Risk factors and clinical outcomes of sinus membrane perforation during lateral window sinus lifting: analysis of 120 patients

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with sinus membrane perforation and the effect of sinus membrane perforation and other risk factors on graft success and postoperative sinusitis. Sinus membrane perforation, graft failure, and postoperative sinusitis were tested for an association with age, sex, operator experience, side of the operation, residual bone height, presence of septa, presence of a mucous retention cyst, and smoking (χ² test). Logistic regression analysis was used to model the odds ratio (OR) with corresponding risk factors. One hundred and twenty patients were included in this study. A total of 22 (18.3%) perforations occurred. A residual bone height of 3–6 mm (OR 6.808, P = 0.002) and presence of septa (OR 4.023, P = 0.025) were identified as significant risk factors. Twenty-eight (23.3%) sinus grafts were classified as failed. Membrane perforation (OR 16.819, P < 0.005) and residual bone height of 3–6 mm (OR 5.363, P = 0.01) were identified as significant risk factors for graft failure. None of the risk factors investigated in this study was significantly associated with postoperative sinusitis. These results suggest that the presence of septa and a residual bone height of 3–6 mm are associated with an increased risk of sinus membrane perforation, and that sinus membrane perforation has a negative effect on graft success.     

冲压法上颌窦底提升术在剩余牙槽嵴高度小于5 mm时植入体的稳定性研究

目的：观察剩余牙槽骨高度小于5 mm时运用冲压法上颌窦底提升术植入体的稳定性。方法：应用冲压法上颌窦底提升术同期种植修复患者65例分为两组,A组：剩余牙槽嵴高度＜5 mm,B组：患者剩余牙槽嵴高度5~10 mm。在种植体植入后及修复前分别测量种植体近中、远中、颊侧、舌侧的稳定系数,取平均值记录为该种植体的稳定系数,比较两组间种植体稳定系数在植入后和修复前有无差异。同时分析不同长度和直径的种植体在稳定性方面的差异。结果：A组植入种植体30枚（完成修复29枚）,B组植入种植体54枚（完成修复54枚）,A组种植体存留率为96.67%,B组为100．00%。A组的剩余牙槽嵴高度3.89±0.72 mm,B组为7.79±1.52 mm。A组种植体的稳定系数由种植体植入后的67.28±1.70增加到种植体修复前的76.31±2.22,B组种植体的稳定系数由种植体植入后的69.51±1.60增加到种植体修复前的76.65±2.49。8 mm与10 mm长的种植体在修复前的稳定性系数分别为76.75±2.71和76.51±2.37。直径4.1 mm与4.8 mm的种植体在修复前的稳定性系数分别为76.62±2.39和76.16±2.40。结论：上颌后牙缺失剩余牙槽骨高度＜5 mm时,运用冲压法上颌窦底提升术植入种植体的稳定性是可以预期的。     

上颌窦内提升术用于严重骨萎缩患者种植修复3年疗效观察

目的：研究单纯上颌窦内提升术用于严重骨萎缩患者种植修复的临床疗效。方法：对2008～2009年上颌后牙缺失伴缺牙处余留骨高度不足5 mm的22例患者行单纯上颌窦内提升术,同期植入Straumann？？ SLA种植体32颗。术后6、12、24、36个月复查并行X线片检查。结果：所有种植体均于术后3~6个月成功负载,其中1颗种植体在负载12个月时脱落,其余种植体稳固,无相关并发症出现。种植体在36个月时的存留率为96.88%。术后6、12、24、36个月的根尖片显示,上颌窦内种植体周围骨高度持续稳定增加,36个月时骨高度增加 （3.41±0.42） mm,边缘骨丧失（1.21±0.46） mm。结论：单纯上颌窦内提升同期植入种植体,能有效解决上颌后牙区严重骨萎缩时的牙种植修复问题。     

应用OSFE技术行上颌窦底黏膜提升同期种植的临床观察

目的:探讨不植骨的骨凿上颌窦底提升技术(OSFE)在牙槽嵴重度萎缩(当RBH<8 mm)的上颌后牙区种植方案中应用的可能性。方法:收集既往于本院施行不植骨骨凿上颌窦底提升技术的病例资料,观察上颌窦底黏膜提升术后同期种植体植入后的临床疗效。结果:观察期内通过OSFE技术在34位患者植入种植体42颗。术前X线片测量的平均余留牙槽嵴高度(RBH)7.41 mm,新骨平均生成高度为2.22 mm,现窦底提升区域有新骨形成的比例为92.3%。种植体植入术后随访观察3～39个月,种植牙成功率100%。结论:使用OSFE技术行上颌窦底黏膜提升不植骨的术式可取得较好的临床效果。     

Modified transcrestal sinus floor elevation with concomitant implant placement in edentulous posterior maxillae with residual bone height of 5 mm or less: a non-controlled prospective study

The aim of this study was to describe a modified transcrestal sinus floor elevation (mTSFE) technique and to evaluate its clinical effectiveness and reliability when residual bone height is severely reduced. Forty-three maxillary edentulous patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. All patients underwent the mTSFE technique; 66 dental implants were inserted simultaneously. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed 2 weeks after surgery. Prosthetic crowns were placed 6 months after surgery. Radiographic analyses and clinical analyses were conducted to assess the clinical effectiveness and feasibility of mTSFE during a follow-up period of 2–8 years. The mean vertical bone increase after surgery was 8.09 mm, and it decreased to 6.56 mm at 6 months after surgery. Two cases of membrane perforation occurred during surgery and one implant was lost in the third year after surgery; the survival rate at the implant level was 98.48%. No severe postoperative complication was reported and the subjective feeling of patients was acceptable. This mTSFE technique could simplify the operative procedure and might be helpful to reduce intraoperative trauma, as well as to alleviate postoperative discomfort.     

