烷基咪唑离子液体对脂肪酶催化酯水解反应活性的影响

考察了1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体对柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶(CRL)催化橄榄油水解反应活性的影响,利用电导法确定了磷酸盐缓冲液中Br^-,Cl^-,[BF₄]^-系列咪唑离子液体的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和[PF₆]^-系列咪唑离子液体的溶解度.结果显示,离子液体的阴、阳离子对酶活性的影响规律与离子液体的Kosmotropicity性质无明显关联,但与离子液体在体系中的含量密切相关,在最适离子液体含量时,酶活性达到最高;阳离子[C_nMIM]⁺中的n越大,可促进酶活性的离子液体适宜含量越低;Br^-,[BF₄]^-系列离子液体的浓度超过CMC时则抑制酶活;阴离子对酶活性的最大促进作用顺序为Br^->Cl^->[BF₄]^->[PF₆]^-.离子液体对酶活性的影响随体系pH和温度的不同而改变,在最适离子液体浓度时的最适pH均为7.000.在pH 7.000,30 ^oC以及[C₈MIM]Br离子液体浓度为47.6 mmol/L的最佳条件下,最高相对酶活力和比活力分别达到1734%和54.4 U/mg protein.     

Tb3＋离子与植物辣根过氧化物酶的作用方式探讨

利用紫外可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、荧光光谱、原子吸收及酶分离方法, 首次研究了稀土离子Tb^3＋与植物辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的相互作用方式. 结果表明, Tb^3＋与HRP作用方式包括: (1) Tb^3＋与肽链上的氨基酸残基作用, 影响酶活性中心的微结构; (2) Tb^3＋能部分取代酶中的Ca^2＋; (3) Tb^3＋能部分剪切肽链上的氨基酸残基, 改变酶的结构. 因此, Tb^3＋与HRP的相互作用可能以一种方式为主, 或几种作用方式同时存在.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外蛋白酶的化学修饰

分别采用苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)、对-氯汞苯甲酸(PCMB)、N-乙咪唑(N-AI)、氯胺-T(Ch-T)、N-溴化琥珀亚胺(NBS)、2-巯基乙醇(2-ME) 6种化学修饰剂处理嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外蛋白酶, 研究酶分子中氨基酸侧链基团与酶活性的关系. 结果表明Ch-T, NBS和2-ME能显著抑制酶活性, 而N-AI, PMSF和PCMB对酶活性的影响不大, 说明蛋氨酸残基、色氨酸残基和二硫键是酶活性的必需基团, 而酪氨酸残基、丝氨酸残基和巯基与酶活性无直接关系. 同时检测了EDTA和金属离子对酶活性的影响. 实验结果证实, EDTA, Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋, Hg^2＋和Cu^2＋能显著影响酶活性, 说明该酶为一种金属蛋白酶.     

固定漆酶聚苯胺-CoC2O4纳米复合物修饰电极的直接电化学

采用循环伏安法、微分脉冲伏安法、交流阻抗谱以及计时电流法等电化学方法,结合红外光谱、紫外-可见分光光度法、原子力显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及原子吸收光谱等辅助手段,表征了固定漆酶的聚苯胺-草酸钴纳米复合物的化学组成、结构和形貌,测试了纳米复合物固酶前后的导电性能的变化,研究了纳米复合物修饰电极上固定漆酶的直接电化学行为,评估了该电极的催化氧还原效能以及作为电化学传感器检测氧分子的性能。实验结果表明该电极在不含电子介体的溶液中以酶活性中心T2作为首要电子受体,将得到电子传递给化学吸附的氧气使其被电还原,其表观电子迁移速率为0.017 s^-1,且具有良好的催化氧还原性能（氧还原起始电位：460 mV vs NHE,转化氧分子为水的表观速率常数为2.6×10^-4 s^-1）,酶电催化氧还原为水分子步骤为反应的速控步。该电极作为电化学传感器对氧具有极低检测限（0.20 μmol·L^-1）,宽线性响应范围（0.4~7.5 μmol·L^-1）以及对底物高亲和力（K_M=122.4 μmol·L^-1）等优势。     

