Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Exposed to a Simulated Salt Lake Atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere has been investigated by analyzing the evolution of surface morphologies and corrosion products, the initiation and development of pits, and the electrochemical characteristics. The results indicated that(Mg_6Fe_2(OH)_(16)(CO_3)(H_2O)_(4.5))_(0.25), a layered double hydroxide, has been detected for the first time in the corrosion products formed on stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere. The specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions were corroded more severely than those exposed to NaCl deposit conditions, which was attributed to the differences in the deliquescence relative humidity and efflorescence relative humidity values of MgCl_2 and NaCl. In addition, a special corrosion morphology consisting of a concentric circle of yellowish material was observed on the specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions, which was attributed to the formation of Mg(OH)_2, inhibiting the diffusion and migration of OH~- ions to the anode region. The maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to corrosion time. The corrosion mechanism of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere is also discussed.     

Effect of Alloying Tin on the Corrosion Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Solutions

The effect of tin on general and pitting corrosion behaviors of the austenitic stainless steel in sulfuric acid and sodium chloride solutions was investigated by potentiostatic critical pitting temperature, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there is an optimal tin addition which is around(0.062–0.1) wt%, and the general corrosion resistance of B316 LX with 0.08 wt% tin addition in boiling H2SO4 increased remarkably with a corrosion rate of an order of magnitude lower than that of 316 L.Hydrolyzation of tin ions induces more metastable pit occurrence on the material surface. However, the pitting resistance of B316 LX increases because tin oxides improve the density and uniformity of the passive film, and hydroxide and oxide of tin inhabit the process of pit growing. The effect of tin on pitting corrosion process is illustrated schematically.     

显微显色法结合三维视频显微镜技术检测304不锈钢的早期点蚀

采用显微显色法对不同表面粗糙度的304不锈钢在3.0%、2.0%、1.0%、0.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液与纯水中的点蚀行为进行全场原位检测,并采用三维视频显微镜技术对不锈钢早期点蚀坑进行分析。结果表明:随腐蚀介质中NaCl含量及304不锈钢表面粗糙度的降低,点蚀诱导时间延长,所形成的点蚀坑减少且分布稀疏;显微显色法结合三维视频显微镜技术可以检测直径为3~6μm的早期点蚀。     

The Study of Plasma Nitriding of AISI304 Stainless Steel

This paper presents results on the plasma nitriding of AISI 304 stainless steel at different temperatures in NH3gas. The working pressure was 100～200 Pa and the discharge voltage was 700～800V. The phase of nltrided layer formed on the surface was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The hardness of the samples was measured by using a Vickers microhardness tester with the load of 50g. After nitriding at about 400℃ for two hours a nitrided layer consisting of single γN phase with thickness of 51.tm was obtained. Microhardness measurements showed significant increase in the hardness from 240 HV (for untreated samples) up to 950 HV (for nltrided samples at temperature of 420℃). The phase composition, the thickness, the microstructure and the surface topography of the nltrided layer as well as its properties depend essentially on the process parameters.     

电站锅炉不锈钢管氧化皮检测技术

电站锅炉不锈钢管内壁由于蒸汽氧化容易产生氧化皮,剥落的氧化皮会堵塞管道,严重时甚至造成堵塞爆管。为了降低事故,减少损失,开展对电站锅炉不锈钢管氧化皮的检测就极为重要。基于磁性检测技术,提出了不锈钢管氧化皮检测方法,研制了检测仪器,并在现场进行了大量应用。实践表明,该仪器具有携带方便、检测快捷和灵敏度高等优点,可较好地满足电站锅炉不锈钢管氧化皮检测的要求。     

SUS304不锈钢在浓缩自来水中的点蚀敏感性

采用极化曲线研究了SUS304不锈钢在不同温度浓缩不同倍率的自来水中的点蚀敏感性,比较了含不同浓度氯化钠的去离子水和自来水对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响。结果显示,随自来水温度和浓缩倍率的提高,不锈钢的点蚀敏感性增大;与自来水相比,在去离子水中氯离子对不锈钢点蚀敏感性的影响更显著。     

激光电子散斑干涉技术监测奥氏体不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的点蚀敏感性

用动电位极化和电化学阻抗等方法检测1Cr18Ni9Ti、304和316三种奥氏体不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀敏感性;用恒电位下的计时电流法结合激光电子散斑干涉技术（ESPI）实时监测这三种材料在3.5%NaCl溶液中阳极极化过程的表面动态变化及点蚀感应时间(τ)。结果表明,当电极表面发生点蚀时,激光电子散斑干涉图上会出现由点蚀产物扩散引起的亮斑。1Cr18Ni9Ti和 304不锈钢的τ值分别是1 s和9 s,316不锈钢的τ值大于50 s。由此可以判断1Cr18Ni9Ti的点蚀敏感性最大,304居中,316的点蚀敏感性最小。此结果与动电位极化和电化学阻抗等电化学方法得出的结果一致。激光电子散斑干涉技术可以做为一种实验室方法监测金属早期点蚀敏感性。     

碱性介质中304不锈钢交流调制电位着色工艺研究

为了改善不锈钢着色过程中高温和重离子的环保和耗能问题,室温下,在无Cr的NaOH溶液中304不锈钢交流调制电位法着色处理工艺,该工艺具有经济环保的特点.获得了稳定的金黄色、黄紫色、紫色、蓝紫色和蓝色膜,着色膜具有良好的耐蚀性,耐磨性、机械加工性和抗污性.探讨了工艺参数对着色膜耐蚀性和稳定性的影响.结果表明:着色电压幅值为7.0～8.0V、着色时间为4～7min时,着色膜稳定性和耐蚀性能最好.     

