青少年生活事件与焦虑的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

目的:探讨青少年生活事件、领悟社会支持、性别与焦虑之间的关系.方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表和广泛性焦虑量表对983名普通初级中学生进行问卷调查.结果:①生活事件与焦虑呈正相关(r=0.609,P＜0.001)、领悟社会支持与生活事件、焦虑呈负相关(r=-0,297,-0.260;P＜0.001).②生活事件显著正向预测青少年焦虑(β=0.62,P＜0.001),领悟社会支持在青少年生活事件与焦虑之间起部分中介作用(β=-0.14,P＜0.001).③性别对中介模型的前半段路径起调节作用(β=0.15,P＜0.05),相对于男生,在女生群体中生活事件对领悟社会支持的负向预测作用更显著.结论:生活事件一方曲直接影响青少年焦虑,也可通过领悟社会支持发挥间接作用,性别调节了生活事件与领悟社会支持的关系.     

生活事件对大学生焦虑和抑郁的影响

目的:考察大学生生活事件、社会支持对其焦虑、抑郁的影响。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、社会支持量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对261名在校大学生进行测量。结果:领悟社会支持在生活事件与大学生焦虑(加入中介变量前,β=0.298,P=0.001;加入后,β=0.236,P0.01)和抑郁(加入中介变量前,β=0.277,P0.01;加入后,β=0.200,P0.01)之间起部分中介作用;社会支持调节该中介过程。结论:生活事件不但直接影响大学生焦虑和抑郁,并通过领悟社会支持间接影响大学生焦虑和抑郁,即领悟社会支持在生活事件和大学生焦虑、抑郁间起部分中介作用,社会支持调节该中介过程。     

认知情绪调节和领悟社会支持在大学生情绪表达冲突与抑郁间的作用

目的:探讨认知情绪调节和领悟社会支持在大学生情绪表达冲突与抑郁之间的中介作用。方法:采用情绪表达冲突问卷(AEQ)、认知情绪调节问卷(CERQ)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和简版流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D-13)测量了428名大学生,用结构方程模型分析各变量之间的关系。结果:(1)情绪表达冲突与消极认知情绪调节、抑郁得分之间呈显著正相关(r=0.44、0.35,P0.001);领悟社会支持与情绪表达冲突、消极认知情绪调节和抑郁得分之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.11,P0.05;r=-0.16,P0.01;r=-0.38,P0.001),消极认知情绪调节和抑郁得分之间呈显著正相关(r=0.42,P0.001);(2)消极认知情绪调节和领悟社会支持在情绪表达冲突与抑郁之间起部分中介作用,其中介效应分别占总效应的55.3%和10.6%。结论:情绪表达冲突通过消极认知情绪调节和领悟社会支持的部分中介作用影响个体的抑郁水平。     

生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响

目的:探讨生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响,为大学生自杀预防提供依据。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表、贝克抑郁自评量表—"自杀想法"条目对2802名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:自杀意念检出率为16.95%,有自杀意念组的生活事件各因素得分及总分、抑郁总分显著高于无自杀意念组,人际关系(t=-17.039,P0.001)、学习压力(t=-13.000,P0.001)、受惩罚(t=-11.000,P0.001)、丧失(t=-8.800,P0.001)、健康适应(t=-15.631,P0.001)、其他(t=-12.240,P0.001)、生活事件总分(t=-16.060,P0.001)、抑郁总分(t=-29.821,P0.001),有自杀意念组的自尊总分(t=-3.92,P0.001)显著低于无自杀意念组;生活事件、抑郁与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.179,0.638,P0.01),自尊与自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.259,P0.01);生活事件通过自尊和抑郁的中介效应间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值分别为0.054和0.255),生活事件通过自尊作用于抑郁,又通过抑郁间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值为0.112)。结论:减少负性生活事件,消除抑郁情绪,提高自尊水平,能够有效降低大学生自杀意念的发生率。     

青年与中老年急性心肌梗死患者心理特点及社会支持现状

目的:探讨青年与中老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)心理特点及社会支持现状.方法:选取2017年12月-2018年12月收治的200例AMI患者作为研究对象,根据患者年龄分为青年组(＜45岁,n=56)和中老年组(≥45岁,n=144).比较两组一般资料及临床特点,比较两组心理特点[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、A型行为量表]、社会支持[社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)],采用Pearson分析患者心理特点与社会支持的关系.结果:①青年组男性占比、吸烟史占比、高血脂占比、早发冠心病家族史占比较中老年组高(x2=6.196,5.466,8.544,4.079;P＜0.05),中老年组高血压占比、糖尿病占比高于青年组(x2=3.888,5.957,P＜0.05);②青年组SAS、A型行为量表得分高于中老年组(t=3.936,2.458;P＜0.05),焦虑情绪障碍和A型性格占比高于中老年组(x2=15.286,8.005;P＜0.01);中老年组SDS得分高于青年组(t=-5.078,P＜0.001),抑郁情绪障碍占比高于青年组(x2=10.094,P＜0.01);③青年组 SSRS、PSSS得分均略高于中老年组(t=5.261,2.600;P＜0.05);④Pear-son 相关分析法显示:SAS、SDS 均与 SSRS、PSSS 呈负相关关系(r=-0.368,-0.390,-0.162,-0.192;P＜0.05),A 型性格与SSRS、PSSS关系均不显著(r=0.028,0.117;P＜0.05).结论:青年与中老年AMI患者具有不同的心理特点,青年主要表现为焦虑和A型性格,中老年主要表现为抑郁;青年患者社会支持水平略高,焦虑抑郁情绪与社会支持水平存在联系.     