Cu2+与烟草多酚氧化酶相互作用研究

本文通过酶活性测定，荧光光谱和紫外光谱研究了外加Cu²⁺与烟草多酚氧化酶(简称PPO)的相互作用。结果表明，微量铜的加入能增加酶的活性，[Cu²⁺]/[PPO]为0.20左右时酶活性最大，[Cu²⁺]/[PPO]为0.91时，Cu²⁺开始表现出对PPO活性的抑制;Cu²⁺对PPO内源荧光的猝灭机制属于形成络合物所引起的静态猝灭，猝灭常数K_sv为8.0375×10³L·mol^-1;Cu²⁺的加入使PPO蛋白质分子构象发生变化，α-螺旋含量增加，多肽链及Trp和Tyr残基的芳杂环进一步向分子内收缩，疏水基团之间的疏水作用增强。     

吲哚方酸菁半导体在场效应晶体管中的应用

研究了2,3,3-三甲基-1-H-吲哚方酸菁的场效应性质, 通过X射线衍射证实了方酸菁分子内电荷分离结构以及分子间面面堆积模式, 并在Si/SiO₂基片上通过真空蒸镀和旋涂的方法制备了p型晶体管器件. 通过对器件性能与沟道形态的研究, 我们发现退火处理能促进方酸菁薄膜由无定形态向多晶态转变, 从而使薄膜晶体管的迁移率从10^-5 cm²?V^-1?s^-1量级提高到10^-3 cm²?V^-1?s^-1量级. 顶接触结构单晶器件获得了7.8×10^-2 cm²?V^-1?s^-1的迁移率. 未封装的方酸菁晶体管在大气中也表现出较好的稳定性.     

Cu-ETS-10催化NH3选择性还原NOx性能

采用离子交换法制备了Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛催化剂,该催化剂对于NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR）NO_x反应具有较高的催化活性、N₂选择性和抗SO₂性能.结果表明,Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛具有丰富的微孔结构和较高的比表面积（288-380m²/g）;原子发射光谱、程序升温还原技术和原位红外漫反射等表征结果表明,Cu在Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛中具有多种存在形态,其中Cu²⁺物种为Cu-ETS-10的活性中心,其含量随Cu含量的增加而先增后降,与催化活性的变化趋势一致.     

季胺-辣根过氧化物酶-过氧化氢显色新体系及其在酶活性检测中的应用

建立了光度法测定辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)活性的季胺-过氧化氢-HRP新体系, 探讨了反应机理. 该方法基于含KI的pH 4.5 PBS介质中, HRP催化H₂O₂氧化季胺[二(4–二甲氨基苯基)甲烷]的显色反应在462 nm处的吸光度. 吸光度与HRP活性呈线性关系. 该可溶性的季胺比目前临床常用显色剂3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺更稳定, 克服了后者的缺点. 在选定的实验条件下, 测定HRP的线性范围为2.0×10^－9～2.5×10^－7 g/mL, 检出限为3×10^－10 g/mL. 应用于HRP标记马抗人甲胎蛋白免疫标记物的测定, 结果满意. 该方法操作简便, 灵敏度高, 在临床上有较好的应用前景.     

