基于波士顿矩阵的知识产权与技术标准化策略选择研究

本文运用波士顿矩阵思想，提出知识产权与技术标准波士顿矩阵，将企业根据其知识产权价值和技术产品标准化程度分为4种类型，根据不同类型企业特点，提出企业知识产权与技术标准化协同策略。     

The state-of-the-art on Intellectual Property Analytics (IPA): A literature review on artificial intelligence,machine learning and deep learning methods for analysing intellectual property (IP) data

Big data is increasingly available in all areas of manufacturing and operations, which presents an opportunity for better decision making and discovery of the next generation of innovative technologies. Recently, there have been substantial developments in the field of patent analytics, which describes the science of analysing large amounts of patent information to discover trends. We define Intellectual Property Analytics (IPA) as the data science of analysing large amount of IP information, to discover relationships, trends and patterns for decision making. In this paper, we contribute to the ongoing discussion on the use of intellectual property analytics methods, i.e artificial intelligence methods, machine learning and deep learning approaches, to analyse intellectual property data. This literature review follows a narrative approach with search strategy, where we present the state-of-the-art in intellectual property analytics by reviewing 57 recent articles. The bibliographic information of the articles are analysed, followed by a discussion of the articles divided in four main categories: knowledge management, technology management, economic value, and extraction and effective management of information. We hope research scholars and industrial users, may find this review helpful when searching for the latest research efforts pertaining to intellectual property analytics.     

Determinants of patent infringement awards in the US,Japan, and China: A comparative analysis

Patent litigations are essential measures to maximize returns from research and development. Although major countries have promoted pro-patent policies, there are significant differences in patent infringement awards among jurisdictions. This article comparatively analyzes determinants of patent infringement awards in the US, Japan, and China using 880 court decisions between 2000 and 2014. We find that Japan's judges attach more weight to a litigated patent's technological importance, whereas judges in the US and China prioritize its private economic value. Besides, damages ruled by US juries are almost unpredictable, while judges provide the most predictable decisions. We also find that the jury system can explain both the variation in the US patent infringement awards and the difference with awards in Japan, but the treble damage system can only explain the former. These results provide novel empirical evidence for public policy debates on patent protection and practical insights for intellectual property professionals.     

The prevalence of weak patents in the United States: A new method to identify weak patents and the implications for patent policy

The presence of patents with dubious validity (i.e., weak patents) has been one of the prominent patent policy issues with undesirable consequences in innovation. The present study empirically examines the prevalence of weak patents in the United States and whether or not the current patent system is capable of correcting weak patent issues. To this end, we propose a new method to identify weak patents by using patent citation information in conjunction with the textual similarity between citing and cited patents. Our method, along with a series of internal validation measures, shows that 13% of U.S. patents filed from 2001 to 2010 are weak patents. By applying this new method, we find that patent owners build a patent portfolio around a weak patent by developing subsequent inventions more than they do for a non-weak patent. Our further analysis finds that a weak patent is more or equally likely to be retained by the patent owner than a non-weak patent. Our findings suggest that patent owners have an incentive to invest in maintaining and appropriating weak patents, and thus, the current patent system is incapable of self-correcting weak patent issues.     

Strategic patenting in the upstream oil and gas industry: Assessing the impact of the pre-salt discovery on patent applications in Brazil

For most of its history, Brazil needed to import oil to complement its internal production to supply the internal demand. However, in 2007, the Brazilian Federal Government announced the discovery of huge hydrocarbon resources in the pre-salt layer of the country's Southeastern coast. This study examines the impact of this discovery accomplished by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) on patent applications in Brazil associated with upstream oil and gas technologies. Then, this article provides empirical evidence that the pre-salt discovery significantly affected patent strategizing of Multi-Nationals Companies (MNCs) operating in the upstream oil and gas industry, thereby generating a boom in patent filings in Brazil from the official pre-salt announcement onwards.     

Improving the Iranian Industrial Property System (IPS): A comparative case study of Iran and South Korea

This study analyzes the Industrial Property System (IPS) of Iran and proposes solutions for improving the system. Documentary research and a comparative study of the South Korea IPS are the main sources of information. The results indicate that although Iran has taken important steps towards improving its IPS, there are lingering problems. The organizational set-up of the IPS needs restructuring. Moreover, intellectual property (IP) management professionals and policy makers will benefit from IP training programs. Finally, IP policy making and IPS reform should be based on the needs of the industry.     

