老年股骨转子间骨折治疗现状

<正>随着年龄的增高,相应增龄性风险因素增加,导致因跌倒发生骨折的风险也不断提高。老年股骨转子间骨折是发生于股骨转子间线至小粗隆下方股骨髓腔起始段的增龄性伤病。患者往往健康状况不佳,脏器代偿能力较弱,且常合并多种内科基础疾病,麻醉与手术风险高,术后并发症发生率明显高于年轻人。局部骨质量和骨强度降低,骨质疏松导致界面把持力降低而使内植物失败的风险增高。因此,老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗充满挑战。老     

抗骨质疏松药物治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效分析

目的观察老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折内固定术后应用有效抗骨质疏松药物治疗的疗效。方法选取2013年7月至2014年6月在我院60岁以上诊断为骨质疏松的老年股骨转子间骨折患者57例,分为A组(使用抗骨质疏松药物组30例)和B组(未使用抗骨质疏松药物组27例),骨折术后第5天后行口服维生素D钙咀嚼片、阿伦膦酸钠片治疗,观测骨折愈合时间、骨折并发症、髋关节Harris评分、骨密度。结果完成随访病例A组26例,B组24例,2组骨折愈合时间、骨折并发症无统计学差异(P0.05),术后12个月髋关节Harris评分A组高于B组,有统计学意义(P0.05),A组、B组术后3天血清钙及维生素D较术前降低,有统计学意义(P0.05),A组术后6个月血清钙及维生素D较术前、术后3天增加,有统计学意义(P0.05),术后6个月A组、B组骨密度较术前无统计学差异(P0.05),术后12个月A组骨密度较术前增加,有统计学意义(P0.05),术后12个月B组骨密度较术前无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者术后使用抗骨质疏松治疗能增加骨密度,能获得更好疗效。     

人工关节置换术治疗骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨人工半髋关节置换术治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的可行性与疗效。方法回顾性分析我们自2005年6月至2008年8月收治的39例采用人工半髋关节置换术治疗的老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折,观察手术时间、出血量、Harris功能评分、并发症发生情况。其中男17例,女22例;年龄71～102岁,平均82.7岁。结果平均手术时间88 min,术中出血约200～600 mL,输同型浓缩红细胞0～2 U,无围手术期死亡。术后6个月时进行Harris髋关节功能评分为63～95分,平均85.5分。术后随访6～38个月（平均25个月）,无关节脱位、假体松动、下沉等并发症。结论人工半髋关节置换术治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折是一种较好的选择,具有手术时间短、出血量少、卧床时间短、能早期恢复肢体功能及减少并发症等优点。     

PFN-A治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的初步观察

目的评价PFN-A治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的初步临床疗效。方法12例老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者。按AO的Muller分类31-A2型8例,31-A3型4例,采用PFN-A治疗,统计术中失血量、手术时间、观察骨折愈合及髋关节功能恢复情况。结果术中平均失血量90ml,平均手术时间50min。术后2-8个月随访,10例骨折达临床愈合,2例因仅随访2个月尚待进一步观察。髋关节功能评价总优良率为91.7%,无感染、内固定失败,无股骨头缺血坏死及髋内翻畸形。结论PFN-A治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折具有固定牢稳、微创、并发症少的特点,但对骨折断端加压程度有限,对于一些严重粉碎性骨折难以闭合复位的患者有一定的局限性。     

老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的治疗策略

[目的]观察股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的疗效,探讨治疗策略.[方法]随访2008年11月～2012年1月间74例采用PFNA治疗的股骨转子间骨折患者,平均87.3岁,对患者的疗效、围手术期安全性及术后功能进行评价,采用髋关节Harris评分进行髋关节功能评价,摄股骨近端正侧位X线片观察骨折愈合情况,采用尖顶距(tip-apex distance,TAD)评价螺旋刀片的位置.[结果]平均随访时间16.3个月,所有骨折均获得骨性愈合,平均尖顶距18.6 mm,髋关节Harris评分71 ～96分,平均88.5分.术中未发生内置物周围骨折、重要神经血管损伤;术后无切口感染、内置物断裂、内置物切割出股骨头及骨折端移位等情况.[结论]采用PFNA治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折具有手术创伤小、操作简单、术后恢复快等优点,有利于术后早期功能锻炼及康复,对于超高龄、合并不同程度内科疾病的股骨转子间骨折患者有优势.     