一种基于壳聚糖固定葡萄糖氧化酶的葡萄糖生物传感器的研究

本文选用生物相容性好的壳聚糖作为基体材料，使其与戊二醛交联成网状结构包埋葡萄糖氧化酶制成电化学传感器。这种壳聚糖膜不仅可以减小葡萄糖氧化酶的流失，而且能为酶提供了适宜的微环境。用红外光谱、紫外光谱及透射电镜对膜的形态和性质进行了表征。实验结果表明该传感器具有很快的响应速度，很好的稳定性和重现性，能选择性地催化葡萄糖并测定其浓度。该传感器的制备方法简单，成本低，于冰箱中放置两周信号保持在90％以上，对葡萄糖测量的线性范围为1×10^-5 - 3.4×10^-3mol•L^-1，当信噪比为3:1时检测限为5×10^-6mol•L^-1。     

NaF抑制精氨酸酶催化反应的热动力学研究

在37 ℃, pH＝7.4～9.4, 40 mmol?L^－1的巴比妥钠-HCl缓冲体系中, 利用热动力学方法研究了NaF对精氨酸酶催化L-精氨酸水解反应的抑制作用. 实验结果表明, NaF对精氨酸酶反应的抑制作用, 属于非竞争性可逆抑制, 其抑制率依赖于反应体系的pH值, 底物L-精氨酸和外源Mn^2＋离子对相对抑制率和抑制常数的影响不显著. 在pH值为7.4, 外源锰离子浓度分别为0和0.167 mmol?L^－1时的抑制常数分别为1.48和1.84 mmol?L^－1. F^－离子对精氨酸酶的抑制不是与底物L-精氨酸竞争酶的活性位, 而是影响了水分子与双核锰簇的桥式配位作用, 使反应过程中, 作为亲核试剂进攻L-精氨酸胍基碳的羟基离子难于生成或使其浓度减小, 从而降低了酶反应活性.     

Molecular imprinting of enzymes with water-insoluble ligands for nonaqueous biocatalysis

Attaining higher levels of catalytic activity of enzymes in organic solvents is one of the major challenges in nonaqueous enzymology. One of the most successful strategies for enhancing enzyme activity in organic solvents involves tuning the enzyme active site by molecular imprinting with substrates or their analogues. Unfortunately, numerous imprinters of potential importance are poorly soluble in water, which significantly limits the utility of this method. In the present study, we have developed strategies that overcome this limitation of the molecular-imprinting technique and that thus expand its applicability beyond water-soluble ligands. The solubility problem can be addressed either by converting the ligands into a water-soluble form or by adding relatively high concentrations of organic cosolvents, such as tert-butyl alcohol and 1,4-dioxane, to increase their solubility in the lyophilization medium. We have succeeded in applying both of these strategies to produce imprinted thermolysin, subtilisin, and lipase TL possessing up to 26-fold higher catalytic activity in the acylation of paclitaxel and 17beta-estradiol compared to nonimprinted enzymes. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that molecular imprinting and salt activation, applied in combination, produce a strong additive activation effect (up to 110-fold), suggesting different mechanisms of action involved in these enzyme activation techniques.     

Analyzing the molecular basis of enzyme stability in ethanol/water mixtures using molecular dynamics simulations

One of the drawbacks of nonaqueous enzymology is the fact that enzymes tend to be less stable in organic solvents than in water. There are, however, some enzymes that display very high stabilities in nonaqueous media. In order to take full advantage of the use of nonaqueous solvents in enzyme catalysis, it is essential to elucidate the molecular basis of enzyme stability in these media. Toward this end, we performed μs-long molecular dynamics simulations using two homologous proteases, pseudolysin, and thermolysin, which are known to have considerably different stabilities in solutions containing ethanol. The analysis of the simulations indicates that pseudolysin is more stable than thermolysin in ethanol/water mixtures and that the disulfide bridge between C30 and C58 is important for the stability of the former enzyme, which is consistent with previous experimental observations. Our results indicate that thermolysin has a higher tendency to interact with ethanol molecules (especially through van der Waals contacts) than pseudolysin, which can lead to the disruption of intraprotein hydrophobic interactions and ultimately result in protein unfolding. In the absence of the C30-C58 disulfide bridge, pseudolysin undergoes larger conformational changes, becoming more open and more permeable to ethanol molecules which accumulate in its interior and form hydrophobic interactions with the enzyme, destroying its structure. Our observations are not only in good agreement with several previous experimental findings on the stability of the enzymes studied in ethanol/water mixtures but also give an insight on the molecular determinants of this stability. Our findings may, therefore, be useful in the rational development of enzymes with increased stability in these media.     

