水驱油藏天然水体体积的简便估算方法,在类似油藏上应用取得了好效果,为选择合适的开发方式提供了重要依据。对于井网完善、已全面投入开发、完全依靠边水补充能量、以自喷为主的高渗透、稀油油藏,在经历几年的开发后有明显的油层压降情况下,只要能够落实清楚总压降值和与之对应的水侵量,就可以估算出天然水体的体积。至于该方法能否拓宽应用范围,尚需进一步探讨。     

一体化曝气生物滤池在低浓度废水中的应用

介绍了采用一体化曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺深度处理小型低浓度的工业废水和生活污水的混合水工程实例。运行结果表明:在进水CODCr浓度不高于60 mg/L的情况下,最终出水水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类排放标准。该工艺具有占地面积小、运行稳定、无风机噪声、成本低、出水水质好等优点。