甲状腺术中喉返神经监测技术的标准化

目的在甲状腺手术中缺少术中神经监测(intra operative neuromonitoring,IONM)的标准化操作可导致结果变异性强,这些结果可产生错误信息并增加喉返神经损伤的危险性。因此有必要进行IONM操作的标准化。方法本研究共招募了289例进行过甲状腺切除术的患者(435根神经有危险),均由一位外科医师实施手术。每例患者均由同一位麻醉师使用EMG气管导管进行插管。每例患者均进行标准化IONM操作。该操作包括术前和术后对声带运动进行录像监测、保证电极在正确位置、喉返神经剥离前后刺激迷走神经并记录EMG信号,并摄像记录暴露的喉返神经。结果5例患者出现IONM波形异常,是由于电极错位所致,这一问题被立刻监测到。监测到1例患者在手术较早阶段出现非喉返神经损伤。甲状腺剥离时18例患者的神经失去了EMG信号,使用我们的标准化IONM操作后神经损伤的原因得以清楚阐明。结论标准化IONM操作不仅在消除错误的IONM结果方面有用且有帮助,而且有助于阐明喉返神经损伤的机制。在确定外科手术的缺陷并提高外科手术技巧后,本研究显著降低了神经麻痹的发生率。     

分化型甲状腺癌再次手术临床分析

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌再次手术治疗的原因、术式的选择、并发症的发生及疗效.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月至2005年1月期间收治再次手术治疗的49例分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料.再次手术方式:①误诊为良性病变者,再手术时切除残叶及峡部,其中对于颈淋巴无转移者,同时加Ⅵ区颈清扫,而颈淋巴有转移者,同时加Ⅱ～Ⅵ区颈清扫;②复发患者再手术时行甲状腺全切或复发灶切除,对于颈淋巴有转移者,同时加Ⅱ～Ⅵ区颈清扫.结果 再次手术患者残癌率59.2%(29/49),其中原发部位残癌率53.1%(26/49),术后有3例出现喉返神经损伤,4例出现甲状旁腺损伤,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,再手术患者5年、10年累积生存率分别为95.8%、86.9%.结论 对于分化型甲状腺癌再次手术患者,选择适当的再手术方式,可以提高生存率并改善患者生活质量,术中应仔细解剖,尽量防止并发症的发生,重点是避免喉返神经和甲状旁腺损伤.     

连续整块切除原则在甲状腺癌二次手术中的应用

目的 探讨甲状腺癌二次手术的范围和要点及连续整块切除原则的应用.方法 回顾性研究2002至2006年北京肿瘤医院收治因外院手术范围不足,需再次手术的75例甲状腺乳头状癌患者,其中男10例,女65例;年龄21～56岁,中位年龄35.5岁.病例均为甲状腺原发灶和Ⅵ区淋巴结可疑肿瘤残留患者,采用连续整块切除的方法将患侧甲状腺残叶+峡部+同侧带状肌+同侧Ⅵ区淋巴组织切除.结果 再次术后病理证实,第一次术后有癌组织残留39例,残留率为52.0%,其中单纯原发灶残留10例,单纯Ⅵ区淋巴转移8例,原发灶残留并有Ⅵ区淋巴转移21例.29例Ⅵ区淋巴转移患者中共发现转移淋巴结63个.再次手术发现,第一次手术造成喉返神经损伤8例,其中神经被完全切断4例,神经被结扎4例,被结扎的位置均在喉返神经入喉附近.喉返神经被结扎的4例术中拆除缝线,术后声音均明显改善,随访见患侧声带活动基本恢复.结论 患侧甲状腺残叶+峡部+同侧带状肌+同侧Ⅵ区淋巴组织切除是甲状腺癌二次手术的基本术式,连续整块切除原则在甲状腺癌二次手术中可以得到很好的应用.     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的探讨

探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的原因和预防措施。分析了３６８例甲状腺手术,暂时性喉返神经麻痹３例,未发生一例永久性喉返神经麻痹。术中喉返神经是否暴露,采用具体情况区别对待方法,对大多数甲状腺良性病变,尽可能术中不暴露喉返神经,但对于较大的结节性甲状腺肿,甲状腺腺瘤和再次手术病例,术中应暴露喉返神经;甲状腺癌术中常规暴露喉返神经。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的探讨