贫困大学生生活事件与情绪调节的相关研究

目的探讨贫困大学生生活事件与情绪调节的现状及两者之间的关系。方法采用青少年生活事件量表和情绪调节量表对190名贫困大学生进行调查。结果①生活事件总分略低于2分;②认知重评得分高于表达抑制得分(t=0.252,P0.01);③认知重评与学习压力、受惩罚、丧失、健康适应、其他这5个生活事件维度及生活事件总分呈负相关(r=-0.122,-0.178,-0.213,-0.177,-0.148,-0.198;P0.05或P0.01),表达抑制与生活事件各维度及总分均无显著相关;④认知重评对生活事件的预测为-0.235(P0.01)。结论贫困大学生的生活事件应激状况处于轻度水平;贫困大学生使用认知重评策略的频率高于表达抑制策略;相对于表达抑制,认知重评与生活事件存在更密切的联系;认知重评对生活事件应激强度有一定的预测作用。     

领悟社会支持对大学生抑郁情绪的影响

目的通过对大学生社会支持与抑郁情绪之间的相关性调查,探讨社会支持对抑郁情绪的影响。方法用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和流调中心用抑郁量表对新乡市3所高校不同年级1039名大学生进行随机整班调查。结果①领悟社会支持在抑郁上的主效应非常显著(r=-0.219,P<0.001);领悟社会支持良好的大学生抑郁情绪(t=-4.290,P<0.001)比领悟社会支持不良大学生(t=-5.278,P<0.001)的抑郁情绪显著少;②新乡市大学生总的抑郁情绪检出率为83.8%;不同性别的大学生抑郁情绪(t=2.158,P<0.05),社会支持(t=-4.274,P<0.001)均有显著性差异;③不同生源地的大学生抑郁情绪无显著差异(t=-1.414,P>0.05),而社会支持状况有显著差异(t=-2.388,P<0.05);④家庭内的领悟社会支持较家庭外的领悟社会支持对抑郁情绪的影响更为重要。结论领悟社会支持及各维度作为影响抑郁的重要因素,能够在不同程度上减少抑郁者的不良情绪体验,提高个体心理健康水平。     

领悟社会支持与青少年内化问题的关系:自尊的调节作用

目的:探讨自尊在领悟社会支持与青少年内化问题之间的调节作用。方法:采用领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表和焦虑抑郁量表对455名初中生进行调查。结果:领悟社会支持与青少年内化问题显著负相关(r=-0.33,P0.001);自尊能够增强领悟社会支持对青少年内化问题的保护效应(b=0.15,P0.001)。结论:自尊对领悟社会支持与青少年内化问题的关系具有调节作用。     

大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性关系的探讨

目的探讨大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性的关系。方法采用情绪智力量表(Emotional Skills and Competence Ques-tionnaire,ESCQ)和情绪稳定性诊断量表对大一至大四231名学生进行问卷调查。结果 1单因素分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知(F=3.3,P0.05,4年级3年级)和情绪稳定性的焦虑(F=5.37,P0.01,4年级2年级)在年级差异上存在统计学意义,ESCQ的情绪调节(独生子女33.94±5.25,非独生子女35.81±4.86;t=2.79,P0.01)和情绪稳定性的自主性(独生子女17.24±3.85,非独生子女18.48±3.79;t=2.43,P0.05)在独生子女与否差异上存在统计学意义;2相关分析结果显示,ESCQ的各维度和总分与情绪稳定性的抑郁性(r=-0.18~-0.28,P0.05~P0.001)和焦虑(r=-0.20~-0.29,P0.01,P0.001)之间呈负相关,与自主性(r=0.37~0.44,均为P0.001)之间呈正相关;3多元回归分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知对抑郁性有负向(β=-0.28,t=-4.43,P0.001)预测作用,ESCQ总分对焦虑有负向(β=-0.31,t=-5.02,P0.001)、ESCQ的情绪调节对自主性有正向(β=0.74,t=5.56,P0.001)预测作用。结论大学生情绪智力对形成情绪稳定有一定的影响作用。     

六安市某乡村留守初中生自杀意念现状及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨六安市乡村留守初中生自杀意念的现状及自杀意念与负性生活事件、家庭环境特征及焦虑抑郁情绪的关系。方法:采用自杀意念自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、家庭环境量表、青少年生活事件量表调查六安市乡村留守初中生共255人。结果:初中生年自杀意念检出率为36.5%,且随着年级的增加呈上升趋势。大家庭或核心家庭的初中生自杀意念检出率显著低于寄养家庭和单亲家庭的初中生(χ~2=12.174,P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,自杀意念与负性生活事件各因子相关呈显著性(r=0.205~0.386,P0.05)。自杀意念与家庭环境量表中的亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、知识性、娱乐性和组织性等因子相关呈显著性(|r|=0.091~0.328,P0.05)。自杀意念与焦虑抑郁情绪相关呈显著性(r=0.527,0.536;P0.05)。自杀意念的影响因素包括:人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、其它因子、亲密性因子、矛盾因子、知识性因子、娱乐性因子、组织性因子、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪。结论:初中生自杀意念的发生与不良的家庭环境、负性生活事件、焦虑抑郁情绪有密切的关系。     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。