Simulation research on the effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on downsized SI engine knock

Knock in spark-ignition(SI) engines severely limits engine performance and thermal efficiency. The researches on knock of downsized SI engine have mainly focused on structural design, performance optimization and advanced combustion modes, however there is little for simulation study on the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) combined with downsizing technologies on SI engine performance. On the basis of mean pressure and oscillating pressure during combustion process, the effect of different levels of cooled EGR ratio, supercharging and compression ratio on engine dynamic and knock characteristic is researched with three- dimensional KIVA-3V program coupled with pressure wave equation. The cylinder pressure, combustion temperature, ignition delay timing, combustion duration, maximum mean pressure, and maximum oscillating pressure at different initial conditions are discussed and analyzed to investigate potential approaches to inhibiting engine knock while improving power output. The calculation results of the effect of just cooled EGR on knock characteristic show that appropriate levels of cooled EGR ratio can effectively suppress cylinder high-frequency pressure oscillations without obvious decrease in mean pressure. Analysis of the synergistic effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on knock characteristic indicates that under the condition of high supercharging and compression ratio, several times more cooled EGR ratio than that under the original condition is necessarily utilized to suppress knock occurrence effectively. The proposed method of synergistic effect of cooled EGR and downsizing technologies on knock characteristic, analyzed from the aspects of mean pressure and oscillating pressure, is an effective way to study downsized SI engine knock and provides knock inhibition approaches in practical engineering.     

Investigations on the effect of measurement errors on estimated combustion and performance parameters in HCCI combustion engine

Several parameters derived from heat release analysis are used for combustion diagnostics and control in internal combustion engines. It is important to tune the input parameters used in heat release calculations, in order to get correct estimation of heat release rate. In this study, tuning of input parameters is carried out by using cumulative heat release calculations of cylinder pressure during motoring. This tuning procedure uses offline iterative processing of motoring in-cylinder pressure data. The tuned parameters obtained from this method can also be utilized for online analysis of combustion parameters. Input parameters used in these investigations are intake air temperature, intake air pressure, phasing between the acquired pressure and crank angle position, compression ratio and scaling factor of heat transfer coefficient. Effect of error in these input parameters on estimated combustion and performance parameters like IMEP, combustion phasing, combustion duration, heat release rate, and maximum mean gas temperature are evaluated. The relative importance of measurement error in input parameters and its maximum expected error in the final results is analyzed in a HCCI combustion engine. Results shows that measurement errors in phasing between pressure and crank angle position, compression ratio and inlet air pressure affect estimated combustion and performance parameters significantly.     

一种新型汽车进气道被动式导流翼片

针对自然吸气式发动机,设计了一种新型被动式导流翼片。该翼片安装在节气门后端,用于改善进气道内气流的均匀性。仿真研究结果表明：对于自然吸气式发动机,安装了该翼片的节气门体在常用开度范围内,其后端流场以较小的流量损失换取了涡流比的大幅度提升,且流动更均匀。节气门性能实验和发动机外特性实验结果表明：节气门体后端流场在被动式导流翼片的作用下,基本没有流量损失,且燃烧室内燃烧更加充分、燃油利用率得到一定程度提高。仿真及实验结果表明：被动式导流翼片以低成本和高可靠性,使燃油利用率有一定提升。     

基于实车状态的发动机均值模型研究

基于实车状态下发动机的测试运行参数,提出了一种改进发动机均值模型仿真精度的方法。首先基于五电机台架对实车搭载环境下的一款自然吸气发动机进行了性能测试,分别获得发动机水温、发动机转速、发动机缸内压力、进气道压力和温度、进气歧管压力和温度、燃油体积流量、发动机飞轮端扭矩、排气歧管压力和温度、排气歧管过量空气系数、三元催化后排气压力和温度等参数;然后运用Amesim/MATLAB软件联合仿真对发动机进行了基于实车搭载环境边界下的数值建模和模型标定。研究结果表明,标定后的发动机均值模型预测结果与实际测试结果最大差值可以控制在8%以内。     

Investigation of nonlinear numerical mathematical model of a multiple shaft gas turbine unit