Properties and Synthetic Applications of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Biotransformations already represent an effective and sometimes preferable alternative to chemical synthesis for the production of fine chemicals and optically active compounds. To further widen the versatility of the biological approach, the so-called "nonaqueous enzymology", which now represents an important area of research and biotechnological development, has emerged in the last ten years or so. This new methodology is especially suitable for the modification of precursors of pharmaceutical compounds and fine chemicals, which, in most cases, are insoluble or poorly soluble in water. Even though the idea of carrying out an enzymatic process in organic solvent was initially considered with scepticism, biocatalysis in such media is now investigated and exploited in numerous academic and industrial laboratories. One of the reasons that makes enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous media so appealing, is the important new properties that enzymes exhibit in organic solvents. For example, they are often more stable and can catalyze reactions that are impossible or difficult in water. Furthermore, enzyme selectivity can also differ from that in water and can change, or even reverse, from one solvent to another. This phenomenon, which can be called "medium engineering", can be exploited as a valid alternative to protein engineering. The first part of this review examines the thermodynamic, kinetic, spectroscopic, and physical approaches that have been adopted to investigate the factors that affect activity, stability, structure, and selectivity of enzymes in organic solvents. These combined studies have brought the understanding of enzyme catalysis in organic solvents to a level almost comparable to that reached for biocatalysis in aqueous media. The second part surveys a number of the synthetic applications of enzymes in organic media, which span from the preparation of milligrams of specifically labeled compounds to the modification of fats on multiton scale and from the preparation of complex key intermediates for the pharmaceutical industry to the synthesis of polymers.     

Entrapment of enzyme in water-restricted microenvironment for enzyme-mediated catalysis under microemulsion-based organogels

Nonaqueous enzymology has emerged as a major area of biotechnology research and development. Enzymes in organic solvents offer great potential for the biocatalysis of a wide range of chemical processes that cannot occur in water. One of the most commonly used methods for carrying out enzymatic conversions in organic solvents is enzymes solubilized in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions or water containing reverse micelles. In reverse micelles, enzyme molecules are solubilized in discrete hydrated micelles formed by surfactants within a continuous phase, i.e., nonpolar organic solvent. Under appropriate conditions, these solutions are homogeneous, thermodynamically stable, and optically transparent. However, there are very few examples of preparative-scale enzyme-catalyzed synthesis in water-in-oil microemulsion. One reason is that despite the advantages offered by microemulsion media, product isolation and enzyme reuse from such singlephase liquid medium is more complex than in competing methodologies in which the catalyst is present as a separate solid phase. Therefore, the approach simplifying product isolation, and enzyme reuse from microemulsion-based media, has been the use of a gelled microemulsion system, especially gelatin silica nanocomposite.     

The utility of cyclodextrins in lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvents: enhanced reaction rate and enantioselectivity

The use of enzymes as valuable catalysts in organic solvents has been well documented. However, some of their features limit their application in organic synthesis, especially the frequently lower enzyme activity under nonaqueous conditions, which constitutes a major drawback in the application of enzymes in organic solvents. In addition, many enzymatic reactions are subject to substrate or product inhibition, leading to a decrease in the reaction rate and enantioselectivity. To overcome these drawbacks and to make enzymes more appealing to organic chemists, we demonstrate the use of cyclodextrins as regulators for the Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PSL) and macrocyclic additives to enhance the reaction rate and enantioselectivity E in lipase-catalyzed enantioselective transesterification of 1-(2-furyl)ethanol in organic solvents. Both reaction rate and enantioselectivity were significantly enhanced by several orders of magnitude when using co-lyophilized lipase in the presence of cyclodextrins. The effect of cyclodextrin derivatives as well as solvents on the improvement of the reaction parameters has been studied. The observed enhancement was tentatively interpreted in terms of their ability to give a certain flexibility to the enzyme and to form a host-guest complex, thus avoiding product inhibition and leading to enhancement of the reaction rate and enantioselectivity. The effect of cyclodextrin additives on the enzyme morphology has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) of the co-lyophilized lipase with cyclodextrins. The ability of cyclodextrins to form a host-guest complex to avoid product inhibition, which leads to the observed enhancement, has been proved by NOESY, COSY, 13C and 1H NMR.     