探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的原因和预防措施。分析了３６８例甲状腺手术，暂时性喉返神经麻痹３例（０．８２％），未发生一例永久性喉返神经麻痹。术中喉返神经是否暴露，采用具体情况区别对待方法，对大多数甲状腺良性病变（８９．１％），尽可能术中不暴露喉返神经，但对于较大的结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤和再次手术病例，术中应暴露喉返神经；甲状腺癌术中常规暴露喉返神经。作者认为，只要掌握手术操作要领，熟悉喉返神经解剖和变异，喉返神经损伤，特别是永久性损伤是完全可以预防的     

复发性甲状腺癌再手术87例临床分析

目的:探讨复发性甲状腺癌再次手术的原因及再次手术的术式及注意事项.方法:回顾性分析甲状腺手术后病理证实为甲状腺癌,需再次手术治疗的87例患者的临床病理资料.结果:再次手术患者中,术后病理证实癌残留43例(49.4％),Ⅵ区淋巴结转移65例(74.7％),颈侧区淋巴结转移42例(48.3％);再次手术后发生短暂性喉返神经...     

中央区淋巴结快速病理检查指导分化型甲状腺癌手术方式的选择

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌患者中央区肿大淋巴结的快速病理检查,对选择分化型甲状腺癌患者手术方式的意义,以避免过多切除甲状腺组织,影响患者的生活质量.方法1997年1月至2000年9月在甲状腺癌患者手术中,根据对中央区淋巴结快速病理的检查结果,分别对甲状腺癌患者行甲状腺双侧全切除术、一侧全切+峡部切除以及单侧或双侧功能性颈淋巴结清扫术.结果术后随访4～6年,1例于手术后1年半复发而再次手术,其他患者无复发,复发率为2.78%.结论在分化型甲状腺癌患者的手术中,对中央区淋巴结的术中快速病理检查,可以指导对甲状腺癌患者手术方式的选择,减少手术后癌的复发率及转移率,提高患者的生活质量.     

甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经的临床价值

目的探讨甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经对防止其损伤的临床价值。方法回顾性分析5344例甲状腺手术患者在全身麻醉下行手术治疗的临床资料,术中解剖喉返神经548例(解剖组),未解剖喉返神经4796例(未解剖组);比较两组术中喉返神经损伤的发生率有无差异。结果解剖组喉返神经损伤12例,发生率为2.2%;未解剖组喉返神经损伤512例,发生率为10.7%。两组喉返神经损伤率差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经能有效防止其损伤。     

甲状腺良性病变手术预防喉返神经损伤的方法

目的 探讨甲状腺良性病变手术喉返神经显露的方法.方法 回顾分析2243例甲状腺良性病变手术资料,对甲状腺良性病变不同病变位置、不同手术方法与喉返神经损伤的关系进行比较分析.结果 本组共发生喉返神经损伤68例(3.0%).其中显露喉返神经手术中,背侧组喉返神经损伤率为1.0%(1/97),位于其他部位组,无喉返神经损伤.喉返神经区域保护法手术中,背侧组喉返神经损伤率为7.6%(65/853),病变位于甲状腺其他部位组喉返神经损伤率为0.17%(2/1195).结论 甲状腺良性病变手术,对于病变位于背侧的结节或腺瘤、甲状腺再次手术以及术中发生声音改变者,应常规显露喉返神经,其他情况则采用喉返神经区域保护法.显露方法可采用侧方、上方及下方三种途径.     

甲状腺甲状旁腺术中神经功能实时监测

目的　探讨应用自主研发改良的术中神经功能实时监测方法对术中喉返神经功能进行实时监测的临床效果与意义。方法　对我院与中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院、昆 明医科大学附一院、河南省肿瘤医院共计761例甲状腺/甲状旁腺患者应用人体术中神经多功能检测报警系统进行术中神经功能实时监测。结果　术中双侧475例（950条）,单侧286例（286条）,共1236条喉返神经功能监测顺利,术后行喉镜检查有12例出现声带麻痹,3个月内恢复正常,喉返神经损伤永久性损伤为2例。喉返神经探查时间为（3.1±1.1）分钟,术中喉返神经损伤识别率、暂时性损伤率及永久性损伤率分别为100%、1.58%（12/761）和0.26%（2/761）。结论 术中神经功能实时监测技术在甲状腺手术中的应用,降低手术难度,减轻术者与患者的心理压力,缩短喉返神经探查时间,能及时有效的监测与保护喉返神经,有广泛推广的应用前景。     

Recomendaciones sobre el uso de la neuromonitorización en cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides

Introduction

Thyroid and parathyroid surgery (TPTS) is associated with risk of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve and voice changes. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM), intermittent or continuous, evaluates the functional state of the laryngeal nerves and is being increasingly used. This means that points of consensus on the most controversial aspects are necessary.