股骨转子间骨折

股骨转子间骨折多生于老年人，放射影像学诊断要注意骨折线方向、小转子是否累及、骨折粉碎和移位程度，可用Evans分型、Jensen改良的Evans分型、AO分型等重点在于骨折稳定性的判断。手术治疗、牢固固定是目前基本治疗原则，常用的内固定材料分为滑动加压螺钉加侧方钢板(如DHS)、髓内固定(如Gamma钉、PFN)两大类。外固定支架仅用于严重多发创伤与老年体弱多病者，人工关节置换仅用于严重粉碎骨折伴严重骨质疏松者。     

DHS结合股骨颈防旋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

2003年3月-2005年12月,我科应用DHS结合股骨颈防旋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折68例,取得良好效果。     

DHS和PFNA治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的疗效分析

目的 比较DHS和PFNA治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 61例老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的患者,31例应用DHS治疗股骨转子间骨折,30例应用PFNA治疗股骨转子间骨折,并对结果进行分析对比.结果 经9～18个月随访,平均12.9个月.PFNA组较DHS组在手术时间、切口长度等方面均有优势;按照Harris髋关节评分标准术后PFNA组和DHS组相比较无明显差异;术后并发症对比PFNA组较DHS组少,而PFNA组易于发生术中股骨干骨折.结论 PFNA治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、固定牢靠、抗旋转、抗切割等优点,是理想的内固定物.     

骨密度值与老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失效的关系

[目的]分析老年股骨转子间骨折术后内固定失效与股骨颈骨密度(BMD)之间的相应关系.为老年人转子间骨折的治疗方法提供参考依据.[方法]本组共187例,男78例,女109例,年龄65～87岁,平均73.7岁.入院后均行dynamic hip screw (DHS)内固定治疗.术后内固定失效21例(男7例,女14例),采用双能X线骨密度测定仪对期间所有人院转子间骨折患者行对侧股骨颈骨密度测定;分析骨密度与内固定术后失效之间的关系.[结果]男性内固定失效患者股骨颈BMD均值为(0.405±0.122) g/cm2,女性内固定失效患者为(0.396±0.113)g.cm2.[结论]骨密度越低,内固定失效可能性越大.如老年人股骨颈骨密度低于临界值,对于转子间骨折建议不行内固定治疗,建议行人工关节置换手术.     

应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险的临床研究

目的探讨应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险。方法选取2017年3月至2018年6月在连云港市第一人民医院行骨密度检查的女性337例,收集其个人基本信息、FRAX风险评估值及腰椎和股骨颈骨密度,按照骨密度及年龄分组,根据上述资料计算10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折概率和10年内髋部骨折概率,比较FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估骨折风险的差异。结果无论代入股骨颈骨密度还是腰椎骨密度计算骨折风险,骨质疏松组的骨折风险均高于骨量减少组(P0.05);②无论是在骨质疏松组还是在骨量减少组,采用股骨颈骨密度计算的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。③进一步分析显示,不同年龄组采用股骨颈骨密度计算出的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。结论对于不同年龄组的骨量异常女性,FRAX联合股骨颈骨密度预测的骨折风险高于联合腰椎骨密度预测的骨折风险。     

Larger femoral periprosthetic bone mineral density decrease following total hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture than for osteoarthritis: A prospective,observational cohort study

