Shewanella sp.XB缺氧反硝化降解苯酚

苯酚的生物降解一直受到关注。以苯酚为惟一电子供体,研究了Shewanella sp.XB对苯酚的缺氧降解特性。研究结果表明,在反硝化条件下,当C/N为13.3时,苯酚可以完全降解,NO-2-N积累量很少。另外,当加入氧化还原介体,如核黄素3μmol/L、AQDS 0.01 mmol/L、AQS 0.05 mmol/L和LQ 0.01 mmol/L时,苯酚降解速率分别为不加介体时的1.45、1.77、1.67和1.63倍。当以氯化铵代替硝酸盐时,苯酚也能进行厌氧发酵降解。另外,菌株XB反硝化降解苯酚可能是厌氧和好氧降解的混合过程。     

白腐菌P.sordida YK-624及其锰过氧化物酶对2-氯酚的转化

利用白腐菌P.sordida YK-624和产自该菌株的锰过氧化物酶(MnP)处理2-氯酚(2-CP).结果表明,当2-CP质量浓度为50mg/L时,培养5d, P.sordida YK-624能降解50.42%的2-CP;采用300 U的MnP处理150mg/L的2-CP, 24h时2-CP降解率可达75.00%.利用紫外-可见分光光度计、红外光谱仪和高效液相色谱仪对MnP处理过程中的产物进行了分析,表明MnP氧化2-CP过程中有多种产物生成,可能的产物包括醌类和聚合产物.     

微波辅助催化湿式氧化技术降解高浓度苯酚废水

以纳米CuO为催化荆,采用微波辅助催化湿式过氧化氢氧化方法对高浓度苯酚废水(1 000 mg/L)进行降解处理,并与传统的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术进行比较,研究了微波强化作用对该技术的处理工艺条件、降解效率及机制的影响.结果表明,在微波的辅助作用下,当温度仅为60℃、压力为0.3 MPa时,催化湿式氧化反应15.0 min,苯酚废水的TOC去除率即达到90.8%.这表明微波促使催化湿式氧化反应可以在温和的条件下实现,而且效率高、速率快.进一步的降解机制研究发现,在微波的作用下,苯酚于2.0min内完全氧化转化,主要发生直接开环反应,生成短链羧酸,所经历氧化过程更为简单.     

氧化铈/活性炭催化臭氧氧化技术去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

用浸渍法在活性炭(AC)上负载氧化铈(CeO2)制备催化刺CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP),考察了臭氧投加量,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH的影响.结果表明,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除DMP的最佳臭氧投加量为50mg/h,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH对CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP过程都有一定的影响.在DMP初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、溶液初始pH为5、臭氧投加量为50 mg/h、反应60 min时,CeO2/AC的加入(1.5g/L)有利于催化臭氧氧化DMP过程中总有机碳(TOC)的去除,TOC去除率由AC催化臭氧氧化的48%提高到68%.而单独臭氧氧化过程中的TOC去除率仅22%;且单独臭氧氧化与AC、CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP的矿化过程均符合二级反应动力学方程,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP时TOC降解的二级反应动力学常数为0.0015L/(mg·min),分别是AC催化臭氧氧化的2.5倍和单独臭氧氧化的7.5倍.     

ZnO/TiO_2光催化剂的制备及太阳光催化降解苯酚的研究

以溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法制备了ZnO/TiO_2光催化剂(分别表示为SG-w%ZnO/TiO_2、JZ-w%ZnO/TiO_2,其中w%为ZnO占TiO_2的质量分数),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、紫外—可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和扫描电子显微分析镜(SEM)-能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)表征了各光催化剂的物相结构,考查了光催化剂制备方法、ZnO掺杂量、焙烧温度、苯酚初始浓度、降解时间对太阳光催化降解苯酚活性的影响,并探讨了太阳光催化降解苯酚的反应机理。结果表明:(1)500℃下煅烧2h制备的SG-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2、JZ-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2中TiO_2均以锐钛矿相存在,ZnO掺杂有利于提高光催化剂的太阳光催化性能。(2)在太阳光照射4h、光催化剂用量为2g/L、苯酚初始质量为10 mg/L的条件下,JZ-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2对苯酚的降解率可达61%,优于商用TiO_2(P25)。     

