集束化护理在预防气管插管非计划拔管中的应用

目的探究集束化护理在预防气管插管非计划拔管中的应用效果。方法收集78例在本院2017年7月～2018年6月间行气管插管的患者,所有入选患者插管时间超过24h,且无严重精神及意识障碍,采用随机数字表法分为两组对比研究,其中实验组40例,对照组38例。两组均给予常规护理干预,实验组在此基础上行集束化护理,观察两组干预后UEX发生率及原因,并对发生率进行对比。结果行集束化护理干预的实验组住院时间(110.25±12.30)d、机械通气时间(40.5±12.5)h均短于对照组(162.35±20.5)d、(53.6±13.20)h,在干预后,比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);实验组40例患者,仅1例出现UEX,发生率为2.5%;对照组38例患者,6例出现UEX,发生率为15.8%,实验组UEX发生率显著低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论应用集束化护理干预,缓解了患者不良情绪,降低了气管插管非计划性拔管发生率,缩短了机械通气及ICU住院时间,从而促进了疾病恢复,值得进一步采用。     

集束化护理在预防ICU患者非计划性拔管中的效果探讨

目的探究集束化护理在预防ICU患者非计划性拔管(UEX)的效果。方法选取2016年3月至2017年3月我院ICU患者105例。采用单双号法分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组采用集束化护理,对照组采用常规护理。对比两组UEX事件总发生率、ICU住院天数和住院费用。结果观察组UEX总发生率显著低于对照组且ICU住院天数、住院费用较短,差异显著具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论集束化护理预防ICU患者UEX发生效果显著,有效减少UEX发生,保证患者安全,减少ICU住院时间和住院费用。     

集束化护理在减少ICU非计划性拔管中的应用效果观察

目的分析集束化护理在减少重症监护室(ICU)患者非计划性拔管的应用价值。方法选取2014年5月至2015年11月我院ICU收治的248例患者,将其以随机数字表法分为两组各124例,对照组行常规护理,观察组行集束化护理,比较两组非计划性拔管发生情况及护理满意度。结果观察组非计划性拔管发生率1.6%明显低于对照组的11.3%;护理满意率95.2%明显高于对照组的70.2%(P<0.05)。结论为ICU患者实施集束化护理,有利于减少非计划性拔管事件的发生,可提高患者对护理工作的认可程度,值得临床推广。     

集束化综合护理在ICU使用呼吸机治疗患者中的应用效果分析

目的评估集束化综合护理在ICU使用呼吸机治疗患者中的应用效果。方法对2016年2月至2018年4月我院诊治的116例ICU使用呼吸机治疗患者进行临床观察及研究,将其分为观察组以及对照组,并对患者的机械通气时间、住院时间、VAP的发生率及护理满意度等指标进行观察记录。结果与对照组相比,观察组患者的机械通气时间、住院时间及VAP的发生率都明显降低(P <0.05)。同时,观察组患者的护理满意率明显提高(P <0.05)。结论集束化护理能够缩短患者的机械通气时间和住院时间,降低VAP的发生率,同时提高患者的护理满意度。     

集束化护理干预在降低新生儿PICC非计划拔管中的效果观察

目的探讨集束化护理干预降低新生儿PICC非计划拔管的效果。方法选择2017年1—12月接受PICC置管的新生儿92例为对照组,另选2018年1—12月接受PICC置管的新生儿96例为观察组,对照组采用常规护理方式,观察组在对照组基础上加集束化护理干预,对两组PICC置管相关并发症发生率、非计划性拔管发生率、PICC留置时间、住院时间、家属满意度进行观察。结果观察组导管阻塞、机械性静脉炎、导管异位、导管血流相关感染等并发症发生率为4.17%,明显较对照组(19.57%)低(P 0.05);观察组非计划性拔管发生率为6.25%,明显较对照组(20.65%)低(P 0.05);观察组患儿PICC留置时间较对照组长,住院时间较对照组短,家属满意度评分较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论集束化护理干预降低新生儿PICC置管相关并发症发生率,也能减少非计划性拔管,延长PICC留置时间,缩短患儿住院时间,提高家属满意率,值得推广。     

集束化护理干预对糖尿病ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防作用

目的 探讨集束化护理干预对糖尿病重症监护室(ICU)机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防作用。方法 选择蚌埠医学院第一附属医院重症医学科2016年6月至2019年10月收治的糖尿病ICU机械通气患者60例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,每组各30例,对照组接受常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上加集束化护理干预,对两组患者VAP发生率、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、临床肺部感染积分(CPIS)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、空腹血糖进行比较。结果 观察组患者VAP发生率为6.67%,明显低于对照组的26.67%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);观察组患者机械通气时间、ICU住院时间均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);观察组干预后SpO2明显高于对照组,CPIS评分、空腹血糖低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 集束化护理干预可有效预防糖尿病ICU机械通气患者VAP,还可缩短患者ICU住院时间,改善血氧饱和度及空腹血糖,值得推广。     

ICU科气管插管非计划性拔管的原因及措施

目的:探讨ICU科气管插管非计划性拔管的原因及措施。方法:将我院ICU科近期收治的50例气管插管患者随机分为观察组和对照组各25例,对照组给予ICU科常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予预防性措施。结果:观察组出现非计划性拔管的发生率为0%,对照组出现非计划性拔管的发生率约为28%,观察组显著低于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对ICU重症监护室的患者采取综合护理的同时加强预防性干预,有利于管道安全,降低滑脱的几率,减少护理不良事件的发生,减轻病人的疾苦,值得推广。     

护理干预在ICU非计划性拔管中的效果研究

目的：探讨护理干预在ICU非计划性拔管中的护理效果。方法选择2010-2011年患者530例，根据是否给予护理干预分为观察组（给予护理干预）和对照组（不给予护理干预）两组各265例，观察2组患者非计划性拔管的发生率。结果观察组的非计划性拔管发生率比对照组显著降低。结论采取护理干预措施能显著降低ICU非计划性拔管的发生率。     

集束化护理方案预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床分析

目的分析观察集束化护理对于预防呼吸机肺炎（VAP）的临床效果,为VAP的临床防治提供参考。方法本院ICU行呼吸机通气治疗的患者中选取100例作为研究对象,随机分为采用集束化护理干预的观察组（50例）与采用常规对症护理的对照组（50例）,比较两组护理效果。结果采用集束化护理干预的观察组,其VAP发生率为14.0%,显著低于对照组的28.0%,此外观察组机械通气时间及ICU入住时间都明显低于对照组,以上比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论研究显示,集束化护理可有效降低VAP发生率,缩短患者住院及机械通气时间,效果显著,值得推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.