Studies on patients with degenerative joint disease of the hip show that femoral periprosthetic bone mineral decreases following total hip arthroplasty. Scarcely any osteodensitometric data exist on femoral neck fracture (FNF) patients and periprosthetic bone remodelling. In two parallel cohorts we enrolled 87 patients (mean age, 72 ± 12 years; male:female ratio, 30:57) undergoing total hip arthroplasty for either primary osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip (n = 37) or for an acute FNF (n = 50) and followed them for a mean of 5.4 years. Outcomes were bone mineral density (BMD) changes in the periprosthetic Gruen zones 1–7, the incidence of periprosthetic fractures and clinical outcome. The bone mineral loss in the fracture group was more than twice that of the osteoarthritis group, ?16.9% versus ?6.8% (p = 0.004). The incidence of periprosthetic fractures was 12% (6/50) in the fracture cohort compared with none (0%) in the OA cohort (p = 0.03). Periprosthetic bone mineral loss following total hip arthroplasty is significantly greater in patients who are treated for acute FNF than in OA patients. This decrease of BMD follows a different pattern with the FNF patients losing larger proportions of bone in Gruen zones 1, 2, 6, and 7 while the OA patients tend to have larger losses only in zones 1 and 7. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:504–512, 2015.

     

肱骨近端、髋部骨折老年女性骨密度和骨代谢指标对比研究

目的对髋部、肱骨近端骨折老年女性的骨密度和骨代谢指标进行对比分析,进一步揭示上述骨折部位女性患者骨密度和骨代谢指标特征性变化情况。方法经患者及家属同意,共纳入62例老年髋部骨折女性患者(其中股骨颈骨折39例,股骨粗隆间骨折23例)、肱骨近端骨折21例,收集患者年龄、检测患者骨密度、血清骨转换指标(Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽,P1NP;Ⅰ型胶原C端肽β降解产物,β-CTX)。结果肱骨近端骨折女性患者平均年龄为(66.1±8.0)岁,明显小于股骨颈骨折、粗隆间骨折女性患者(P<0.05);肱骨近端骨折女性髋部(T=-1.19±0.66)、腰椎骨密度(T=-1.67±1.00)明显高于粗隆间骨折女性髋部(T=-2.36±1.17)、腰椎骨密度(T=-2.61±1.42)(P<0.05),同时显著高于股骨颈骨折患者髋部骨密度(T=-2.33±0.99)。股骨颈骨折、股骨粗隆间骨折患者髋部、腰椎骨密度相比差异无统计学意义;三组间血清P1NP比较差异没有统计学意义,粗隆间骨折女性血清β-CTX(732.18±334.37μg/L)要明显高于肱骨近端骨折患者(529.66±292.34μg/L)(P<0.05)。结论相对于髋部骨折患者,肱骨近端骨折老年女性患者年龄较低,骨密度相对较高;骨吸收活跃可能是导致粗隆间骨折女性骨密度下降的原因。     

Range of change of measured BMD in the femoral neck and total hip with rotation in women

To obtain a quantitative assessment of the range of variation of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in the femoral neck and total hip with rotation of the hip, 200 women, ages 21–86 years, were scanned by DXA in the neutral position and with 25% internal rotation of the leg. The difference in BMDs (neutral minus internal rotation) was 0 in about 65% of the patients, whereas the remaining 35% were <0. In terms of absolute change, the femoral neck median BMD of 0.025g/cm² was significantly greater than the total hip, 0.016g/cm². Percent absolute femoral neck change was 3.13% compared to 1.79% for the total hip. Absolute change of the total hip correlated positively with age, while the femoral neck showed a positive trend that was not statistically significant at the P = 0.05 level. Despite the total hips lower precision error and smaller BMD change with rotation, the number of patients exceeding the 95% confidence limit for each site was virtually the same, 11% for the femoral neck and 13% for the total hip. This finding underlines the need to achieve confirmed repositioning accuracy in longitudinal studies, whether at zero femoral neck axis anteversion or otherwise, to appreciate the relative advantages of total hip measurement. The question that remains is what method can be employed to obtain this confirmation simply and economically in a busy clinical service facility with the usual turnover in personnel.     

