外伤性面瘫的CT定位与手术径路的选择

目的：探讨外作性面瘫的ＣＴ定位与手术径路方案选择的关系。方法：选择外伤所致周围性面瘫患者２９例行ＣＴ扫描,根据ＣＴ精确定位,行面神经减压术。结果：根据ＣＴ定位行中耳乳突进路１８例,中颅凹进路４例,乳突－中颅凹联合进路３例,乳突－迷路进路４例,乳突－中颅凹联合进路３例,乳突－迷路进路４例,术中所见与ＣＴ定位符合率１００％,术后随访８月－５年。通常在３个月至１年面瘫基本恢复正常。治愈率为８９．７％。结     

颅中窝-乳突联合进路面神经减压术

目的探讨颅中窝-乳突联合进路面神经减压手术适应症、手术方法效果。方法对2000年1月—2007年4月收治的5例外伤性面瘫（House-Brackmann分级Ⅳ-Ⅴ级）患者行颅中窝-乳突联合进路面神经减压术。结果5例行颞骨高分辨CT扫描均显示颞骨骨折,3例显示颅中窝底突起的骨碎片,流泪试验均为阳性。术后随访1-2年,2例面瘫Ⅳ级、2例面瘫Ⅴ级患者完全恢复,1例面瘫Ⅴ级患者恢复至Ⅲ级。结论根据颞骨高分辨CT扫描和流泪试验判断面神经损伤的部位以选择手术进路,颅中窝-乳突联合进路适于面神经全程减压术。     

面神经减压治疗周围性面瘫32例临床分析

目的：探讨面神经减压治疗周围性面瘫的临床疗效。方法：对32例不同原因所致周围性面瘫患者行CT扫描,根据扫描结果行不同进路的面神经减压手术,术后随访0．5～2年,按H-B分级法评判面神经功能恢复程度。结果：32例中17例颞骨骨折面瘫（V级2例,Ⅵ级15例）,伤后2周内手术者13例,术后面神经功能恢复H-B Ⅰ～Ⅱ级11例,达84．6％;伤后3周手术者3例,恢复Ⅱ级2例、Ⅲ级1例;伤后8周手术者1例,仅Ⅳ级恢复。2例医源性面瘫（Ⅵ级）患者,分别在伤后2周和3周手术并为Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级恢复。13例中耳乳突病变者均在1周内手术,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级恢复者分别为8、2、3例。结论：选择合适的术式及时机,绝大多数外伤性或中耳胆脂瘤等所致周围性面瘫患者经面神经减压术均能取得良好效果,外伤性面瘫手术尽量在伤后2周内进行。     

外伤性面瘫的手术治疗

为探讨外伤性面瘫适当的处理方法，回顾了２７例经手术治疗的外伤性面瘫。成人手术采用局部麻醉，经乳突、上鼓室进路。术后随访半年～２年，平均１．７年。术中发现４例有２处以上损伤。损伤部位见于面神经水平段１１例次、膝状神经节周围及迷路段９例次、垂直段８例次。面瘫完全恢复２０例，Ⅱ级恢复２例，Ⅲ级恢复５例。就手术治疗适应证及进路进行了讨论，认为经乳突上鼓室进路可暴露膝状神经节及迷路段远端，对大多数病例已足够，其损伤较小，易为患者接受，但此进路不能暴露面神经出颅部，故少数病例仍需经颅中窝进路减压。     

岩-乳突进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤

目的 评估经岩-乳突进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤的临床疗效。方法4例岩骨胆脂瘤伴有中耳感染行乳突腔开放术式;2例鼓膜完整行外耳道缝合关闭术式。6例面瘫均行面神经减压术。结果6例术后随访1.5-6.5年,无一例局部复发胆脂瘤。手术后3-6月面神经功能逐渐恢复,1例面瘫恢复到正常,4例恢复到轻度,另1例恢复到轻中度,仍在随访中。结论岩骨胆脂瘤的手术进路选择应该根据病变范围和侵袭程度,乳突腔开放术式适于中耳感染的病例,术中有利于面神经全程减压,术后便于术腔清理换药;外耳道关闭术式适于非中耳感染的病例,填塞术腔,缝合外耳道,有利于预防术后感染。     