Patents and literature biocatalysis in nonaqueous media

Biocatalysis in nonaqueous media is being used in increasing regularity both in academic and industrial research. A variety of biocatalysts have been used in organic media including enzymes, multi-enzyme systems, and whole cells. In addition, the nonaqueous media has encompassed both monophasic and biphasic solvent systems, enzymes and whole cells in reversed micelles, enzymes and cells in nearly anhydrous (no added water) solvents, and enzymes catalytically active in supercritical fluids and the gas phase. Recent US and overseas patents and scientific literature on biocatalysis in nonaqueous media are surveyed. Patent abstracts are summarized individually, and literature references are divided into major subheadings.     

Comparative studies on a mesophilic and a thermophilic α-amylase

A comparative study was performed on thermal stability of mesophilic and thermophilic α-amylases, and the effects of various denaturing agents, organic solvents, and stabilizers were investigated. As expected, the thermophilic enzyme showed higher resistance toward denaturation in water as its natural medium, but such a difference could not be detected in nonaqueous environments. Furthermore, stability of these molecules was improved by including various stabilizing agents. Of the compounds tested, sorbitol provided the highest degree of protection, which was found to be owing to its effect on increasing T _m and its ability in totally preventing deamidation of amino acid residues in the protein molecules.     

Enantiomeric separations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

This paper reviews the recent advances in enantioseparations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) and the effect of organic solvents on mobility of enantiomers, separation selectivity and resolution. In general, the enantioseparation systems in NACE are similar to those of aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) except pure organic solvents are used. The influence of important parameters such as concentration and type of chiral selectors, apparent pH, ionic strength, temperature, and control of electroosmotic flow is discussed. In addition, the reported applications of NACE separations of racemates are presented.     

The principles of migration and dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis in nonaqueous solvents

Nonaqueous solvents are interesting media for capillary zone electrophoresis as they can affect all relevant parameters governing the separation of sample zones. However, for a rational planning of the working conditions and an appropriate interpretation of the results obtained, the basic principles of ion migration and zone dispersion must be understood. Many solvent induced effects need to be carefully considered and recognized before full exploitation of nonaqueous solvents can take place. It is the goal of this overview to present the fundamental physicochemical aspects of capillary zone electrophoresis in nonaqueous solvent systems. Therefore, the detailed discussion is related to the effect of organic solvents on electrophoretic mobilities (based on the theory of conductance), acid-base dissociation behavior (based on the transfer activity coefficient and medium effect), pH, separation efficiency (with regard to mobility and diffusion coefficient in dilute solutions), resolution, and electroosmotic flow.     

Specific background electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

The use of organic solvents or mixture of solvents in capillary electrophoresis is gaining wider attention. The electroosmotic flow mobility of eight organic solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimetylsulphoxide, propylene carbonate, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol) and of mixtures of several solvents (methanol-acetonitrile, methanol-propylene carbonate, acetonitrile-propylene carbonate) has been studied. The influence of 1,3-alkylimidazolium salts in different solvents on the separation of different analytes has been investigated. Some of these salts have shown usefulness for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization matrices and off-line analysis of electrophoresis fractions. It also appears that nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with 1,3-alkylimidazolium salts as background electrolytes is suitable for separation small inorganic ions.