Detection of nanomaterials in food and consumer products: bridging the gap from legislation to enforcement

This paper describes the requirements and resulting challenges for the implementation of current and upcoming European Union legislation referring to the use of nanomaterials in food, cosmetics and other consumer products. The European Commission has recently adopted a recommendation for the definition of nanomaterials. There is now an urgent need for appropriate and fit-for-purpose analytical methods in order to identify nanomaterials properly according to this definition and to assess whether or not a product contains nanomaterials. Considering the lack of such methods to date, this paper elaborates on the challenges of the legislative framework and the type of methods needed, not only to facilitate implementation of labelling requirements, but also to ensure the safety of products coming to the market. Considering the many challenges in the analytical process itself, such as interaction of nanoparticles with matrix constituents, potential agglomeration and aggregation due to matrix environment, broad variety of matrices, etc., there is a need for integrated analytical approaches, not only for sample preparation (e.g. separation from matrix), but also for the actual characterisation. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for quality assurance tools such as validated methods and (certified) reference materials, including materials containing nanoparticles in a realistic matrix (food products, cosmetics, etc.).     

Detection of nanomaterials in food and consumer products: bridging the gap from legislation to enforcement

This paper describes the requirements and resulting challenges for the implementation of current and upcoming European Union legislation referring to the use of nanomaterials in food, cosmetics and other consumer products. The European Commission has recently adopted a recommendation for the definition of nanomaterials. There is now an urgent need for appropriate and fit-for-purpose analytical methods in order to identify nanomaterials properly according to this definition and to assess whether or not a product contains nanomaterials. Considering the lack of such methods to date, this paper elaborates on the challenges of the legislative framework and the type of methods needed, not only to facilitate implementation of labelling requirements, but also to ensure the safety of products coming to the market. Considering the many challenges in the analytical process itself, such as interaction of nanoparticles with matrix constituents, potential agglomeration and aggregation due to matrix environment, broad variety of matrices, etc., there is a need for integrated analytical approaches, not only for sample preparation (e.g. separation from matrix), but also for the actual characterisation. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for quality assurance tools such as validated methods and (certified) reference materials, including materials containing nanoparticles in a realistic matrix (food products, cosmetics, etc.).     

浅谈CORBA与DCOM的桥接

CORBA和DCOM都是具有软件集成功能的对象系统，CORBA与DCOM的集成可通过桥接来实现。通常，桥接有静态桥接和动态桥接2种方式：静态桥接效率高，但不适宜于大规模的系统；动态桥接采用动态机制实现，只需一个桥接接口，易维护。实现CORBA与DCOM的桥接可充分利用已有资源，大大减少软件集成的代码量，提高开发效率。     

Critical conceptualism in environmental modeling and prediction

Many important problems in environmental science and engineering are of a conceptual nature. Research and development, however, often becomes so preoccupied with technical issues, which are themselves fascinating, that it neglects essential methodological elements of conceptual reasoning and theoretical inquiry. This work suggests that valuable insight into environmental modeling can be gained by means of critical conceptualism which focuses on the software of human reason and, in practical terms, leads to a powerful methodological framework of space-time modeling and prediction. A knowledge synthesis system develops the rational means for the epistemic integration of various physical knowledge bases relevant to the natural system of interest in order to obtain a realistic representation of the system, provide a rigorous assessment of the uncertainty sources, generate meaningful predictions of environmental processes in space-time, and produce science-based decisions. No restriction is imposed on the shape of the distribution model or the form of the predictor (non-Gaussian distributions, multiple-point statistics, and nonlinear models are automatically incorporated). The scientific reasoning structure underlying knowledge synthesis involves teleologic criteria and stochastic logic principles which have important advantages over the reasoning method of conventional space-time techniques. Insight is gained in terms of real world applications, including the following: the study of global ozone patterns in the atmosphere using data sets generated by instruments on board the Nimbus 7 satellite and secondary information in terms of total ozone-tropopause pressure models; the mapping of arsenic concentrations in the Bangladesh drinking water by assimilating hard and soft data from an extensive network of monitoring wells; and the dynamic imaging of probability distributions of pollutants across the Kalamazoo river.     