颞骨岩部胆脂瘤术中面神经完整性监测与减压

目的：探讨颞骨岩部胆脂瘤术中面神经监测与减压的临床效果。方法：11例颞骨岩部胆脂瘤患者均伴有面瘫，经颅中窝-乳突联合进路行胆脂瘤切除术，其中8例鼓膜穿孔或中耳乳突感染者行乳突腔开放术式；3例岩尖并侵犯中耳乳突但鼓膜完整者行外耳道关闭术式。术中应用神经监护仪行面神经完整性监护，完成颞骨内面神经减压术。面神经功能评价参照House-Brackmann标准。结果：随访3～12个月，11例面神经功能逐渐恢复，1例面瘫恢复到基本正常，9例恢复到轻度，1例恢复到轻中度，均无胆脂瘤复发。结论：颅中窝-乳突联合进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤同期行面神经减压术疗效满意，神经完整性监护有助于术中面神经定位和保护。     

岩骨胆脂瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨岩骨胆脂瘤的病因和临床表现特点以及手术方式。方法对1986年12月～2003年4月收治的12例岩骨胆脂瘤患者(继发9例，原发3例)进行回顾性分析。结果原发岩骨胆脂瘤首发症状为面瘫及听力下降，鼓膜正常。继发岩骨胆脂瘤主要表现为耳流脓史，听力下降及面瘫，鼓膜通常有穿孔或不正常。慢性中耳炎病史及耳科手术史与继发性岩骨胆脂瘤的发生密切相关。颞骨CT可明确病变范围及与面神经的关系，能为确定手术方式提供直接的参考。继发及原发岩骨胆脂瘤的治疗原则相同：彻底清除胆脂瘤上皮。手术入路有4种：经迷路、中颅窝、迷路中颅窝联合入路、颅颈联合入路(迷路下)。1例继发胆脂瘤因反复复发而行4次手术外，其余11例随访4个月～15年无复发。吻合的3例面神经中，2例由House Brackmann分级V恢复到Ⅳ；减压及神经连续性完整的3例中2例由Ⅳ恢复到Ⅲ，1例无恢复。结论继发及原发胆脂瘤病因不相同，临床表现各具特点。手术进路的选择取决于病变部位、范围及听力状况，经迷路、中颅窝是主要入路。单纯中颅窝入路应采用术腔相对封闭的术式；其他人路应采取开放术腔式手术。     

经乳突颞下迷路外进路面神经高位减压术

目的 探讨颞骨外伤性骨折面瘫,保全和重建听骨链的面神经迷路段减压术对面瘫与听力恢复的效果。方法 对7例颞骨高位骨折引起面瘫者,行保全听骨链的经乳突颞下迷路外进路面神经高位减压术。结果 术后随访0.5～4.2年,面瘫恢复致H-BⅠ级3例,H-BⅡ级2例,H-BⅢ级2例。术中保全听骨链,术后语频区听力平均提高26dB。结论 颞骨高位外伤性骨折面瘫,行乳突颞下迷路外径路,进行面神经高位减压保全和重建听骨链效果满意。     

岩-乳突进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤

目的 评估经岩-乳突进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤的临床疗效。方法 4例岩骨胆脂瘤伴有中耳感染行乳突腔开放术式；2例鼓膜完整行外耳道缝合关闭术式。6例面瘫均行面神经减压术。结果 6例术后随访1．5～6．5年，无一例局部复发胆脂瘤。手术后3～6月面神经功能逐渐恢复，1例面瘫恢复到正常，4例恢复到轻度，另1例恢复到轻中度，仍在随访中。结论 岩骨胆脂瘤的手术进路选择应该根据病变范围和侵袭程度，乳突腔开放术式适于中耳感染的病例，术中有利于面神经全程减压，术后便于术腔清理换药；外耳道关闭术式适于非中耳感染的病例，填塞术腔，缝合外耳道，有利于预防术后感染。     