A numerical investigation into the effect of CRS misuse on the injury potential of children in frontal and side impact crashes

This research focuses on an investigation into the head and neck injuries sustained by toddlers due to CRS misuse under frontal and side impact crashes. A fully deformable FE model incorporating a Hybrid III 3-year-old dummy was developed which has been previously validated for frontal impacts under CMVSS 208 and FMVSS 213 testing conditions. Furthermore, this model has also been validated under near-side impact conditions in accordance to crash tests carried out by NHTSA. In addition, numerical models incorporating a Q3/Q3s prototype child crash test dummies were developed. The objective of this research was to study the effect of seatbelt slack and the absence of the top tether strap on the head and neck injuries sustained by toddlers in a vehicle crash. Numerical simulations were conducted under full frontal and near side impact crash testing conditions in accordance with FMVSS 213 for the Hybrid III 3-year-old dummy and Q3/Q3s dummies in the absence and presence of slack in the seatbelt webbing, and in the absence and presence of the top tether strap. In addition, the effect of using a cross-shaped rigid ISOFIX system was also investigated. An analysis of the head and chest accelerations, neck loads and moments was completed to investigate the potential of injury due to CRS misuse. An increase in HIC₁₅ by approximately 30–40% for the frontal impact and 10–20% for the near-side impact respectively was observed for the Q3 child dummy due to both forms of CRS misuse. In the absence of the top tether strap the forward head excursions were observed to be increased by approximately 70% for the Hybrid III 3-year-old dummy and 40% for the Q3 dummy, respectively. Use of the cross-shaped rigid ISOFIX system illustrated a reduction in head and neck injury parameters, for both frontal and side impact conditions, in the absence and presence of CRS misuse. CRS misuse results in a significant increase in injury parameters and potential for contact related head injuries. Use of a rigid ISOFIX system to restrain a CRS provides better CRS and dummy confinement and reduced injury potential than a flexible ISOFIX system.     

Structure and cation distribution in perovskites with small cations at the A site: the case of ScCoO3

We synthesize ScCoO₃ perovskite and its solid solutions, ScCo_1−xFe_xO₃ and ScCo_1−xCr_xO₃, under high pressure (6 GPa) and high temperature (1570 K) conditions. We find noticeable shifts from the stoichiometric compositions, expressed as (Sc_1−xM_x)MO₃ with x = 0.05–0.11 and M = Co, (Co, Fe) and (Co, Cr). The crystal structure of (Sc_0.95Co_0.05)CoO₃ is refined using synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction data: space group Pnma (No. 62), Z = 4 and lattice parameters a = 5.26766(1) Å, b = 7.14027(2) Å and c = 4.92231(1) Å. (Sc_0.95Co_0.05)CoO₃ crystallizes in the GdFeO₃-type structure similar to other members of the perovskite cobaltite family, ACoO₃ (A³⁺ = Y and Pr-Lu). There is evidence that (Sc_0.95Co_0.05)CoO₃ has non-magnetic low-spin Co³⁺ ions at the B site and paramagnetic high-spin Co³⁺ ions at the A site. In the iron-doped samples (Sc_1−xM_x)MO₃ with M = (Co, Fe), Fe³⁺ ions have a strong preference to occupy the A site of such perovskites at small doping levels.     

The development of science and technology in China: A comparison with India and the United States

In “The Outline of the Medium and Long-term National Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006–2020)” (OMLP)), the Chinese government outlined an ambitious goal to become an innovation-driven country by 2020. However, there are many barriers that restrain the development of the national innovation capacity of enterprises. This paper reviews the capacity for science and technology (S&T) and innovation in China, including the factors that influence capacity building, the supporting policies for implementing the OMLP, and the promotion of capacity building for S&T and innovation in China. The paper concludes with recommendations for promoting further development of S&T and innovation in China.     

A micromechanical model taking into account the contribution of α- and γ-crystalline phases in the stiffening of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites: A closed-formulation including the crystal symmetry