Bridging the gap between sensory evaluation and market research

There is much to be gained from an integration of sensory evaluation and market research to provide a full understanding of the overall evaluation and acceptance of food. This can be achieved if research paradigms and practical applications are broadened to address key issues: the choice of appropriate research subjects, the use of realistic foods and of more complex and realistic environments, the appropriate selection of sensory methods, and the consideration of contextual influences. Improved research paradigms will contribute to our theories of how human eating is controlled and, hence, to the use of this information in product development and biomedical applications.     

牛肉肌纤维间距与嫩化效果关系的研究

以秦川牛肉(背最长肌)为原料,将牛肉切分成5×5×5cm3的肉块,分别用不同浓度磷酸氢二钠溶液(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)、焦磷酸钠溶液(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)、三聚磷酸钠溶液(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)浸渍,4℃放置3d,对各种处理液中肉样作剪切力测定,并对处理的最佳效果肉样作石蜡切片,测定肌纤维间距。结果表明:0.8%三聚磷酸钠、0.8%磷酸氢二钠、0.8%焦磷酸钠对牛肉的嫩化效果显著(P<0.05),0.8%三聚磷酸钠、0.8%磷酸氢二钠对牛肉的嫩化效果无显著差异(P>0.05),0.8%焦磷酸钠与0.8%三聚磷酸钠、0.8%磷酸氢二钠对牛肉的嫩化效果差异显著(P<0.05),这与以肌纤维间距作为嫩化指标测定结果一致,表明肌纤维间距可作为肉的嫩化指标。      

基于分形的棉条建模及其牵伸过程的仿真

为分析计算棉条牵伸力的变化,以提高棉纤维牵伸的质量,依据分形理论的建模思想,将具有相同圆形截面的棉纤维按照分形理论进行排列,构建了新的棉须条模型。基于动态牵伸和静态牵伸的相似性,将该模型进行静态拉伸仿真,得出不同定量的棉条静态牵伸力。结果显示须条静态拉伸力与动态牵伸力的平均误差为5.66%,最大相对误差在12%以内。利用线性拟合求出动态牵伸力与静态牵伸力的关系式,成功预测了不同定量下的牵伸力。此外,得出了在定量为25.60 g/m时,静态牵伸力随牵伸倍数的变化曲线。结果表明仿真牵伸力与动态牵伸力的变化趋势基本一致。建立的分形须条模型有效,也为动态牵伸力的近似预测提供参考。     

织物物理模拟与三维服装实时仿真技术

针对织物物理建模的计算效率和稳定性问题,提出基于约束的织物质点弹簧模型。以简单几何实体球和圆柱为例,说明处理织物可变形体与环境对象碰撞的总体策略,结合实体碰撞对物理模拟流程进行总结性描述。实验结果表明,该建模方法相对于织物的几何复杂度有接近线性的计算效率,因此很适合于实时仿真环境。将上述研究成果集成应用到三维服装仿真环境中,给出了验证实例。     

Relationships between consumer decision-making styles and lifestyle characteristics: Young fashion consumers in China

Abstract

In this experimental study, the effects of pile length on abrasion resistance of chenille fabrics were investigated. In order to monitor the effect of pile length, we produced chenille yarn samples with different pile lengths of 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2 mm and wove them into upholstery fabric. Then, the fabric samples were subjected to the Martindale abrasion test for 20 000 rubbing motions. The specimens were also examined using a micro-projection device and data were evaluated using statistical methods. The results indicate that pile length is certainly an effective factor for the mass loss of chenille yarns. The mass loss rate (%) tends to increase as pile length increases. The lowest total mass loss rate (%) clearly occurred for the samples with 0.7 mm pile length as shortest. The removed pile fibers are not only pulled out from between lock yarns but are also broken.     

树立科学的发展观,大力推进皮革工业环境建设

文章将对中国皮革工业的发展历程与现在基本的环境状况作出详尽的介绍与分析,提出必须以科学发展观为指导,加大力度深入探讨皮革工业的环境建设,并且积极的树立健康良好的皮革工业环境建设观念,以此来促进皮革工业健康可持续的发展。     

Information and computing technology and the gap between school pedagogy and children's culture

This article focuses on the gap between the use of Information and Computing Technology (ICT) in schools and the use made of ICT in children's everyday life outside school. Particular emphasis is placed on the communities of practice that young people create through their use of digital technology. The article is based on data collected over five years in Denmark. Overall, the article raises questions about the future of teaching and learning both in school and out of school.     