Intraoperative nerve monitoring reduces recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in geriatric patients undergoing thyroid surgery

Objective: This research was aimed to investigate whether the intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) can reduce the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury in geriatric patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 522 geriatric patients undergoing thyroid surgery between January 2013 and June 2016 in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. Patients with IONM during the surgery (n?=?340) were compared with patients without IONM (n?=?212). RLN injury was verified by direct or indirect laryngoscope and relative factors for injury would be retrospectively analyzed.

Results: The use of IONM group showed significant reduction in both total and transient RLN injury incidence, when compared with that in control group (1.76 versus 4.72%, p?=?.01 and 1.32 versus 3.67%, p?=?.03, respectively). However, the permanent RLN injury incidence did not show difference between the two groups (p?=?.3).

Conclusions: Our finding showed the use of IONM resulted in significantly reduction in RLN injury incidence. The technology of IONM is safe and convenient to detect, track and monitor the complete function of RLN and to provide the guidance for the surgeons during the thyroid surgery in geriatric patients, who are at high risk of RLN injury.     

Laryngeal morbidity after intubation with or without neuromuscular block in thyroid surgery using recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring

Objective

The avoidance of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) for endotracheal intubation is associated with a higher incidence of laryngeal discomfort and lesions, but could impair effectiveness of intra operative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring (IONM).

Methods

In a retrospective quality assessment study over a period of 30 months, a collective that had been intubated without NMBA was compared with a group, which had received NMBA. Endolaryngeal EMG was accomplished with a MagStim^®-EMG-electrode.

Results

Out of the 127 patients with 224 nerves at risk (NAR; NMBA 102 NAR, no NMBA 122 NAR), more than 90% received a total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol, and 88% had remifentanil. Laryngeal side effects and damage scores did not differ significantly.

Conclusions

In this special setting of IONM and thyroid surgery, avoidance of NMBA for endotracheal intubation seems not to increase the incidence of laryngeal side effects and lesions. If endotracheal intubation without NMBA is required, the authors suggest a standardized approach using induction agents as propofol and remifentanil.     

甲状腺乳头状癌不规范手术的弊端和补救

目的分析甲状腺乳头状癌不规范手术的弊端，探讨甲状腺乳头状癌不规范手术后补救手术的必要性和方式。方法总结1990年1月—2000年1月因行甲状腺乳头状癌不规范手术后又在浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科补救手术的332例和同期在头颈外科行初次规范手术的甲状腺乳头状癌561例的临床及病理资料，对相关内容进行对比。结果补救手术者术后病理证实原发灶区肿瘤阳性率53．9％（179／332），颈淋巴转移率39．2％（130／332），颈前肌保存率30．7％（102／332），甲状旁腺明确保存率74．1％（246／332），喉返神经损伤发生率3．3％（11／332），原发灶区5年复发率7．5％（25／332），总的5年、10年累积生存率分别90．2％、84．4％。初次治疗者颈淋巴转移率37．4％（210／561），颈前肌保存率96．1％（539／561），甲状旁腺明确保存率93．0％（522／561），喉返神经损伤发生率1．2％（7／561），原发灶区5年复发率3．7％（21／561），总的5年、10年累积生存率分别94．0％、92．5％。全组原发灶区复发患者10年累积生存率67．8％，未复发患者10年累积生存率92．9％。统计学分析显示补救组与初次组间颈前肌保存率、甲状旁腺明确保存率、原发灶区5年复发率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；喉返神经损伤发生率差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。复发患者生存率低于无复发者，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论甲状腺乳头状癌不规范手术后原发灶区有较高的肿瘤阳性率，有必要行补救手术，但即使补救手术仍将导致较高的复发率，进而影响生存状况。同时二次手术将增加功能损伤的发生率，因而首次手术的规范化不容忽视。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露的意义

目的阐明甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经（recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN）的优点。方法在452例不同类型的甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经,手术前后喉镜检查声带运动情况。结果共显露喉返神经748根,暂时性喉返神经损伤14例（占1．88％）,永久性损伤2例（占0．27％）。结论甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经可有效防止其损伤并有利于手术疗效。     

Variability in nerve patterns of the adductor muscle group supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