The development of numerical mathematical model to calculate both the static and dynamic characteristics of a multi-shaft gas turbine consisting of a single combustion chamber, including advanced cycle components such as intercooler and regenerator is presented in this paper. The numerical mathematical model is based on the simplified assumptions that quasi-static characteristic of turbo-machine and injector is used, total pressure loss and heat transfer relation for static calculation neglecting fuel transport time delay can be employed. The supercharger power has a cubical relation to its rotating velocity. The accuracy of each calculation is confirmed by monitoring mass and energy balances with comparative calculations for different time steps of integration. The features of the studied gas turbine scheme are the starting device with compressed air volumes and injector’s supercharging the air directly ahead of the combustion chamber.     

点火角对小排量增压汽油机燃烧特性的影响研究

对465Q汽油机进行废气涡轮增压改造,研究点火角对增压后发动机燃烧特性的影响。随点火角的增大,缸内最高压力和压升率峰值都增大,其对应的曲轴转角提前,燃烧循环变动改善;每个工况下,都存在一个最佳的点火角,使发动机的功率最大,燃油消耗率最低。在最佳点火角附近,点火角每调整5°,动力性和经济性变动幅度在4%左右。     

车用涡旋增压器与发动机匹配的理论研究

根据涡旋增压器的工作原理、结构特性以及在城市工况下富康车发动机TU5JP／K的运行状态,对增压器和发动机的空气流量、压比等方面的匹配进行了计算和理论分析。从匹配中得到了发动机转速与空气流量、压比以及空气进口温度之间的关系,提出了为发动机选配增压器的基本要求。根据得出的匹配参数来设计增压器,为今后涡旋增压器进一步的设计研究提供了理论依据。     

Experimental investigation on the effect of charge temperature on ethanol fueled HCCI combustion engine

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study by varying the charge temperature on the ethanol fueled Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine. Ethanol was injected into the intake manifold by using port fuel injection technique while the intake air was heated for achieving stable HCCI operation. The effect of intake air temperature on the combustion, performance, and emissions of the ethanol HCCI operation was compared with the standard diesel operation and presented. The results indicate that the intake air temperature has a significant impact on in-cylinder pressure, ringing intensity, combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency and emissions. At 170°C, the maximum value of combustion efficiency and brake thermal efficiency of ethanol are found to be 98.2% and 43%, respectively. The NO emission is found to be below 11 ppm while the smoke emission is negligible. However, the UHC and CO emissions are higher for the HCCI operation.

     

Precise instrumentation of a diesel single-cylinder research engine

The accuracy of any empirical result is a direct consequence of the quality of experimental setup and the strict control over testing conditions. For internal combustion engines, a large number of parameters that also exhibit complex interdependence may significantly affect the engine performance. Therefore, this work describes the essentials required to establish a high-quality diesel engine research laboratory. A single-cylinder diesel engine is taken as the fundamental building block and the requirements for all essential sub-systems including fuel, intake, exhaust, coolant and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are laid out. The measurement and analysis of cylinder pressure, and exhaust gas sampling/conditioning requirements for emission measurement are discussed in detail. The independent control of EGR and intake boost is also highlighted. The measurement and analysis techniques are supported with empirical data from a single-cylinder diesel engine setup. The emphasis is on providing the necessary guidelines for setting up a fully-instrumented diesel engine test laboratory.     

某海洋平台废气涡轮增压中冷柴油机提高性能探究

废气涡轮增压中冷柴油机广泛应用于海上油气开发,在柴油机运行过程中,增压后空气温度下降可以提高进气空气密度,进而提高柴油机功率以及效率。通过现场运行分析发现,随着柴油机功率提高和空冷器换热效率下降,增压空气温度上升,而柴油机低温水出口温度设定为50℃不变,导致了柴油机性能降低。本研究通过理论分析、实验等方式对该柴油机进气温度可变性进行分析研究,寻求最佳进气温度以提高主机燃油效率、降低排气温度及污染物排放。     

A study on the unsteady temperature field of combustion chamber wall in a turbocharged gasoline engine

To design and develop a turbocharged engine, it is necessary that a lot of studies should be done to find the chrracteristics of engine performance and thermal flow. To accomplish this purpose, turbocharger equipped to a naturally aspirated gasoline engine was utilized. A thin-film type temperature probe was made and installed onto the combustion chamber wall to measure unsteady temperature. The unsteady heat flux at combustion chamber wall was evaluated by one dimensional unsteady conduction equation.     