老年同侧股骨颈并粗隆间骨折的手术疗效随访

[目的]探讨老年同侧股骨颈并粗隆间骨折的手术疗效。[方法]2005年1月～2011年3月随访34例同侧股骨颈并粗隆间骨折老年患者。其中,男10例,女24例;年龄69～87岁,平均78.6岁。所有患者均为闭合性骨折,行人工双极股骨头置换术6例、股骨近端锁定板内固定术7例、PFNA(proximal femoral nail antirotation)内固定术7例,DHS(dynamic hip screw)内固定术14例,采用Harris评分标准评估手术疗效。[结果]随访6～25个月,平均16.3个月。人工双极股骨头置换组无假体松动等并发症;PFNA内固定组1例患者出现内固定物松动、骨折再移位,1例患者发生骨不连,均行人工关节置换术治疗;DHS内固定组2例患者出现髋关节外翻愈合伴退钉,骨折愈合后取出内固定物;余内固定组患者无钢板断裂、松动、断钉现象,骨折均于术后12～30周愈合,平均18.5周。根据Harris评分标准评定,优11例,良17例,可3例,差3例,优良率82.4%。[结论]对于老年同侧股骨颈并粗隆间骨折病人,应根据骨折类型及患者情况,选择合理的手术方式。     

The degree of osteoporosis in patients with vertebral fracture and patients with hip fracture: Relationship to incidence of vertebral fracture

The most typical fracture that occurs in osteoporotic patients is a vertebral fracture, whereas hip fractures are thought to occur in the most severe osteoporotic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of osteoporosis between patients with vertebral fractures and patients with hip fracture by examining bone mineral density, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and the incidence of vertebral fractures. Subjects were 50 female patients with vertebral fractures (VX) and 60 female patients with hip fracture (HX). Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck (Neck), and one-third of the radius were determined by DXA. Total and bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, N-MID osteocalcin, PICP, free deoxypyridinoline, and CTx were measured. All z-scores of BMD in the three areas of VX and HX patients were negative, meaning those BMDs were lower in VX and HX than a decade-matched normal reference. The z-score of Neck BMD was significantly lower in HX than in VX. Deoxypyridinoline and CTx were significantly higher in HX than in VX. N-MID osteocalcin was significantly lower in HX than in VX. VX and HX patients were divided into four subgroups according to the number of their vertebral fractures: VX, with a single fracture; VX, with multiple fractures; HX, without vertebral fractures; and HX, with vertebral fractures. VX with multiple fractures and HX with vertebral fractures had lower z-scores at all skeletal sites. HX with vertebral fractures had the lowest median z-score at spine and Neck, whereas HX without vertebral fractures had a low z-score only at Neck compared to VX with a single fracture. There was no significant difference in markers among the subgroups. The number of vertebral fractures was negatively correlated with z-scores of BMD at all three sites. We concluded that uncoupling between bone formation and resorption is greater in hip fractures than in vertebral fractures. Vertebral fractures are associated with general osteopenia of the total skeleton. We suggest that there are two types of osteoporosis in patients with hip fractures: one is that the bone mass of the femoral neck is specifically reduced, and the other is a terminal stage of osteoporosis which follows osteoporosis with vertebral fractures. Received: Aug. 24, 1998 / Accepted: Dec. 4, 1998     