岩骨胆脂瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的　探讨岩骨胆脂瘤的病因和临床表现特点以及手术方式。方法　对 1986年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 4月收治的 12例岩骨胆脂瘤患者 (继发 9例 ,原发 3例 )进行回顾性分析。结果　原发岩骨胆脂瘤首发症状为面瘫及听力下降 ,鼓膜正常。继发岩骨胆脂瘤主要表现为耳流脓史 ,听力下降及面瘫 ,鼓膜通常有穿孔或不正常。慢性中耳炎病史及耳科手术史与继发性岩骨胆脂瘤的发生密切相关。颞骨CT可明确病变范围及与面神经的关系 ,能为确定手术方式提供直接的参考。继发及原发岩骨胆脂瘤的治疗原则相同 :彻底清除胆脂瘤上皮。手术入路有 4种 :经迷路、中颅窝、迷路中颅窝联合入路、颅颈联合入路 (迷路下 )。 1例继发胆脂瘤因反复复发而行 4次手术外 ,其余 11例随访 4个月～ 15年无复发。吻合的 3例面神经中 ,2例由HouseBrackmann分级Ⅴ恢复到Ⅳ ;减压及神经连续性完整的 3例中 2例由Ⅳ恢复到Ⅲ ,1例无恢复。结论　继发及原发胆脂瘤病因不相同 ,临床表现各具特点。手术进路的选择取决于病变部位、范围及听力状况 ,经迷路、中颅窝是主要入路。单纯中颅窝入路应采用术腔相对封闭的术式 ;其他入路应采取开放术腔式手术。     

The role of the middle fossa approach in the management of traumatic facial paralysis

There are several controversial aspects to the management of traumatic facial paralysis. One of these involves the precise nature of surgical intervention once the decision to operate has been made. Between June 1, 1984, and June 30, 1993, we surgically treated 220 cases of traumatic facial paralysis with good cochlear reserve by decompressing the tympanic and mastoid segments via a transmastoid approach followed by decompression of the geniculate ganglion and the distal half of the labyrinthine segment via a middle fossa approach. We discuss the results of surgery via the middle fossa approach, and we review the literature.     

高分辨率CT对颞骨外伤性面瘫的诊断价值

目的：探讨高分辨率CT（HRCT）对颞骨外伤性面瘫的诊断价值及对手术的指导意义。方法：据临床资料和颞骨HRCT表现,对29例拟行手术治疗的颞骨外伤性面瘫患者提出预测性诊断,并与术中所见进行对比。结果：CT显示骨折线走行情况与术中所见基本符合,不同类型的骨折引起的神经损伤具有各自的特点。面神经损伤的直接征象包括骨折线贯穿骨管、骨管断裂或断离;间接征象包括面神经局部增粗、骨管壁密度降低、膝状神经窝扩大、面神经受压等。各种征象与术中所见的符合率均在90％以上。结论：HRCT可明确显示颞骨骨折线的位置及走行,有助于判断面神经损伤范围、程度以及邻近结构破坏情况,为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠依据。     

Vestibular neurectomy in the United States--1990.

During the last decade, vestibular neurectomy has become a more frequently performed procedure to cure symptoms of inner ear vertigo while preserving hearing. In an effort to determine the results of vestibular neurectomy across the country, a questionnaire was prepared and sent to the 350 members of the American Otologic Society and the American Neurotology Society. Results of that survey indicated that 2,820 vestibular neurectomy procedures were performed by 58 surgeons. Ninety-two percent (2,590 cases) were performed through the posterior fossa approach. Of these, 1149 cases (44%) were through the retrolabyrinthine approach, 940 cases (36%) were through the retrosigmoid approach, 307 cases (12%) were through the combined retrolabyrinthine-retrosigmoid approach, and 194 cases (8%) were unspecified as to which posterior fossa approach was used. The remaining 230 cases (8%) were through the middle fossa approach. Sectioning of the vestibular nerve was done by the otologist in 58 percent of cases, by the neurosurgeon in 12 percent, and by either surgeon in 30 percent. Classic Meniere's disease, the most common indication for vestibular neurectomy, resulted in the best cure rate of 91 percent. Other inner ear diseases such as traumatic labyrinthitis and vestibular neuronitis had a lower cure rate of 74 to 81 percent. Hearing was preserved to within 20 dB of the preoperative pure-tone thresholds in 87 percent. There were no deaths, 11 cases of meningitis and 16 cases of facial paralysis, 15 of which occurred after middle fossa surgery, representing a 7 percent incidence of facial paralysis after middle fossa surgery. Eleven of the 15 cases resulted in permanent paralysis and four in temporary paralysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Temporal bone cholesteatoma

