ITO薄膜的厚度对其光电性能的影响

氧化铟锡(indium-tin oxide, ITO)具有在可见光范围内高度透明的特性和优良的电学特性,通常当作透明电极,被广泛应用于太阳电池和发光元器件上.本研究中用电阻加热反应蒸发的方法制备ITO薄膜,测试了膜的厚度、电阻率、可见光透过率、载流子浓度和迁移率,讨论薄膜的厚度对薄膜光电性能的影响.实验中制备的ITO薄膜,透过率良好,电阻率可达6.37×10-4Ω·cm,载流子浓度和迁移率可分别达到1.91×1020cm-3和66.4cm2v-1s-1.将实验中制备的ITO作为nip太阳能电池透明电极,其短路电流为10.13mA/cm2,开路电压为0.79V,填充因子为0.648,效率可达到5.193;.     

缓冲层对溶胶凝胶制备ZnO∶ Sn薄膜性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶旋涂法,在石英衬底上引入缓冲层制备ZnO∶Sn薄膜.利用四探针电阻率测试仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光致发光(PL)谱仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)等测试手段对薄膜的微观结构和光电性能进行表征.结果表明:所制样品均呈现六角纤锌矿晶体结构并沿C轴择优生长,薄膜的结晶质量和光电性能达到改善,适当厚度的缓冲层可以有效缓解薄膜和衬底间的晶格失配.随着缓冲层厚度的增加,薄膜的电导率以及在可见光范围的透过率先增大后减小.制备两层缓冲层薄膜性能最优,电阻率达到9.5×10-3 Ω·cm,可见光波段的平均透过率为91;.     

利用直流磁控溅射法在柔性衬底上制备ZnO: Zr新型透明导电薄膜

室温下利用直流磁控溅射法在有ZnO缓冲层的柔性衬底 PET上制备出了可见光透过率高、电阻率低的掺锆氧化锌(ZnO: Zr)透明导电薄膜,研究了厚度对ZnO: Zr薄膜结构及光电性能的影响.结果表明,ZnO: Zr薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜.实验获得ZnO: Zr薄膜的最小电阻率为2.4×10-3 Ω·cm,其霍尔迁移率为18.9 cm2·V-1·s-1 ,载流子浓度为2.3×1020 cm-3.实验制备的ZnO: Zr薄膜具有良好的附着性能,其可见光平均透过率超过92;.     

溅射时间对室温沉积ITO薄膜光电性能的影响

利用对靶磁控溅射方法在尺寸为6 cm×6 cm有机玻璃衬底上室温沉积ITO透明导电氧化物薄膜,重点研究了沉积时间对于ITO薄膜导电性、可见光透光性以及红外发射特性的影响.结果发现随溅射时间延长,薄膜厚度呈线性增加;XRD分析显示薄膜逐渐由非晶结构转变为(400)与(440)取向的多晶结构;薄膜导电性能提高,电阻率整体迅速下降,在溅射时间为60 min时达到最小为2.1×10-4Ω·cm,载流子浓度达到最高值为1.2×1021 cm-3,同时薄膜红外发射率最低可达0.17;薄膜可见光透光率逐渐下降,并且在紫外光区域出现一定红移.     

ITO/BZO复合薄膜制备及在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用

采用低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法在沉积ITO薄膜的玻璃衬底上制备了硼掺杂氧化锌(BZO)薄膜,研究了ITO缓冲层对ITO/BZO复合薄膜表观形貌、导电性能和光学性能的影响;并研究了ITO/BZO薄膜在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用.结果表明,以ITO作为缓冲层来沉积BZO薄膜,有利于BZO晶粒尺寸的长大,并可以显著提高BZO薄膜的导电能力.ITO/BZO复合薄膜具有相对较高的导电能力和光学透光率,应用在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池时转化效率提高0.20;.     