Antibacterial Property and Precipitation Behavior of Ag-Added 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

A 304 stainless steel with the addition of 0.27 wt% Ag was found to exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. Based on Thermo-Calc calculation, a special heat treatment was introduced to obtain Ag precipitate in this steel. Anti- bacterial experiments show that the alloy can kill the adhering Escherichia coli effectively. Since the Ag element plays a key role in killing the adhered bacteria, microstructures of Ag and Ag-rich compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Ag-rich compounds with the size of a few microns were found to be embedded within the matrix and along grain boundaries, Moreover, pure Ag particles with a lattice parameter of 0.422 nm were found within the austenite matrix. The orientation relationship between the matrix and Ag particles was identified. Nano-sized Ag particles were precipitated during heat treatment, and the interfacial energy between Ag precipitates and matrix was determined by Becket＇s model calculation.     

Dependence of the Critical Pitting Temperature on surface roughness

It has been known for many years that highly alloyed stainless steels display a critical pitting temperature (CPT), which is the lowest temperature at which the growth of stable pits is possible. In the work reported here, the effect of varying surface roughness was investigated using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic CPT measurements on 904L stainless steel in 1 M NaCl. The results demonstrated that increasing the smoothness of the sample surface causes an increase in the CPT, even though the CPT exhibits a markedly more deterministic character than does the pitting potential. Using a potentiostatic technique, the highest measured CPT was 56 °C for a surface polished to a 3 μm finish, whilst the lowest measured CPT was 46 °C for a surface ground to a 60 grit finish. These results are consistent with an explanation of the CPT proposed by Salinas-Bravo and Newman [Corros. Sci. 36 (1994) 67].     

表面粗糙度对304不锈钢早期点蚀行为影响的电化学方法

采用动电位扫描、电化学阻抗谱和电化学噪声等方法研究了4种不同表面粗糙度304不锈钢电极在质量分数为3％的NaCl溶液中的早期腐蚀行为.随着不锈钢电极表面粗糙度的下降,304不锈钢自腐蚀电位与点蚀电位均有所上升;电荷转移电阻噪声电阻明显升高,而电位标准偏差与电流标准偏差则有所降低;粗糙度0.25μm的电极在阻抗谱低频区出...     

幕墙不锈钢挂件的腐蚀问题

不锈钢材料具有良好的抗腐蚀性能,近年来被越来越多地应用于建筑行业,如通风幕墙结构中的不锈钢挂件。但即使是不锈钢挂件,也可能出现严重的腐蚀问题,进而导致整个幕墙结构的破坏。不锈钢挂件材质的选用,必须考虑环境的腐蚀等级及幕墙结构的安装和使用情况。在德国,不锈钢挂件大量地应用于通风幕墙结构中,已经形成了完整的规范体系。中国起步相对较晚,规范体系尚不够完善。本文重点阐述通风幕墙不锈钢挂件可能出现的腐蚀问题,详细介绍德国及欧盟的相关规范内容,最后,结合中国现状,对不锈钢挂件在幕墙结构中的应用提出一些建议。     

Corrosion Behavior and Mechanism of Irradiated 304 Nuclear Grade Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Water

Corrosion behavior and mechanism of irradiated 304 nuclear grade stainless steel were studied in simulated pressurized water reactor primary water. The microstructure of the oxide formed on the steel irradiated to different doses over an exposure period range of 25–1500 h was analyzed and compared. It was found that the general and intergranular corrosion rates of the steel were increased with irradiation dose, in correspondence with an evolution of the general oxide and the oxide formed at the grain boundary. Correlation of the oxide evolution with the corrosion kinetics and mechanism has been discussed in detail.     

Fe~(3+)水解及其对304不锈钢点蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、腐蚀形貌分析等方法研究了不同含量Fe~(3+)溶液水解对304不锈钢点蚀行为的影响,并从动力学角度分析了蚀孔生长的过程。结果表明:随Fe~(3+)含量的升高,水解产生的H~+含量升高,使自腐蚀电流密度升高,而溶解氧去极化作用减弱,使得自腐蚀电位负移;由于氢去极化作用,电荷转移电阻逐渐减小,腐蚀速率加快;当Fe~(3+)浓度达到3.0mol/L时,自腐蚀电流密度趋于平稳,金属离子的扩散控制了蚀孔生长,亚稳蚀孔向稳态蚀孔转变存在一个临界电流密度。     