A clay-induced crystal transformation has been widely pointed out in semi-crystalline polymer–clay nanocomposites, from the α-form to the γ-form in the particular case of polyamide 6 (PA6). The proposition of a predictive model taking explicitly into account the polymer crystalline structure is still needed for a reliable prediction of the structure–property relationship and for a better understanding of the reinforcement mechanism in such systems. The aim of this paper is to present an approach issued from the continuum-based micromechanical framework using self-consistency condition to predict the overall stiffness of PA6-clay nanocomposites. Besides the effect of clay particle characteristics, the micromechanical model introduces the contribution of α- and γ-form crystals in the overall stiffness by considering the PA6 matrix as a heterogeneous medium containing distinct amorphous and crystalline phases. A closed-formulation of the micromechanical model is derived using the Walpole spectral decomposition of the stiffness tensors for the two monoclinic crystalline phases. Two possible representations of the microstructure are considered: the first one considers that all the phases are independent and the second one that the γ-crystalline phase constitutes an interphase region around clay particles. The micromechanical model using the two morphological representations is used to predict the overall stiffness of PA6 nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite clay (adjusted from 1 wt% up to 20 wt%) for which the polymer crystalline structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and calorimetry. The respective role of clay particles and of two crystalline species in the stiffening of exfoliated and intercalated PA6-clay nanocomposites is discussed with respect to the micromechanical model.     

NMR Studies of the Dynamic Motion of Encapsulated Ions and Clusters in Fullerene Cages: A Wheel Within a Wheel

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has provided an important approach to investigate the structure and dynamics of encapsulated metal ions and clusters in endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). In this paper, we review NMR studies of the environment and dynamics of dimetallic, trimetallic nitride, metal carbide and metal cyanide clusters encapsulated in EMFs. The NMR chemical shielding parameter is a sensitive probe for monitoring the carbon cage (¹³C) and encapsulated clusters (¹³C, ¹⁴N, ¹³⁹La, ⁴⁵Sc, and ⁸⁹Y). Future NMR EMF studies could be very fruitful and help elucidate coupled motion between the carbon cage and encapsulated cluster or other “wheel within a wheel” motional processes.     

Migration of Mineral Oil into Noodles from Recycled Fibres in the Paperboard Box and the Corrugated Board Transport Box as well as from Printing Inks: A Case Study

From the toxicological evaluation of mineral oils as used in offset printing inks by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), a specific migration limit of 0.6 mg/kg in food can be derived. Experimental packs for taglioline (fine noodles) were investigated, aiming at respecting this limit. This ended with four conclusions. First, during the 65 day test (shelf life of 2 years), the transport box of corrugated board contaminated the bottom packs in the box with 6.1 mg/kg mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and had the potential of contaminating all the 10 packs on average at about 10 mg/kg. Second, the migration from an improved recycled paperboard (five times less mineral oil than average) still amounted to 4.9 mg/kg, indicating that optimization of recycling is not promising to respect the 0.6 mg/kg limit. Third, a printing ink containing 3 g/kg MOSH (about 100 times less than conventional offset inks) still contaminated the taglioline with 0.6 mg/kg MOSH. Finally, the taglioline were contaminated with 2.5 mg/kg MOSH already before packing, illustrating that there are other sources of mineral oil violating the 0.6 mg/kg limit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A historical overview of probabilistic risk assessment development and its use in the nuclear power industry: a tribute to the late Professor Norman Carl Rasmussen

This paper reviews the historical development of the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods and applications in the nuclear industry. A review of nuclear safety and regulatory developments in the early days of nuclear power in the United States has been presented. It is argued that due to technical difficulties for measuring and characterizing uncertainties and concerns over legal challenges, safety design and regulation of nuclear power plants has primarily relied upon conservative safety assessment methods derived based on a set of design and safety principles. Further, it is noted that the conservatism adopted in safety and design assessments has allowed the use of deterministic performance assessment methods. This approach worked successfully in the early years of nuclear power epoch as the reactor design proved to be safe enough. However, it has been observed that as the conservative approach to design and safety criteria proved arbitrary, and yielded inconsistencies in the degree to which different safety measures in nuclear power plants protect safety and public heath, the urge for a more consistent assessment of safety became apparent in the late 1960s. In the early 1970s, as a result of public and political pressures, then the US Atomic Energy Commission initiated a new look at the safety of the nuclear power plants through a comprehensive study called ‘Reactor Safety Study’ (WASH-1400, or ‘Rasmussen Study’—after its charismatic study leader Professor Norman Rasmussen of MIT) to demonstrate safety of the nuclear power plants. Completed in October 1975, this landmark study introduced a novel probabilistic, systematic and holistic approach to the assessment of safety, which ultimately resulted in a sweeping paradigm shift in safety design and regulation of nuclear power in the United States in the turn of the Century. Technical issues of historic significance and concerns raised by the subsequent reviews of the Rasmussen Study have been discussed. Effect of major events and developments such as the Three Mile Island accident and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Nuclear Industry sponsored studies on the tools, techniques and applications of the PRA that culminated in the present day risk-informed initiatives has been discussed.