基于定向广播的AODV控制报文抑制研究

AODV路由协议是通过全向广播请求报文和定时广播Hello报文来建立Ad Hoc网络的路由,但在路由发现阶段需要广播发送大量的请求控制报文,导致了协议性能的下降。针对此问题,提出了一种新的基于定向广播的路由协议,该协议通过定向广播发送请求报文,并根据节点的移动性动态调整Hello报文的发送时间间隔来减少报文的发送。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地减少控制报文的数量,减少路由负载,也显著提高了端到端时延、平均投递率等性能参数。     

基于ZigBee环境监控系统的MAC协议研究

针对环境污染监控系统数据量小、时间间隔长、周期性等缺点,改进IEEE 802.15.4MAC层规范,提出适合环境监测系统的协议emMAC,协议使用MAC层帧的保留位,保持帧长和格式不变,将GTS时隙进行再细分,最多可分为112个时隙,可为每个节点分配一个时隙进行CFP访问,并为提高QoS加入预警发送机制。emMAC保持了与IEEE802.15.4的兼容,通过使用omnet++4.1分析与仿真表明,协议有效的避免了信道冲撞,减少能耗,延长了网络寿命,性能优于802.15.4协议。     

超宽带无线信道品质因子估计方法

超宽带(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术,IEEE802.15.4a是IEEE第一个无线测距定位的物理层标准。为了让测距的发起者知道测距的质量,在协议中增加了品质因子（FoM）,但是如何产生FoM却没有给出规定。在对接收信号能量块的统计特征进行分析的基础上提出了一种应用在超宽带无线信道中基于偏度和最大斜率联合参数的对信道品质因子进行估计的方法。仿真发现,使用该方法可以为精确的测距定位提供参考,在CM1(Channel Model)信道下可以提高30%左右的定位精度。     

一种适用于无线传感器网络的移动IPv6协议

在基于IEEE 802.15.4 标准的低功耗无线传感器网络LoWPAN 中,让节点在移动过程中与IP 网络节点保持连续通信是物联网领域的一个重要课题.在现有的移动IPv6 协议(如MIPv6,HMIPv6 等)中,一些用于移动性管理的信令包长度超过了IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 帧的最大载荷,它们被分成多个分片在LoWPAN 中传递,这增大了控制信令包的丢失概率和传递时延.提出一种WoMIPv6(WPAN oriented MIPv6)协议,利用头部压缩技术将移动性管理信令长度压缩到不到60 字节,能够让节点只交换一些简短的信令包即可完成节点的跨子网移动切换.也就是说,WoMIPv6 协议的移动性管理信令不需要分片就可以在单个IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 帧中传递.此外,推导了WoMIPv6 的时延表达式.数值分析结果表明,在信令长度开销和时延方面,WoMIPv6 协议优于HMIPv6 协议.     

支持异构数据通信的IEEE 802.15.4实时带宽分配算法

IEEE 802.15.4协议的GTS分配机制能够支持实时和延迟约束的应用,目前已经应用于医疗健康、工业控制和楼宇自动化等物联网领域。但是,在高速实时异构数据传输应用中仍然存在局限性,它不能解决多于7个设备需要实时服务、时延约束小于超帧长度以及不同周期异构数据传输等问题。为了摆脱这些限制,提出一种新的支持异构数据通信的IEEE 802.15.4实时带宽分配算法,其根据不同周期任务的数据传输信息,调整部分传输任务的发送时间。性能分析显示,该算法可以严格遵循时延约束条件,满足异构数据通信,提高带宽利用率,提升整个网络的性能。     

基于IEEE 802.15.4协议GTS机制的实时控制系统研究

针对IEEE 802.15.4协议在实时控制领域的应用,分析了该协议的拓扑结构、超帧结构、同步机制等对控制系统设计的影响,指出为了获得确定性时延需采用信标模式下的GTS机制,得出最小的控制周期为15 ms;分析了时隙分配机制与控制节点的约束关系,给出了超帧中采样、控制量传递的时序关系;分析了诱导时延,得出同步前提下的最大诱导时延占控制周期的44％,并给出确保同步的最大有效载荷的计算公式;针对固定时延给出了一种控制量线性外推的控制策略补偿方法;最后通过对一阶倒立摆的控制仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于Wi-Fi的无线控制网络TDMA协议的设计

为解决多种网络协议共存的混合无线网络环境中,控制信息高速、实时、可靠传输的问题,在IEEE802.11协议MAC层基础上开发了TDMA协议。该协议在充分利用Wi-Fi高传输速率的同时,解决了Wi-Fi退避重传机制导致传输时延不确定的问题,增强系统的实时性。实验结果表明,协议在保证95%以上的传输可靠性的同时,传输速率可达5 Mb/s,相较于典型的基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的工业控制网络有大幅提高。TDMA系统中的短帧中有95.4%、长帧中有89.87%可以在2 ms以内的发送完成,传输时延远低于原有的Wi-Fi标准。此外,系统不改变上层协议栈,保持接口的兼容性,便于控制应用程序的开发。     