天然气发动机进气响应性能优化

天然气发动机进气量由进气管节气门决定,由于节气门与气缸间有一定距离,因此导致实际气缸的进气存在一定延迟,从而影响发动机的进气响应性能。针对这一问题,结合天然气发动机进气系统特性和理想气体状态方程,理论推导气缸实际进气量与设定进气量间的关系。在研究中,利用改变设定进气量的方法来减小气缸实际进气的延迟,从而优化天然气发动机的进气响应性能。     

基于形成性评价的内燃机原理课程教学改革研究

内燃机原理课程主要讲授内燃机的基本工作循环和性能、换气过程与增压技术、混合气形成和燃烧以及性能评价等知识,是车辆工程和能源与动力工程专业的核心课程。该课程的学习对于提高学生的工程实践能力和专业素养十分重要。在课程教学过程中,可以通过查看学生线上学习时长、随堂测试结果、课堂讨论以及专题报告完成情况了解学生的学习态度和学习能力,并有针对性的开展教学活动,提高学生的学习效果。     

基于数值模拟优化分析的某型汽油机发动机燃烧系统正向开发

文中主要基于喷雾标定的结果进行发动机缸内燃烧系统的正向开发和优化.在喷雾试验数据的基础上建立了喷雾模型,并利用喷雾模型和发动机相关数据进行了缸内燃烧计算,分析了缸内流场和油气混合情况.分析表明:缸内流场方面,在压缩冲程中不同工况下均形成了非常明显的滚流流场,同时滚流比大小的变化存在明显的"双峰"现象,不同工况下均有燃油...     

Coefficient of Engine Flexibility as a Basis for the Assessment of Vehicle Tractive Performance

The paper attempts to analyze full load characteristics of over 500 combustion engines. Using statistical tools, the author determined the value of the coe cient of flexibility. Engine flexibility is the capability of the engine to adapt to varying loads. Importantly, in the investigations, the author took into account the parameters calculated in the course of the investigations on a chassis dynamometer, i.e., actual, not taken from technical specifications of brand new vehicles. Di erent stages of operating wear allow a better characterization of the population. Subsequent utilization of the results in tractive calculations is more reliable. The engines were divided into in six groups, depending on the type of fuel system: fuel injected gasoline and turbocharged gasoline, spark ignition LPG, naturally aspirated diesel and turbocharged diesel. However, engines running on alternative fuels are characterized with a greater flexibility than the fuel injected base engines. Conformity of flexibility of fuel injected and LPG IV generation engines have been observed,which confirms the appropriateness of engine adaptation to alternative fueling. Gasoline engine supercharging allowed a reduction of the maximum engine speed of the maximum torque, which extends the range of analyzable speeds for flexibility and consequently, the flexibility as such.     

Multi-stage turbocharger system analysis method for high altitude UAV engine

A multi-stage turbocharger system analysis method has been presented for a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine targeted for High altitude long endurance UAV (HALE UAV), of which cruising altitude is 60000 ft. To utilize an internal combustion engine as a propulsion system of a HALE UAV, proper inlet pressure boost system such as a series of turbochargers should be ready, which makes engine performance less sensitive to flight altitude. In this study, to boost rarefied intake air pressure up to 1.7 bar to avoid early ignition of hydrogen and to produce required power from engine, we used a boost system which consists of three-staged turbocharger accompanied by intercooler to reduce compressed air temperature. To analyze multi-stage turbocharger performance at the cruising altitude, we established an explicit one-dimensional analysis method by matching required power between compressors and turbines. Then adequate turbochargers were searched for from commercially available models based on performance analysis results. One-dimensional analysis was also applied from sea level to the cruising altitude to decide turbocharger operating lines were located within each turbocharger operating ranges.