Clinical features of temporal bone cholesteatoma are miscellaneous, and sometimes misleading: signs of middle ear cholesteatoma, progressive or sudden facial palsy, sensorineural deafness as in acoustic neuroma, conductive deafness as in otosclerosis, secretory otitis media, or intracranial complications. Polytomography is the only way to pinpoint topography and extension. CT scanning is very useful in determining extension. Topography and severity of deafness are the guidelines for surgical approach. Among sixteen cases, total deafness was produced by the lesion itself in ten cases, and six had an intact inner ear; preservation of hearing was possible in only three. Supralabyrinthine cholesteatomas (five cases) are best managed by the middle fossa approach. Infralabyrinthine cholesteatomas (six cases) must be removed via the infratemporal approach with anterior displacement of the tympanic and mastoid segments of the facial nerve and permanent obliteration of the middle ear. Posterior perilabyrinthine cholesteatoma (five cases) may be removed by the otologic approach combined with the middle ear fossa approach if the inner ear is to be preserved. If hearing loss is total, the translabyrinthine approach can be used.     

Delayed-onset facial paralysis after vestibular neurectomy

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Delayed-onset facial paralysis (beginning more than 3 d after the procedure) has been described as a complication of many different types of otological procedures. The incidence of this problem in vestibular neurectomy and the relationship to surgical approach are detailed in the study. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. METHODS: In the setting of a tertiary referral center, vestibular neurectomy was performed in 70 individuals with disabling vertigo unresponsive to medical therapy who elected vestibular neurectomy. The main outcome measure was incidence of delayed onset facial paralysis. RESULTS: Delayed-onset facial paralysis was significantly more common after the middle fossa (18%) and translabyrinthine (11%) approaches compared with the retrosigmoid approach (0%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical approach influences the incidence of delayed-onset facial paralysis. Measures to prevent this complication such as prophylactic antiviral medication or labyrinthine segment decompression may be considered in middle fossa and translabyrinthine operations.     

颞下窝B型径路切除侧颅底肿瘤临床分析

目的探讨颞下窝B型径路在侧颅底肿瘤中的适应证及手术效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2018年6月采用颞下窝B型径路治疗8例侧颅底肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中横纹肌肉瘤1例,成熟型畸胎瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤1例,颞骨鳞癌1例,巨细胞修复性肉芽肿2例,胆脂瘤2例。结果3例患者病变范围主要累及颈静脉孔区、颈内动脉、岩尖;5例患者病变范围主要累及颧弓、颞下颌关节、中颅底甚至颞叶。7例单纯行颞下窝B型径路,1例患者行颞下窝B型径路联合经耳蜗径路,8例患者均完全切除病变。所有患者术后1周复查头颅MRI,均未见病变残留。4例患者术后为重度传导性或混合性听力下降,另外4例患者术后为极重度感音神经性听力下降。术前面瘫者2例,术后无加重;术前面神经功能正常者,术后2例出现面瘫,其中1例为联合经耳蜗入路患者术中将面神经进行移位,另外1例由于恶性肿瘤已侵犯面神经,术中将受侵犯的面神经切除。所有患者随访期间均无脑脊液耳漏、颅内出血,颅内感染、偏瘫、死亡等严重术后并发症。 结论颞下窝B型径路在暴露颈内动脉垂直段和水平段、岩尖等部位极具优势,同时这一径路也可用于切除累及颧弓、颞下颌关节甚至累及颞叶的侧颅底肿瘤。     

Management of facial paralysis in temporal bone fractures: a prospective study analyzing 11 operated fractures