凝溶胶蛋白与绝经后女性股骨颈及腰椎骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨凝溶胶蛋白(GSN)在绝经后女性血浆中的水平并分析与股骨颈及腰椎骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法选取我院2015年1月至2019年5月期间在我院正常体检人员。纳入绝经后女性110名。与此同时,在我院体检中心选择非绝经期女性110例。采用Hologic?QDR-4500 DXA骨密度仪测定股骨颈、腰椎(L_1-L_4)的BMD。BMD数据以g/cm~2和T评分表示。T评分-2.5定义为骨质疏松症,T评分在-1～-2.5间定义为骨量减少,T评分-1定义为骨密度正常(正常BMD组)。骨质疏松症或骨量减少定义为低BMD组,骨密度正常定义为正常BMD组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定GSN水平。结果绝经后女性年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、FBS高于绝经前女性(P0.05);而股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD、GSN低于绝经前女性(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、吸烟比例、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD与年龄、吸烟、FBS、pGSN呈负相关(r=-0.435、-0.301、-0.243、-0.609),与HDL、BMI呈正相关(r=0.395、0.365)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD与年龄、p GSN呈负相关(r=-0.463、-0.433),与BMI呈正相关(r=0.398)。年龄、BMI、GSN是股骨颈-BMD独立影响因素;年龄、GSN是腰椎(L1-L4)-BMD独立影响因素。结论 GSN是股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD的独立影响因素。因此,GSN水平升高可能预测绝经后女性骨质疏松症的发生及进展。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗累及股骨颈的股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）内固定治疗累及股骨颈的股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法12例累及股骨颈的股骨粗隆间骨折（多发骨折组）及12例单纯股骨粗隆间骨折（单纯骨折组）均采用PFNA内固定。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后12周骨折愈合情况,以及髋关节功能Harris评分。结果多发骨折组手术时间、术中出血量及切开复位例数明显多于单纯骨折组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多发骨折组术后12周髋关节功能Harris评分较单纯骨折组低,差异有统计学意义（P=0．003）。所有患者骨折均愈合,术后未出现感染、皮肤坏死、深静脉血栓等并发症。但多发骨折组1例于术后4周螺旋刀片切出股骨头。结论对于累及股骨颈的股骨粗隆间骨折采用PFNA内固定治疗可以达到较好的临床疗效．但需要更高超的复位及固定技术。     

老年女性股骨颈骨折妇科相关危险因素分析

目的探讨老年女性骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的危险因素,为早期准确预测其骨质疏松股骨颈骨折提供客观依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择150例年龄60岁的骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折女性患者作为骨折组,同时在周边地区随机选取150例年龄相当的无股骨颈骨折的老年女性作为对照组。通过问卷调查的方法,调查两组年龄、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、怀孕次数、生产次数、母乳喂养时间、体重指数等妇科相关情况。采用Logistic回归分析的方法对影响股骨颈骨折的因素进行分析。结果对照组与骨折组的初潮年龄、绝经年龄、怀孕次数、生产次数、母乳喂养时间、体重指数比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01),其中老年女性骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的发生与初潮年龄、怀孕次数、生产次数、母乳喂养时间呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01),与绝经年龄、体重指数呈负相关(P0.01)。结论初潮晚、绝经早、孕产次数多、母乳喂养时间长、体重指数低可能是老年女性骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的重要危险因素。     

人工股骨头置换及动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的比较分析

[目的]通过对使用人工股骨头置换以及动力髋螺钉（DHS）治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的结果进行比较分析，探讨两者之间的差别。[方法]采用回顾性总结的方法，收集63例高龄老人股骨粗隆间骨折，随机分别采用人工股骨头置换术及动力髋螺钉的治疗方法，经过6个月以上的随访，比较两组间在术后的并发症、累积生存率、术后髋部的功能评分及丢失情况等方面存在的异同。[结果]两组病人在手术时间、术中出血方面几乎没有显著的不同，术后的并发症也未显示不同的术式所造成的全身状况的差异，但就局部症状而言，DHS组出现了内固定穿出骨皮质以及内侧皮质坍塌所形成的髋内翻现象，而半髋组病人则出现了不明原因的髋部疼痛，但无假体松动和感染的诊断依据，DHS组髋关节综合评分下降了8．6％，而半髋组则下降了9．2％，因此从功能恢复的角度来看两组间也不能确定何种术式更值得推荐。[结论]对于高龄不稳定的粗隆骨折患者，手术固然是希望能获得与术前相同的功能活动，但其首要目的还是能提供给病人更多早期活动的条件，因此人工股骨头置换术是股骨粗隆间骨折内固定术较为合理的替代术式。