基于减少偷听的IEEE 802.15.4网络节点能耗降低方法*

为了优化IEEE 802.15.4 MAC协议能耗性能,针对IEEE 802.15.4 MAC协议存在的空闲偷听现象浪费节点能量问题,提出一种基于减少偷听的降耗方法：节点于超帧竞争接入时期内的退避时期适时地进入休眠状态。应用该方法建立了IEEE 802.15.4 MAC时隙CSMA/CA机制的Markov模型,并对模型进行了数学推导。基于本模型,对网络节点平均能耗进行了数学分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该模型有效地降低了节点的平均能量消耗和空闲偷听时间,协议性能得到有效改善。     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网的TCP性能分析和改进

在分析IEEE 802.11无线局域网媒体接入控制（MAC）协议和传输控制协议（TCP）性能的基础上,提出了改进的MAC协议：BDCF.IEEE 802.11分布式协调功能（DCF）只支持前向数据传输,即数据帧只能由发送方传送到接收方.BDCF利用IEEE 802.11点协调功能（PCF）提供的数据帧格式,可以实现信息的双向传输,即收发双方相互交换数据帧.因此BDCF更适合传输面向连接的TCP业务.BDCF与IEEE 802.11完全兼容.仿真结果表明：BDCF可以提高网络吞吐量和降低数据帧的时延,理论分析结果基本准确.     

基于冲突指示和分组隐藏节点冲突解析策略

隐藏节点问题是导致IEEE 802.15.4 协议性能下降的一个重要因素,而在IEEE 802.15.4 中没有给出解决该类问题的具体方案.提出一种基于冲突指示和分组的隐藏冲突避免策略（hidden node collision detection and avoidstrategy,简称HNCDAS）,该策略采用分组方法将IEEE 802.15.4 的CAP 周期划分为多个等分时隙,从隐藏冲突导致的部分破损帧中提取出隐藏节点地址信息,依据当前获得的隐藏关系动态地将节点调整到相应的竞争组,竞争组内的节点在同一周期内仍按照二进制后退方法竞争发送消息,不同的竞争组在不同的时隙发送消息,从而彻底解决隐藏冲突问题.与其他隐藏冲突解析策略相比,HNCDAS 具有额外开销少和动态调整等优点.从理论上证明了该策略的收敛性和解析策略时间的上限,实验结果表明,HNCDAS 在数据传递率、吞吐率和能量利用率等方面都有明显的提高.     

非饱和状态下时隙CSMA/CA机制改进与性能分析

针对无线传感器网络中有重要信息的高优先级数据包需要尽快传输,且IEEE 802.15.4协议本身不支持任何优先级机制的情况,结合优先级调度策略和差分服务机制,对具有优先级级的时隙CSMA/CA机制进行全面数学建模,包括节点马尔科夫模型和信道马尔科夫模型,据此提出了一种非饱和状态下具有优先级的IEEE 802.15.4时隙CSMA/CA机制性能的分析方法。通过比较分析,改进的机制对提高网络中高优先级数据包的传输性能具有积极作用。     

Mutual interference analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b, operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed industrial scientific medical (ISM) frequency band, may lead to signal interference and result in significant performance degradation when devices are collocated in the same environment. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mutual interference on the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b systems. An analytic model for interference between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b is suggested. The packet error rate (PER), transmission delay, and throughput are evaluated for IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b. The power spectral density of the IEEE 802.11b is considered in order to determine in-band interference power of the IEEE 802.11b to the IEEE 802.15.4. The simulation results by OPNET are shown to validate the numerical analysis.     

Markov Chain-based performance analysis of multihop IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a Markov chain-based analytical framework for modeling the behavior of the medium access control (MAC) protocol in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks. Two scenarios are of interest. First, we consider networks where the (sensor) nodes communicate directly to the network coordinator (the final sink). Then, we consider cluster-tree (CT) scenarios where the sources communicate to the coordinator through a series of intermediate relay, which forward the received packets and do not generate traffic on their own. In both scenarios, no acknowledgment messages are used to confirm successful data packet deliveries and communications are beaconed (i.e., they rely on synchronization packets denoted as “beacons”). In all cases, our focus is on networks where the sources and the relays have finite queues (denoted as buffers) to store data packets. The network performance is evaluated in terms of aggregate network throughput and packet delivery delay. The performance predicted by the proposed analytical framework is in very good agreement with realistic ns-2 simulation results.     

