6H-SiC晶片的退火处理

本文在背景Ar气压力为8×104Pa、温度为1800～2000℃的条件下,对升华法生长SiC单晶的籽晶进行了原位退火处理,利用原子力显微镜和光学显微镜对退火后的6H-SiC晶片表面进行了观察,研究了退火温度和时间对晶片表面的影响.发现经过退火处理后的籽晶表面存在规则的生长台阶,有助于侧面生长模式的发展,进一步有助于台阶流生长模式的发展.通过对籽晶的退火处理,降低了螺旋生长中心的密度,从而减少多型夹杂、小角度晶界和微管等缺陷的出现,提高了晶体质量.     

Ar和H2气氛退火CdZnTe表面的XPS研究

对CZT晶体进行了相同温度条件下Ar和H2气氛退火实验研究.利用XPS的离子溅射深度剖析对比分析了退火前和不同气氛退火后CZT晶体表面成分和价态的变化,并以上述变化为依据,推测了退火前CZT晶体的表面结构和成分以及退火过程中气体与CZT晶体表面发生的化学反应.结果表明,相比Ar气氛退火,H2气氛退火后因为TeO2和富Te层会先后和H2发生化学反应而大量减少,可以有效地去除TeO2和富Te层,增大H与CZT的接触面积,促进H与CZT的进一步反应.     

γ-LiAlO2晶体的退火研究

利用温度梯度法生长出了透明的γ-LiAlO2单晶,通过扫描电镜和X射线薄膜衍射分析了不同退火气氛对所切得的(001)晶片表面结构的影响.结果表明:1100℃/70h空气和真空中的退火处理使γ-LiAlO2晶片表层变成LiAl5O8多晶,而同温度富锂气氛退火可以有效地抑制锂的挥发,保持了晶格完整性并且提高了晶体质量.     

静电纺丝法制备SiC纤维及其表征

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)与聚碳硅烷(PCS)为原料,利用静电纺丝法制得PCS/PVP复合纤维,通过空气交联,氩气(Ar)气氛下高温(1000～1400 ℃)处理以及空气中500 ℃除碳,最终得到碳化硅(SiC)纤维.利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对所得纤维进行形貌、微观结构和成分分析,并研究了不同处理温度对SiC纤维结构和形貌的影响.结果表明,利用静电纺丝法可以得到质量较好的SiC纤维,热处理温度为1000 ℃和1200 ℃时得到无定形的SiC纤维,热处理温度为1400 ℃时可以得到结晶较好的β-SiC纤维.     

提拉法Ti:LiAlO2晶体的生长、缺陷及N2退火研究

本文采用提拉法成功地生长了钛掺杂浓度为0.1%原子分数的LiAlO2单晶体,借助光学显微镜,结合化学腐蚀法,对Ti:LiAlO2晶体(100)面空气退火前后的缺陷特征进行了研究,用AFM观测了(100)面晶片在不同温度下流动N2气氛退火过的表面形貌。结果表明:Ti:LiAlO2晶体(100)面的位错腐蚀坑是底面为平行四边形的锥形坑,位错密度约为5.0×104cm-2,900℃空气退火后晶片表面的位错腐蚀坑变大;N2退火能显著影响晶片的表面形貌,当退火温度为900℃时,晶片的均方根粗糙度(RMS)达到最低值。     

一步法消除蓝宝石晶体材料的内部应力

温度梯度法(TGT)生长蓝宝石晶体不可避免出现应力.为提高晶体的品质和加工质量需进行释放应力去色退火处理.使用现有“两步法”退火工艺,由于其退火温度低且速度慢,需要付出较高的时间成本和退火工艺的成本.现提出了“一步法”退火工艺,即在1750～ 1800℃空气气氛中直接进行高温退火.蓝宝石晶棒经“一步法”退火处理后,其内部澄清透明,且晶片加工终检的翘曲度(warp)和弯曲度(bow)的不良率较未退火前分别降低了100;和70;.蓝宝石晶棒的高温退火处理效果明显,可在其他晶体材料中尝试推广.     

热退火诱导C+注入Si晶体的蓝光发射

在室温和注入能量为60 keV的条件下,在硅晶片中注入C+,使其剂量达到5.0×1016 cm2,随后即对样品进行高温退火处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD),拉曼和光致发光(PL)光谱技术对样品进行了表征.实验结果显示:C+注入后经高温退火的样品的XRD图谱中,在40°附近处出现了衍射峰,表明经退火后样品中形成了纳米尺寸的SiC团簇,并观察到了强烈的蓝光发射.PL光谱中的蓝光峰起源于量子限制效应.     

SiC衬底上外延石墨烯的氢插入及表征

使用热解法在4H-SiC硅面制备出单层石墨烯,而后将石墨烯置于氢气气氛下退火,使氢插入到缓冲层与SiC衬底之间.利用X射线光电子能谱对氢插入后的化学键变化进行了表征.样品的碳1s能谱中碳元素由SiC衬底、石墨烯及缓冲层共同构成.对不同氢气退火温度下各组分的强度进行采集与分析,并分别与相应的拉曼光谱数据进行对比.结果表明,低于800℃退火温度会造成氢插入的不完全,但当退火温度超过1200℃后,插入的氢将被释放.为获得较优的氢插入效果,需要选择1000℃左右的氢气退火温度.     

磁控溅射衬底加热温度和后退火温度对制备β-Ga2O3薄膜材料的影响

作为宽禁带半导体材料的一员,结构稳定的β-Ga₂O₃具有比SiC和GaN更宽的禁带宽度和更高的巴利加优值,近年来受到科研人员的广泛关注。本文采用射频(RF)磁控溅射法在C面蓝宝石衬底上生长β-Ga₂O₃薄膜,探究溅射过程中衬底加热温度的影响。溅射完成后通过高温退火处理提升薄膜质量,研究衬底加热温度和后退火温度对氧化镓薄膜晶体结构和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等测试手段对β-Ga₂O₃薄膜晶体结构、表面形貌等进行分析表征。实验结果表明,随着衬底加热温度的升高,β-Ga₂O₃薄膜表面粗糙度逐渐降低,薄膜晶体质量得到显著提升;在氧气气氛中进行后退火,合适的后退火温度有利于氧化镓薄膜重新结晶、增大晶粒尺寸,能够有效修复薄膜的表面态和点缺陷,对于改善薄膜晶体质量有明显优势。     

四甲基硅烷流量对硬质合金表面沉积的SiC涂层的影响

采用强电流直流伸展电弧化学气相沉积(HCDCA CVD)技术,在Ar、H2和四甲基硅烷(TMS)先驱体组成的混合气体气氛下,在YG6硬质合金衬底表面沉积了SiC涂层.本文对不同TMS流量条件下制备的SiC涂层的沉积速率、表面形貌、化学成分、物相组成以及附着力进行了对比研究.在此基础上,实验选取表面连续致密且附着力良好的SiC涂层作为过渡层进行了金刚石涂层的沉积,并对金刚石涂层的形貌、质量以及附着力进行了表征.实验发现.随着TMS流量的增加,SiC涂层的沉积速率加快,连续和致密性逐渐改善,但其附着力明显降低.连续致密且附着力良好的SiC涂层作为过渡层,可以有效地抑制硬质合金中Co的扩散,消除Co在金刚石涂层沉积过程中的不利影响,获得附着力良好的纳米金刚石涂层.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.