Two-dimensional CFD modeling and simulation of crustless bread baking process

A special type of baking oven was developed where crustless bread was made by gently baking the dough at controlled temperature by spraying water at prefixed intervals on the surface of the dough. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) CFD model for crustless bread during baking has been developed to facilitate a better understanding of the baking process. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer from the bread during baking was successfully simulated. It was found that core temperature of the bread reached at 95 °C at the end of baking where as moisture of the bread satisfies the normal bread quality. The model can be successively applied to study the unsteady heat and mass transfer from the crustless bread during baking.     

Human oral processing and texture profile analysis parameters: Bridging the gap between the sensory evaluation and the instrumental measurements

Studies in food oral processing are becoming increasingly important with the advent of the aged society. The food oral processing model of Hutchings and Lillford (Journal of Texture Studies, 19, 1988, 103–115) describes the structural breakdown and lubrication of ingested food before the swallowing stage, and has been revisited in the present article. The instrumental technique texture profile analysis (TPA) purports to mimic the first two bites of mastication and its ease of use has lured some researchers to use it without a critical eye. In this article, we consider inconsistencies in the Hutchings and Lillford model with the hope that it might be further refined. With regard to TPA we question the validity of the data generated and urge authors caution before they publish results from the test protocol. If results are published then the x‐axis should be viewed as deformation or strain, and not time. Hardness should be represented by the breaking stress. Adhesiveness should be measured at a medium strain taking into account the surface properties of the plunger. The ratio of the energy estimated by the area under the curve obtained from the second and the first bites (A₂/A₁) should be called recoverability and not cohesiveness.     

衣下空间体积与服装面料性能的关联性

为了掌握衣下空间体积的规律,本文通过在标准体型人台上依次穿着面料不同、款式相同的服装,运用[TC]2 NX-16非接触式三维扫描技术采集点云数据,经过计算机图形处理和对比,立体再现衣下空间的存在,得到衣下空间的整体立体体积,逐步回归得出影响衣下空间的主要面料性能项目,以及这些项目共同作用于衣下空间大小的表达式。衣下空间与服装面料的性能有紧密关联性。衣下空间的大小与硬挺度.抗弯长度、经纱密度呈显著正相关,与悬垂度.波峰夹角均匀度呈显著负相关。该结论对服装的设计制作,尤其是功能防护服装的面料设计,可以起到先期预测并控制的作用。     

Correlation between clothing air gap space and fabric mechanical properties

To investigate the distribution of clothing air gap layers, clothes with the same pattern but different fabrics were put on a standard scan model. The [TC]² NX-16 three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technique was used to collect point cloud data and the overall 3D visualization model of clothing air gaps was represented in a novel way through computer graphics processing. The volumes of air gap space were calculated. The main fabric mechanical properties were investigated and the relationship among them was analyzed by stepwise regression. The results demonstrated a close relationship between clothing air gap space and fabric mechanical properties. The volumes of air gap space were significantly positively correlated with stiffness-bending length and warp density and significantly negatively correlated with drape-crest angle uniformity. The conclusion could play a role in predicting and controlling the clothing design process, especially the material design process of clothing.     

Mathematical modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation of cabinet type solar dryer: Optimal temperature control

The mathematical model for determination of auxiliary energy required to maintain set air temperature in the drying chamber is proposed for cabinet type solar dryer. The model is developed considering the heat exchanges across the dryer control volume with solar radiation intensity and set temperature as input. The sole purpose is to minimize the auxiliaries. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is used to simulate the air flow inside the drying chamber for different operating conditions. The simulations results for the temperature are very close to the results from mathematical model. The dryer configuration discussed in illustrative example found to have minimum auxiliary consumption at 45°C with total auxiliary expense of 97.3 kWh per day. When applied to full calendar year, the optimum temperature is found to be function of ambient temperature and solar radiation intensity. The results obtained from mathematical model are found to be in well agreement with simulation results. The simulation results provide a region with 1.2 m to 1.6 m on X-ordinate, 0.8 m to 1.0 m on Y-ordinate and 0.7 m to 1.2 m and 3.7 m to 4.3 m on Z-ordinate where average temperature can be sensed. It helps in modulating the auxiliary input/s in integration with solar heat.