面向异构业务的基于数据包优先权的组播算法

由于基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的无线传感网络WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks)未引用业务优先机制,确保异构业务的服务质量QoS(Quality of Service)存在挑战.为此,提出面向异构业务的基于数据包优先权的组播算法POMT(Priority-Oriented Multicast Transmission algorithm for heterogeneous traffic).POMT算法通过减少队列、媒体接入控制MAC(Medium Access Control)和传输时延,减少端到端传输时延,并为优先数据包提供可靠的组播传输.基于异构业务类型,POMT算法选择不同的信道竞争窗口尺寸.此外,POMT算法利用两类确认包和重传机制,保证数据包传输的可靠性.实验数据表明,相比于传统的CSMA/CA策略,POMT算法控制了端到端传输时延和提高了数据包传递率,并降低了碰撞概率.     

Priority and delay aware packet management framework for real-time video transport over 802.11e WLANs

The rigid delay constraint is one of the most challenging issues in real-time video delivery over wireless networks. The expired video packets will become useless for the decoding and display even if they are received correctly at the receiver. Because the significance of each video packet is different, the schedulers have to take into account not only the urgency of the packet but also its importance in the real-time video applications. However, the existing QoS-based IEEE 802.11e MAC protocol leaves the urgency and the importance of video packets out of consideration. This paper proposes a Priority and Delay Aware Packet Management Framework (PDA-PMF) to improve the transmission quality of real-time video streaming over IEEE 802.11e WLANs. In the MAC layer, this framework estimates the delay of each video packet. Subsequently, video packets are sent or dropped according to both the significance of the video packets and the estimation value of the delay. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can not only reduce the packet losses, but also protect the more important video packets, so as to improve the received video quality effectively.     

工业环境IEEE802.15.4链路的多频道可靠性分析与建模

无线传感器网络协议设计依赖于网络环境中的链路特征.在实际环境中,链路易受外界环境的影响而产生剧烈的变化.但是,目前只有少量的链路模型涉及多频道传输可靠性及其时间变化特征.以丢包率描述链路的可靠性,针对链路可靠性在频道和时间上的变化特征,提出了统计建模的方法,引入丢包率(PDR)和丢包序列(PDS)定量刻画出了链路可靠性与频道、时间的关系.通过在钢铁厂车间、学校实验工厂对2.4GHz的IEEE802.15.4模块进行测试及统计分析,发现数据丢包率服从logistic或log-logistic分布;在一个确定丢包率下,两次数据丢包之间的间隔服从lognormal分布.在此基础上,通过分析干扰链路可靠性的原因,提出了一种工业无线传感器网络链路可靠性模型,并基于此模型对IEEE802.15.4e的两种提案进行了评估和分析.     

On reactive routing protocols in ZigBee wireless sensor networks

ZigBee is the primary standard solution for wireless sensor networks, implementing the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol in the network layer and supported by the standard IEEE 802.15.4. This study is focused on mesh topologies and the critical problems encountered when AODV is executed in conjunction with the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance protocol. These problems are mainly related to the packet overhead required to carry out route creation. To perform preliminary experiments to be able to implement AODV in a real network, a new metric is proposed herein. This metric uses fuzzy logic to help in the decision‐making process. The objective of the fuzzy routine is to determine, during the route‐discovery process, the best node to forward request/reply packets, with the aim of reducing packet overhead and energy consumption. Moreover, minor changes are also added to the discovery procedure of AODV to improve the performance of the route‐creation process. This intelligent version of AODV has provided promising experimental results, greatly reducing the number of packets required, with the consequent energy saving while selecting the best nodes to be part of the routes.     

Time delay characteristic of industrial wireless networks based on IEEE 802.15.4a

The IEEE 802.15.4a standard provides a framework for low-data-rate communication systems, typically sensor networks. In this paper, we established a realistic environment for the time delay characteristic of industrial network based on IEEE 802.15.4a. Several sets of practical experiments are conducted to study its various features, including the effects of 1) numeral wireless nodes, 2) numeral data packets, 3) data transmissions with different upper-layer protocols, 4) physical distance between nodes, and 5) adding and reducing the number of the wireless nodes. The results show that IEEE 802.15.4a is suitable for some industrial applications that have more relaxed throughput requirements and time-delay. Some issues that could degrade the network performance are also discussed.     

无线传感器网络中基于贝叶斯可变频的CSMA/CA算法研究

针对于在无线传感器网络中多个节点向Sink节点发送数据包造成的延时、丢包、碰撞检测、网络阻塞等问题,在802.15.4协议CSMA/CA算法的基础上提出了一种基于贝叶斯可变频的CSMA/CA算法(BVF-CSMA/CA)。该算法将贝叶斯估值得到的参数区间与CSMA/CA的碰撞检测机制相结合,使传感器节点发送的多数据包能正常与Sink节点实时通讯,采用这种算法减少了碰撞检测、节约了能耗、降低了网络通讯量、延长了网络的生命周期。本文通过使用NS2仿真工具模拟验证了该无线传感器网络的丢包率和能耗,实验结果表明,改进后的算法显著改善了这两个性能指标。