304L/ER316L奥氏体不锈钢焊接板的点蚀行为

采用三氯化铁浸泡试验和电化学试验研究了核电站乏燃料池覆面用304L/ER316L/304L奥氏体不锈钢焊接板在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液(溶液1),含2700mg/L B3+的纯硼酸溶液(溶液2)和含2700mg/L B3++200mg/L Cl-的混合溶液(溶液3)中的点蚀行为,同时研究了温度和氯离子对其点蚀行为的影响。结果表明:在三种溶液环境中,焊接板不同区域的耐点蚀性能由强到弱依次为焊缝区>母材区>热影响区。焊缝金属耐点蚀性能最优的主要原因是Ni、Mo含量较高,而热影响区的最差是由于显微组织不良。在30,40,60℃溶液2中,即使在高电位下也未观测到焊接板发生明显点蚀,而掺杂200mg/L Cl-后,焊接板的点蚀倾向显著增加,点蚀敏感性随温度升高而升高。符合设计参数的纯硼酸溶液是很好的服役环境,但当其中加入Cl-后,焊接板的耐点蚀性能会大幅降低,故乏燃料池在服役期间,应严格控制水温变化并监控水质,避免温度长时间过高及侵蚀性Cl-含量超标。     

重力对304不锈钢点蚀行为的影响

采用恒电位极化法、电化学阻抗谱和三维视频显微镜研究了304不锈钢在3.5％ NaCl溶液中水平放置和垂直放置时的点蚀行为.结果表明,试样垂直放置比水平放置更易达到稳定点腐蚀,由于重力作用使垂直放置的蚀孔内腐蚀产物更易扩散到孔外,加速点蚀的诱发和亚稳态点蚀向稳态点蚀的转变.阻抗谱等效电路中元件参数的分析结果表明,垂直放置的试样表面局部腐蚀比水平放置的更严重.     

Pitting corrosion mechanism of Type 304 stainless steel under a droplet of chloride solutions

Pitting corrosion of Type 304 stainless steel under drops of MgCl₂ solution has been investigated to clarify the rusting mechanism in marine atmospheres. A pitting corrosion test was performed under the droplets with various combinations of the diameter and thickness (height) by exposure to a constant relative humidity. Probability of occurrence of pitting corrosion decreased with decreasing the diameter and thickness. Pitting corrosion progressed only when the [Cl⁻] exceeded 6 M (RH < 65%). In almost cases, there was a small hole (∼10 μm diameter) in the center of a single pit, which may be the trace of an inclusion particle like MnS dissolved out. The pitting corrosion mechanism of Type 304 under droplets containing chloride ions has been proposed.     

Passivation Behavior of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel in Hot Concentrated Seawater: Influence of Temperature and Seawater Concentration

The electrochemical behavior and passivation properties of 2507 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) in the hot concentrated seawater with different concentrations at different temperatures are characterized by electrochemical methods and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The passive film formed on 2507 SDSS belongs to n-type semiconductor and mainly composed of hydroxides and oxides of Fe and Cr under all circumstances. The protectiveness of the passive film decreases with the increase in temperature mainly because of the increase in defect density in the passive film. The corrosion resistance of 2507 decreases with the increase in seawater concentration, and the critical pitting temperature also decreases.     

304不锈钢点蚀行为的电化学噪声研究

本文利用电化学噪声技术检测了304不锈钢在6．0％（质量分数）FeCl3溶液中的点蚀行为。通过电化学噪声的时、频域分析和电化学噪声信号的统计分析以及相应的腐蚀形貌,研究了蚀点的生长过程。结果表明,浸泡初期噪声电阻Rn在较高水平波动,试样处于钝化状态;浸泡4～14h为点蚀诱导期,Rn开始降低,峭度和不对称度增大,出现明显的噪声峰,试样表面业稳态点蚀形核,生成的亚稳态点再钝化,通过扫描电镜观察未发现蚀点;浸泡14～32h为亚稳态点蚀向稳态点蚀过渡期;浸泡22h后,观察到电位噪声突然下降后不再恢复,功率密度（PSD）图低频区出现白噪声水平,亚稳态蚀点发展成为稳态的蚀点,通过扫描电镜观察到小而浅的蚀点;浸泡32～48h后材料处于稳定的点蚀阶段,通过扫描电镜观察到口径较大且较深的蚀点。     

Tribocorrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel in 0.5 mol/L Sulfuric Acid

The tribocorrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel was studied through comparing the damage behavior of 304 stainless steel in dilute sulfuric acid to that in distilled water by a reciprocating tribotester. The re-passivation behavior, the surface and sectional morphological features, as well as the change of microhardness of samples were studied, and the tribocorrosion mechanism was also discussed. The experimental results reveal that the damage of stainless steel in dilute sulfuric acid was caused by the steel's mechanical removal and electrochemical dissolution. The wear mechanism of stainless steel is abrasive wear, which mainly consists of micro-cutting and peeling. The synergetic action between corrosion and wear is notable. The corrosive environment leads to the embrittlement of the surface layer, and the wear destroys the passivation film and causes galvanic corrosion.