以泡沫镍为阴极的电芬顿法对苯酚的降解

电芬顿是一种高级氧化技术,其中电极材料对其处理效果有较为明显的影响。为提高电芬顿系统处理效率,选用泡沫镍电极作为阴极,以H_2O_2浓度为指标,探究了操作条件(p H、电流密度、曝气速率、电极间距)对其催化产H_2O_2性能的影响,并利用苯酚作为模拟污染物研究降解效果。实验结果表明,泡沫镍具备优异的阴极性能,其最佳工作条件为:p H=3,电流密度i=3 m A/cm~2,曝气量10 L/h,电极间距3 cm,在此条件下反应60 min后H_2O_2浓度可达45 mg/L。使用泡沫镍作为阴极降解苯酚废水,研究了Fe~(2+)投加量对去除率的影响。在最佳Fe~(2+)量(40 mg/L)下,反应2 h后苯酚及COD去除率分别达到95%和80%。其降解反应符合准一级动力学方程,表观反应速率常数最大可达5.0×10~(-4)s~(-1)。     

臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的机理

对臭氧单独氧化和臭氧催化氧化下的苯胺降解效率进行了比较,并通过液质联机分析了氧化过程中产物变化情况。实验结果表明,催化剂MnO2-CuO-CeO2/沸石的添加能有效地提高臭氧氧化苯胺的降解率,当苯胺初始浓度为200mg/L,反应20 min后,苯胺的去除率由原来的75%提高到89%;通过LC-MS分析,臭氧催化氧化苯胺降解过程中代谢产物依次为对亚胺醌、对苯醌、马来酸和草酸,并由此推断出了臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的途径。     

序批式反应器生物强化处理苯酚废水的研究

将4株高效苯酚分解菌湿菌体分3批投加于序批式反应器(SBR),对活性污泥进行生物强化试验,分析活性污泥状态与性能变化,测定生物强化后对苯酚的降解能力.结果表明,随着生物强化过程的进行,沉降性能改善,污泥颗粒化趋势明显;生物强化后,活性污泥对苯酚降解能力、降解速率及对苯酚的耐受性明显提高:苯酚质量浓度为730～960mg/L时,苯酚完全降解时间可由正常的6h缩短至2h;6h内可完全降解苯酚的质量浓度由原来的880mg/L提高到2080mg/L,处理能力提高了1.36倍;当进水苯酚质量浓度增加到2400mg/L时,6h内污泥对苯酚的降解率仍达到60.1%.     

漆酶/香草醛体系生物降解毒死蜱影响因素的研究

研究了漆酶介体体系对有机磷农药毒死蜱生物降解的效果及影响因素.通过对6种介体的试验比较,筛选了合适的介体.在试验条件下,1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)和2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)对漆酶降解毒死蜱存在一定的抑制作用,紫脲酸(VA)和2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)对漆酶降解毒死蜱未起促进作用,而天然产物香草醛和愈创木酚可促进漆酶降解毒死蜱,香草醛的促进作用最为明显,选择香草醛作为漆酶介体体系中的介体.研究了漆酶/香草醛体系中,反应时间、漆酶初始酶活、pH、温度、介体投加量及投加方式、毒死蜱初始浓度等因素对毒死蜱生物降解效果的影响.结果表明,控制漆酶初始酶活为0.050 U/mL、pH为5.0、温度30℃,分2次投加香草醛(香草醛与毒死蜱初始值摩尔比分别为40和80)情况下,漆酶/香草醛体系即可在24 h内实现对25 mg/L毒死蜱的有效降解,降解率达98％.     

简青霉对水溶液中碱木质素的吸附和降解的机理

通过一系列实验研究碳源浓度、培养箱转速、碱木质素浓度以及菌体活性等因素对简青霉菌丝球在溶液中吸附碱木质素的影响,并探讨其生物吸附机理;确定最佳碳源浓度和转速,分别为10 g/L和150 r/min。当碱木质素浓度小于0.5 g/L时,吸附效果较好,由菌丝球活性对照实验以及电镜照片可知吸附作用主要是由菌丝球的物理结构决定的,与其是否具有活性关系不大。通过吸附等温实验确定菌丝球的最大吸附量为30.3 mg/g,且吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。另外,过氧化氢对木质素降解酶影响的实验证明,木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶均需要过氧化氢的启动才能催化降解木质素,并且在降解过程中,木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的作用远远大于漆酶。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.