重症急性胰腺炎并发全身炎症反应综合征的临床特征及处理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（Severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）全身炎症反应综合征（Systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS）的临床特征及治疗方案的选择与预后的关系。方法 2007年1月至2010年12月本院收治的49例重症急性胰腺炎患者,分为两组：治疗组27例,采用乌司他丁2×106U静脉滴注,每天2次,连续6天,病情改善后减半量给药2天,病情重则延长使用时间;对照组22例,除不予乌司他丁外其余措施如禁食、胃肠减压、抗感染等与治疗组相同。对比分析两组全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征（Multiple organdysfunction syndrome,MODS）以及死亡率。结果治疗组全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征发生率分别为66.7%（18/27）和37.0%（10/27）,显著低于对照组的和95.5%（21/22）和72.7%（16/22）（P〈0.05）,有统计学意义。两组的死亡率分别为11.1%（3/27）和22.7%（5/22）,无显著差别。结论全身炎症反应综合征持续进展将导致多器官功能障碍综合征的发生;多器官功能障碍综合征是导致重症急性胰腺炎患者死亡的主要原因;乌司他丁能显著降低重症急性胰腺炎全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征等并发症的发生率。     

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目的　阐述中性粒细胞凋亡在重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)的发生以及进展为多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)中的作用机制。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年采用流式细胞仪分别测定SAP组、轻症急性胰腺炎 (MAP)组和健康对照组各 2 0例外周血中性粒细胞凋亡 ,并分析急性胰腺炎发生系统性炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)、MODS与中性粒细胞凋亡的关系。结果　SAP组、MAP组和对照组中性粒细胞凋亡分别为 (2 2 6± 0 76 ) %、(3 0 7± 1 10 ) %、(3 88± 1 2 0 ) %。各组间比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。未发生SIRS组、SIRS组与MODS组胰腺炎病人中性粒细胞调亡分别为 (3 35± 1 0 2 ) % ,(2 6 9± 0 84 ) % ,(1 80± 0 6 7) % ,各组间差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　外周血延缓的中性粒细胞凋亡在急性胰腺炎发病机制中具有重要作用 ,是胰腺炎病人发生SIRS并进展为MODS的重要环节。     

乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎相关性急性肺损伤的预防和治疗作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁在治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)时对急性胰腺炎相关性急性肺损伤(acute pancreatitis associatedlung injury,APALI)的预防和治疗作用.方法 对我院205例急性胰腺炎患者进行回顾性分析,对照组112例行常规治疗;治疗组93例行常规 乌司他丁治疗.分别于治疗后第0,3,6,9天分析患者动脉血气,以血PaO2与吸氧浓度比值(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸频率和肺部X线检查等为观测指标,观察乌司他丁治疗组和对照组之间肺损伤发生率和对肺损伤疗效的差异.结果 治疗组中急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤的发生率为35.6%,对照组为67.9%,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且,发病24 h以内使用乌司他丁预防效果最佳.各治疗阶段乌司他丁治疗组较对照组肺损伤程度显著减轻(P＜0.01).结论 乌司他丁在治疗急性胰腺炎时可以显著减少急性肺损伤的发生,并能促进急性肺损伤的好转,对急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤有显著预防和治疗作用.     

重症急性胰腺炎的液体治疗

<正>重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)占整个急性胰腺炎的10%～20%,病情凶险、并发症多、病情进展迅速、病死率高。SAP自发病至2周左右为急性反应期[1],以全身炎性反应综合征(systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome,SIRS)并发多脏器功能不全综合征(multipleorgan dysfunction syndrome,MODS)为特点,构成临床第一个死亡高峰。     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎症反应综合征

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)是引起全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的常见原因,从SIRS到多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)是一个渐进的过程,早期评估SAP的预后在SAP的诊治过程中具有指导性意义,早期积极有效地阻断SIRS向MODS的进程、保护重要脏器,则可提高SAP的治愈率。     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎症反应综合征

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)是引起全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的常见原因，从SIRS到多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)是一个渐进的过程，早期评估SAP的预后在SAP的诊治过程中具有指导性意义，早期积极有效地阻断SIRS向MODS的进程、保护重要脏器，则可提高SAP的治愈率。     

急性上尿路梗阻全身炎症反应综合征76例临床分析

目的：提高对急性上尿路梗阻全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）与多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）关系的认识，探讨MODS的防治策略。方法：分析76例急性上尿路梗阻患者SIRS的临床资料及MODS发生率。结果：入院时出现SIRS者21例，发生率27.6%，其中8例发生MODS（38.1%），MODS中3例死亡。结论：MODS中急性肾功能衰竭最常见，随着符合SIRS标准项目的增加，病死率比例也增加（P＜0.05）。早期诊断SIRS，积极治疗机体炎症反应，及时解除上尿路梗阻，是改善上尿路梗阻患者预后的关键。     

重症急性胰腺炎液体治疗推荐方案

重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的病程早期即急性反应期(发病2周内),以全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)为特点,SIRS导致多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)为此期主要死因。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点及治疗体会

目的 分析重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床特点,并总结治疗体会.方法 ①回顾分析南京军区南京总医院近9年63例SAP合并ARF临床资料,用多元直线回归方法分析影响ARF发生率的相关因素;②63例病人均行肠内营养支持(62.4±20.6d)和连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)(15.6±8.7 d),51例行机械通气(21.7±12.4 d),54例早期腹腔穿刺,34例置鼻胆管或经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流,18例行腹膜后脓肿穿刺引流,50例手术治疗.结果 SAP合并ARF的死亡率为31.7%,发生率为10.6%,SIRS持续时间、病情严重程度、ARDS、MODS、腹腔间室综合征等是SAP合并ARF的重要影响因素.结论 SIRS持续时间、病情严重程度、ARDS、MODS、腹腔间室综合征等是SAP合并ARF的重要影响因素;早期液体复苏、CRRT、有效维护脏器功能和局部引流是治疗成功的重要环节.     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎性反应综合征的临床探讨

目的　加强对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)中全身炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)的认识。方法　回顾 1 991～ 2 0 0 0年 60例SAP住院患者SIRS的发生及其全病程 ,并对其治疗和死亡原因进行分析。结果　 (1 )SAP患者 96 .7%出现SIRS ,持续时间平均 5 .6± 3 .5d。 (2 )SAP并发脓毒症后死亡率明显增高 (P <0 .0 5)。 (3)未手术组并发脓毒症、多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS) ,多脏器系统功能衰竭 (MSOF)及死亡率明显高于手术组 ,分别为P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5。 (4)近期手术组与延期手术组死亡率无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　SAP一旦其SIRS的诱因未及时控制或消除 ,最终会发展为MODS。应在代谢支持的前提下 ,在抗感染的基础上 ,选择适当的手术时机 ,防止SIRS发展为MODS。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.