OBJECTIVE: This study was instituted to evaluate patients operated on for traumatic facial paralysis. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study and literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2001, 10 patients with 11 temporal bone fractures resulting in facial paralysis, who were treated by surgical exploration, were handled. One patient had bilateral facial paralysis because of a bilateral temporal bone fracture. All patients had immediate facial paralysis after trauma. The sample included 7 males and 3 females, aged between 8 and 43 years. RESULTS: Of the 11 fractures, 7 (63%) were longitudinal and 4 (37%) were mixed type. There were no transverse fractures. The longitudinal fractures were operated on by the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach, whereas the mixed fractures were operated on by using a combined approach, consisting of both MCF and transmastoid approaches. The first neurotologic examination and electrophysiological evaluation of the patients were carried out at the earliest 5 days and at the latest 50 days (mean, 25.6 days). The decision for surgery based mainly on electroneurography (ENoG) was possible only in one fracture. In the remaining 10 fractures, the decision for surgery was based mainly on the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), taking into account that electromyography (EMG) showed no regeneration potentials. The timing of the surgical intervention ranged from 14 to 75 days (mean, 37.9 days). During the operation, fibrosis at the geniculate ganglion was seen in 5 fractures, impingement of the facial nerve by bone spicules at the geniculate ganglion in 2 fractures, disruption or laceration at the origin of major superficial petrosal nerve also in 2 fractures, and edema around the geniculate ganglion, which is considered a mild form of injury, seen in only 2 fractures. Five fractures showed House-Brackmann (HB) grade 1, 4 patients showed HB grade 2, and 2 patients showed HB grade 3 facial recovery. There were no hearing deterioration or permanent complications related with the procedures. CONCLUSIONS: It is rarely possible to see the patients with traumatic facial paralysis in the early period and thus to perform ENoG in the critical 6 days after facial paralysis. HRCT, with the contribution of EMG and clinical judgment, has the greatest impact in decision making in patients seen late. On the basis of the facial outcomes observed in the present prospective surgical series, the recovery of satisfactory facial nerve function could be achieved, regardless of timing of surgery performed, within the first 3 months after the onset of paralysis. This study demonstrates that unless there is a disruption of the main trunk, necessitating primary end-to-end anastomosis or grafting, the type of injury does not have any clear effect on the facial outcome, as long as appropriate surgical management is applied.     

Transmastoid exposure of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve: an anatomical study

IntroductionCompression of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve by edema has been considered as an important pathology in the majority of the cases of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Hence, it is suggested that total decompression of the facial nerve should also include the labyrinthine segment by a middle fossa approach. However, the middle fossa approach requires craniotomy and temporal lobe retraction, which increases the morbidity. The labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve can also be reached through mastoidectomy. However, many ear surgeons are not familiar with this approach due to the lack of anatomical data on this surgical area.ObjectiveTo study the anatomical limitations of decompression of the labyrinthine segment via transmastoid approach.MethodsComplete mastoidectomy was performed in six adult cadavers heads. Dissection was extended in the zygomatic root and posterior bony wall of the external auditory canal to visualize the incudomallear joint completely. The bone between tympanic segment, lateral and superior semicircular canal’s ampullas and middle fossa dural plate was removed. Fine dissection was carried out over tympanic segment of the facial nerve in an anterosuperomedial direction the labyrinthine segment was reached.ResultsAll the mastoids were well pneumatized. Distances between the labyrinthine segment and middle fossa dura, and between the labyrinthine segment and superior semicircular canal, were 2.5 and 4.5 mm on average, respectively. In addition, distances between the middle fossa dura and dome of the lateral semicircular canal, and between the middle fossa dura and tympanic segment were 4.6 mm and 4.3 mm on average, respectively.ConclusionIt is possible to expose the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve through mastoidectomy by dissecting the bone in the area between the tympanic segment of the facial nerve, middle fossa dural plate and ampullary ends of the lateral and superior semicircular canals.     

颞骨骨折面瘫及听力损失处理的探讨

目的　对１８ 例颞骨骨折面瘫及听力损失的处理进行探讨。方法　应用纯音测听、（ 儿童用ＡＢＲ 及４０ Ｈｚ ＡＥＲＰ检测） 、声导抗测试、泪分泌试验、面肌电图及颞骨ＣＴ对每一例患者进行检测。根据面神经损伤部位，选择不同的手术进路进行处理。结果　颞骨内面神经损伤均进行神经减压术，颞骨外面神经损伤均按腮腺手术进路行端对端吻合术或神经移植术。４ 例传导性聋经听骨链重建术后，其中３ 例纯音听阈达到应用水平（ 语频平均达３０ ｄＢ 以上） ，１ 例气骨导差≤１５ ｄＢ。结论　凡颞骨纵形骨折位于膝状神经节附近有岩浅大神经损伤者，以采取颅中窝进路最佳