     

柴油机中冷器的结构与设计研究

在内燃机车当中,柴油机中冷器的功能是使柴油机在运行时增压状态下的空气温度得以降低,同时使空气的密度增加,进而增加柴油机的循环进气量。在热负荷增加的情况下,中冷器可以有效提高柴油机的运行功率,实现资源的合理利用,减少有害气体的排放量。通过对柴油机中冷器的优化设计,可以使设备的优势得到更为充分地发挥,促进柴油机性能的优化与提升。     

单向阀对双增压气路中气体流向影响的分析与研究

搭建由双电动增压器与单向阀组成的试验台架并模拟研究单向阀对双增压气路中气体流向的影响规律,以提高电动增压器的补气效率,从而增大公交车柴油机工况突变时的进气量,改善瞬态烟度。通过向两个电动增压器设定不同的转速,分别模拟公交车柴油机的废气涡轮增压器和附加用于急加速补气的电动增压器,研究并分析在气路上设置单向阀前后对双增压气路中气体流向的影响。试验结果表明,电动增压器的流量大于废气涡轮增压器的流量时,出口总流量在无单向阀时大致等于废气涡轮增压器提供的流量,增加电动增压器的流量不会改变出口总流量,电动增压器补气效率低,柴油机的进气量未得到改善。有单向阀时,出口总流量随电动增压器流量增加而增大,电动增压器补气效率高,柴油机的进气量增大;电动增压器的流量小于废气涡轮增压器的流量时,电动增压器与单向阀不影响出口总流量,出口总流量与有旁通气路无单向阀时相同,即电动增压器不工作时不影响原机的进气量。     

The Friction Behavior of Individual Components of a Spark-Ignition Engine During Warm-Up

The research presented herein fills a void in the published literature through investigation of transient friction contributions by individual internal combustion engine components during simulated engine warm-up. Currently, engine manufacturers design internal combustion engines primarily for use at steady-state operating conditions with little design consideration for transient engine warm-up. Using the motoring torque waveform and cycle-averaged data of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, the present work determined the friction behavior of individual engine component assemblies, including the valve train, pistons and connecting rods, oil pump, and crankshaft of a modern internal combustion engine. A common criticism of the standard motoring method is that the engine does not warm up, so lubricant temperature and viscosity does not model that of a fired engine. In the present study, the lubricant and coolant were warmed from 25 to 85°C. Observations were presented as to the effect of engine speed and the temperature of the coolant and lubricant on total engine friction. Contributions of individual engine components to total engine losses were examined, as well as their variation with engine temperature. The added knowledge of the transient effects of engine temperature can help future designers to mitigate friction and component wear, thus improving overall maintenance costs, specific fuel consumption, and emissions.     

Comparisons of predicted and measured results on performance and emission of engine effected by intake air dilution and supercharging

An experimental study was conducted on a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine to investigate the effects of diluting intake air, with different gases and increasing intake pressure on combustion process and exhaust emissions. The intake O₂ concentration is changed from 15% to 21% by diluting intake air with different gases (CO₂, Ar, N₂), and the intake pressure is changed from one to two bar by a screw compressor. A modified program for calculating heat release rate, is used to study the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions in detail. The main results show that the addition of either CO₂ or Ar to the intake air increases the ignition delay. The variations of ignition delay with CO₂ are much larger than those of ignition delay with Ar for the same O₂ concentration. The emission of NOx decreases with the decrease of O₂ concentration and the smoke level is lower with the addition of the CO₂ than with that of Ar. As the intake pressure is increased, the ignition delay is shortened. Furthermore the high intake air pressure enhances the air-fuel mixing and diffusion combustion, and reduces the premixed combustion, so that NOx emission is decreased without increasing smoke emissions. The addition of CO₂ at high intake pressure, drastically reduces NOx emissions and smoke emission simultaneously at a high load condition, and the addition of CO₂ reduces NOx emissions without affecting the smoke emissions substantially at a low load condition. A zero-dimensional combustion simulation program incorporated with the present heat release correlation and ignition delay correlation is used to predict ignition delay, cylinder pressure and engine power. The results show that the correlations are likely to be adequate for the engine operating under diluted intake air and various intake pressure.