牙周炎患者行冲压式上颌窦底提升种植术的临床疗效观察

目的:评价冲压式上颌窦底提升术同期植入种植体修复中、重度慢性牙周炎患者上颌后牙缺失骨量不足的临床疗效.方法:选择中、重度慢性牙周炎伴上颌后牙缺失患者35例,剩余牙槽骨高度平均(5.95±1.19)mm.采用经牙槽突进路上颌窦底提升术不植骨同期植入Straumanns@种植体47颗,分别于3～6个月后行上部修复,随访期为6～30个月,通过影像学及临床PD、PLI、BOP等评价指标,评价种植体修复后的临床疗效.结果:观察期内种植体的留存率为95.74％,45颗种植体成功负载,种植体稳定,骨结合良好.术中2颗种植体发生上颌窦黏膜破裂,穿孔率为4.26％.随访期内,种植体周围组织状况良好,PD平均为(3.22±1.07)mm,平均累积边缘骨丧失为(1.38±0.59)mm.结论:对中、重度慢性牙周炎患者,冲压式上颌窦底提升不植骨同期牙种植术能有效修复上颌后牙区骨高度不足的牙缺失,短期疗效可靠,长期疗效需进一步观察.     

上颌窦底提升不植骨同期植入种植体的临床疗效观察

目的 观察冲压式上颌窦底提升术(osteotome sinus floor elevation,OSFE)不植骨并同期植入种植体的临床疗效及技术特点.方法 自2000年1月至2008年12月对65例患者经牙槽嵴顶入路,行OSFE并同期行种植体植入术,共植入96枚种植体,手术过程中上颌窦内不植入任何骨充填材料.缺牙区牙槽骨可用骨高度为5～8 mm,平均(6.78 4±1.04)mm.观察方法 为临床和X线片检查.对种植体凸入上颌窦内不同长度、安底改建情况进行卡方检验.结果 除1例单牙种植术后15 d因种植体松动、牙龈红肿取出种植体,其余64例患者随访>5年12例,>3年14例,>2年28例,>1年lO例,平均随访33.4个月.96枚种植体中除1枚于种植15 d后松动取bm外,其余种植体均获得良好的骨结合并完成上部义齿修复,种植体周围软组织无炎症,咀嚼功能良好.种植体凸入上颌窦内1～5 mm,平均2.57 mm,51枚(54%)种植体根方有不同程度的新骨形成,33枚(35%)种植体根方形成了新的上颌窦底,11枚(12%)种植体根周末见明显新骨形成.统计分析显示,种植体凸入上颌窦内的长度与上颌窦底骨改建差异无统计学意义(x2=6.113,P=0.191).结论 应严格把握OSFE适应证;OSFE时不植骨并同期植人种植体的短期临床效果是可预期的;新的窦底形成与上颌窦底提升高度无明显相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical results of osteotome sinus floor elevation(OSFE)without grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement.Methods A total of 65 patients underwent maxillary sinus floor elevation from alveolus without any bone grafting from January 2000 to December 2008 and 96 implants were placed in the maxillary posterior edentulous region simultaneously.Clinical and radiography examinations were performed.The residual bone height ranged from 5 to 8 mm and the mean bone height was(6.78±1.04)mm.The mean following period was 33.4 months.Statistical analysis was perfbrmed by chi square test.Results Ninety-five of 96 implants were clinically stable and functioned without any pain and other complaints.One implant Was extracted 15 days after operation because of mobility and the other implants obtained osseointegration.The mean implant protrusion lengh Was 2.6 mm,ranging from 1 to 5 mm.Different degree of new bone formation was observed in 51(54%)of implants.New maxillary sinus floor outline Was observed in 33(35%)of implants and there was no obvious new bone in 11(12%)of implants.There Was no significant deference between the implant protrusion length and sinus floor remodeling.Conclusions Under strict indications,the clinical results of OSFE without bone grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement were predictable in short term.The new sinus floor formation was not related to the implant protrusion length.     