INTRODUCTION: Accurate knowledge of the nerve supply of each individual muscle is needed to achieve a successful selective reinnervation of the larynx. The aim of the present work was to study the nerve supply of the adductor laryngeal muscles supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. STUDY DESIGN: Morphologic study of human larynges. METHODS: The muscular nerve supply was studied in a total sample of 75 human larynges obtained from necropsies (47 males and 28 females, age range from 41-95 years) and examined by careful dissection using a surgical microscope. RESULTS: The arytenoid muscle received one branch from each recurrent nerve. In 88% of cases, this branch arose in a common trunk with the upper branch of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. In 8% of cases, the nerve for the arytenoid muscle also had a branch going to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. The arytenoid muscle also received from one to three pairs of branches from the posterior division of the internal laryngeal nerve; these were interconnected ipsi- and contralaterally and were also connected to the two branches coming from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle received from one to six branches from the recurrent nerve, but in 5.8% of cases, it also received a twig from a connecting branch between the recurrent nerve and the external (5.6%) or the internal laryngeal nerves (0.2%). The thyroarytenoid muscle received from one to four branches from the recurrent nerve, but in 5.6% of cases, it also received a twig from a connecting branch between the recurrent nerve with the external (4.6%) or the internal (1%) laryngeal nerves. CONCLUSION: No abductor or adductor division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was found in the present study. In 88% of cases, the nerve supply to the arytenoid muscle (adductor) and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (abductor) arose from a common trunk, which in 8% of cases, also had a branch to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. Furthermore, the high incidence of branches innervating the adductor muscles from connections between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the internal and external laryngeal nerves led us to reconsider the contribution of these nerves in the supply to this muscle group.     

Prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis by demonstration of the nerve during thyroid surgery

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is one of the major complications of thyroid surgery. The importance of dissection and exploration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery remains controversial. METHODS: 74 thyroid gland operations with obligatory dissection and exploration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve were analysed. RESULTS: 118 recurrent laryngeal nerves were explorated in these operations. Transitory postoperative vocal cord paralysis was observed in 4 patients. In one patient vocal cord paralysis was permanent. This results in a transitory vocal cord paralysis rate of 3.4 % and a permanent vocal cord paralysis rate of 0.85 %. DISCUSSION: Our results and the literature review indicate that dissection and visualization of the recurrent laryngeal nerve can reduce the risk of permanent paralysis to a minimum. Obviously mechanical trauma like compression and crushing due to dissection do not increase incidence of permanent nerval disorders. Certain dissection and identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery is recommended in principle.     

甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤危险因素及应对策略

目的探讨甲状腺手术出现喉返神经损伤的危险因素及避免损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析1902例甲状腺患者,按手术科别、性别、麻醉方法、病变性质、术中是否常规解剖喉返神经、手术次数及手术范围分组,观察喉返神经损伤率,进行单因素分析及多因素回归分析。结果喉返神经总损伤率为1.84%。单因素分析显示,在甲状腺恶性病变患者、多次手术及甲状腺广泛性手术中喉返神经损伤率升高有统计学意义(χ2分别为1.096、1.893、1.467,P<0.05)。在甲状腺广泛性手术中,术中显露喉返神经可有效降低喉返神经损伤率(χ2=1.758,P<0.05);而在保守性手术中,术中是否显露喉返神经,喉返神经损伤率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.638,P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,多次手术及甲状腺广泛性手术是喉返神经损伤的重要危险因素。结论对于病变范围较小的甲状腺良性肿瘤,术中不显露喉返神经、保留部分甲状腺背侧组织是安全可靠的。而对于广泛性甲状腺切除手术,术中应常规解剖喉返神经。     

Clinical analysis of hoarseness after thyroidectomy]

The present paper reports 86 cases of hoarseness after thyroidectomy. In 37 cases, glottic paralysis was confirmed. Among them the injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve were 89.91% (33/37). In 33(36 side) cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, left injury was 20 and right was 16. Referring to the literature author consider that: 1. the recurrent laryngeal nerve was injured easy by thyroidectomy because that thyroid gland was located closely with recurrent laryngeal nerve in neck; 2. recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroidectomy was related to the character of thyroid gland tumor and times of operations; 3. incidence of superior laryngeal nerve injure in thyroidectomy was rare; 4. following up 16 cases of glottic paralysis, most of all (13/16) hoarseness was improved with the health side vocal cords overcompensation.