薄膜厚度对ZnO:Y薄膜结构及光电特性影响

室温下采用射频磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备出了具有良好附着性、低电阻率和高透过率的新型ZnO∶Y(ZnO掺杂Y2O3,简称ZnO∶Y)透明导电薄膜。研究了薄膜厚度对ZnO∶Y薄膜结构、光电特性的影响。结果表明:不同厚度的ZnO∶Y薄膜均为多晶薄膜,具有ZnO六角纤锌矿结构,最佳取向为(002)方向。随薄膜厚度增加,其电阻率减小,当薄膜厚度增至800 nm时,其电阻率为8.36×10-4Ω.cm,迁移率为15.3 cm2.V-1.s-1,载流子浓度为4.88×1020cm-3。不同厚度的薄膜在可见光范围内平均透过率均为90%以上,当薄膜厚度从200 nm增加到800 nm时,薄膜禁带宽度从3.68 eV减小到3.61 eV。     

铌酸锂衬底上磁控溅射ITO薄膜及其光电性质研究

在铌酸锂(LN)晶体衬底上磁控溅射铟锡氧化物(ITO)薄膜,研究了射频磁控溅射制备ITO/LN薄膜的最佳工艺.采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了透明导电ITO膜的制备工艺参数对薄膜表面形貌和晶体结构的影响,同时应用四探针电阻率测量和紫外可见光谱测量技术对所研制的ITO/LN膜的光电性质进行了研究.结果表明,衬底温度为320℃,溅射时间50 min时制备的ITO/LN薄膜具有最佳光电性质,在该条件制备出薄膜的电阻率为3.41×10-4Ω·cm,ITO/LN平均可见光透光率可达74.38;,平均透光率比LN衬底提高了1.1;.应用该溅射条件制备了泰伯效应位相阵列器,其近场衍射成像的相对光强可达0.67.     

射频磁控溅射低温制备ITO薄膜

利用射频磁控溅射法低温制备铟锡氧化物薄膜,主要研究了氧氩流量比、溅射功率、溅射压强、沉积温度和靶基距等工艺参数对ITO薄膜结构和光电性能的影响.在优化的沉积条件即氧氩流量比0.1/25、溅射功率210W、溅射压强0.2 Pa、靶基距2.0 cm和衬底为100℃的低温下制备的ITO薄膜电阻率为7.3×10-4Ω·cm、可见光范围内平均透光率为89.4;.在氩气气氛中200℃低温退火60 min后,ITO薄膜的电阻率降为3.8 ×10-4Ω·cm,透光率不变.     

用于HIT太阳能电池的ITO薄膜制备与性能研究

采用中频脉冲磁控溅射工艺制备ITO薄膜,研究了衬底温度和溅射功率对薄膜性能的影响.通过对二者的优化,获得了方阻为2.99Ω/□,电阻率为1.76×10-4Ω·cm,可见光波段(400～800 nm)平均透过率为82.3;的ITO薄膜.将优化后的薄膜用于电池上,制出了转化效率为14.04;的HIT太阳能电池.     

磁控溅射沉积掺锡氧化铟透明导电薄膜的光电性能研究

采用直流磁控溅射技术在玻璃衬底上制备了掺锡氧化铟(ITO)透明导电薄膜,通过XRD、XPS、四探针仪和分光光度计等测试方法,研究了沉积速率对ITO薄膜微观结构和光电性能的影响.实验结果表明:ITO样品为具有(222)择优取向的立方锰铁矿结构,其晶体结构和光电性能明显受到沉积速率的影响.当沉积速率为4 nm/min时,所制备的ITO薄膜具有最大的晶粒尺寸(32.5 nm)、最低的电阻率(1.1×10-3Ω·cm)、最高的可见光区平均透过率(86.4;)和最大的优良指数(7.9×102 S·cm-1),其光电综合性能最佳.同时采用Tauc法则计算了ITO薄膜的光学能隙,结果显示沉积速率增大时,ITO薄膜的光学能隙单调减小.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.