上颌窦底冲压提升法种植修复122例缺牙的临床观察

目的探讨上颌窦底冲压提升技术在上颌后牙区种植修复中的应用效果和技术特点。方法1998年7月至2004年7月,共完成122例上颌窦底冲压提升种植修复病例。男性48例,女性74例,平均年龄46·5岁(20~69岁),共植入157枚种植体。随访5年以上21例,3年以上41例,2年以上27例,1年以上33例,平均随访29·7个月。观察方法为临床检查和X线检查。患者均因上颌后牙种植区牙槽嵴顶至上颌窦底之间的剩余骨高度在8~11mm,无法植入足够长度的种植体,因而采用上颌窦底冲压法局部提升上颌窦底骨板及黏骨膜,提升幅度为2~5mm。术中未使用任何骨移植材料,同期植入种植体。若种植体植入时的扭力>0·25N·m,则行一段式种植体直接安装愈合基台,3~4个月后进行种植义齿修复;若种植体植入时的扭力<0·25N·m,则采取埋入式种植技术,3~4个月后再行Ⅱ期种植体暴露手术及修复。结果122例中有12例上颌窦黏骨膜穿破,但在观察期内未发生上颌窦炎等并发症。157枚种植体均获得良好的骨结合并已完成种植修复,至2005年10月为止,无种植体脱落,患者对修复效果满意。结论上颌窦底冲压提升种植修复技术安全、简便、易行;手术创伤小,可在上颌后牙区种植修复病例中选用。     

Sinus bone formation and implant survival after sinus membrane elevation and implant placement: a 1- to 6-year follow-up study

Objectives: To investigate the long‐term clinical and radiographic results of the maxillary sinus membrane elevation technique where implants were inserted in a void space created by the elevation of the sinus membrane without adding any graft material. Materials and methods: A total of 84 patients were subjected to 96 membrane elevation procedures and simultaneous placement of 239 implants. Changes of intra‐sinus and marginal bone height in relation to the implants were measured in intraoral radiographs taken at insertion, after 6 months of healing, after 6 months of loading and then annually. Computerized tomography was performed pre‐surgically and 6 months post‐surgically. Resonance Frequency Analyses measurements were performed at the time of implants placement, at abutment connection and after 6 months of loading. The implant follow‐up period ranged from a minimum of one to a maximum of 6 years after implants loading. Results: All implants were stable after 6 months of healing. A total of three implants were lost during the follow‐up period giving a survival rate of 98.7%. Radiography demonstrated on average 5.3±2.1 mm of intra‐sinus new bone formation after 6 months of healing. RFA measurements showed adequate primary stability (implant stability quotient 67.4±6.1) and small changes over time. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of implants without the use of bone grafts or bone substitutes result in predictable bone formation with a high implant survival rate of 98.7% during a follow‐up period of up to 6 years. The intra‐sinus bone formation remained stable in the long‐term follow‐up. It is suggested that the secluded compartment allowed for bone formation according to the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The high implant survival rate of 98.7% indicated that the implants sufficiently supported the fixed bridges throughout the study period. This technique reduces the risks for morbidity related to harvesting of bone grafts and eliminates the costs of grafting materials. To cite this article:
Cricchio G, Sennerby L, Lundgren S. Sinus bone formation and implant survival after sinus membrane elevation and implant placement: a 1‐ to 6‐year follow‐up study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 1200–1212.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02096.x     

经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术植骨与否的研究进展

上颌后牙区常因骨量不足而成为种植的难点区域,常用的解决办法为上颌窦侧壁开窗窦底提升术和经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术。经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术因为手术操作简单、创伤小、愈合时间短、术后不适感少等优点逐步得到广泛应用。该技术早期应用常伴有同期植骨,但由于骨替代材料存在感染、低吸收率及引发上颌窦再气化等风险,近些年来临床上开始主张经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升时不再植骨。目前对经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术中植骨与不植骨的愈合状况和临床疗效等方面都有较多的研究报道。本文就经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术是否需要同期植骨的研究进展做如下综述。     

关于上颌窦底提升术骨增量策略的研究进展

上颌后牙区骨高度不足是种植手术常见的问题之一。而上颌窦底提升术拓宽了上颌后牙区种植的适应证。随着临床技术的进步和口腔材料学的发展,上颌窦底提升术的植骨策略不断更新。尽管上颌窦内的成骨机制尚未完全阐明,但上颌窦底提升术不植骨已经得到了越来越多的认可,如何选择和把握适应证是该策略的关键。经典传统的骨移植材料存在不同程度的缺陷,新型骨组织工程辅助材料应运而生,部分已得到临床应用。该文就上颌窦底提升术是否植骨、骨移植材料等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

山羊上颌窦及额窦黏膜抗拉伸强度的对比研究

目的探讨山羊鼻窦黏膜的抗拉伸强度的差异并分析差异产生原因,为上颌窦提升术中涉及黏膜问题时提供理论依据和指导。方法从获取的每块鼻窦黏膜(上颌窦顶、上颌窦底及额窦黏膜)上切取所需大小的黏膜,以弹簧测力计及自制夹具测得抗拉伸强度数值,结果采用单因素方差分析。结果山羊上颌窦顶黏膜抗拉伸强度为(4.68±0.94)N;上颌窦底为(5.27±1.12)N;额窦为(1.97±0.46)N。上颌窦顶与额窦、上颌窦底与额窦黏膜抗拉伸强度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),上颌窦顶与窦底黏膜抗拉伸强度的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论上颌窦顶、底黏膜均较额窦黏膜抗拉伸强度大,上颌窦顶黏膜与上颌窦底黏膜抗拉伸强度无差异。