翔安隧道海底最深的风化槽开始施工

据厦门商报讯翔安隧道五通端在2008年春节前成功穿越第一条风化槽后，近日又进入第二条风化槽的施工。据了解，这条风化槽处在整个隧道的海底最深处（海平面下约70米），是工程施工的一个“拦路虎”。     

天航局船舶公司一项小技改多创产值300万

本刊讯（通讯员张龙）天航局船舶公司“天鲸”轮通过一项小技改，在短短两个月内多创产值三百余万元。“天鲸”轮是一条4500立方米绞吸式挖泥船，2011年11月投入广东东莞麻涌港区挖岩施工。当地海域地质为粘土、风化岩混合层，水深九米以上为粘土、九米以下为风化岩，且部分为粘土和风化岩共生区     

初探风化作用对石材使用年限的影响

本文较详细地论述了石材的天然风化、侵蚀作用，内容包括：一、石材风经机一及类型；二、岩石风化实例；三、石材风化及对策；四、石材使用年限的预测；五、石材耐风化时间的结论。     

四川盆地红层软岩风化物及风化带的一般特征

文章首先介绍了四川盆地内红层软岩风化堆积物在地形上的分布规律和特征，以及盆地内红层软岩风化带的一般特征，并对风化带进行分类并作了简要的分析。     

红土型金矿研究中的几个问题及在云南的找矿方向

红土型金矿是含金岩石在红土化过程中经风化、淋滤、富集形成的表生金矿。在分析矿床的特征、富集规律、成矿条件、红土化过程及金在红土化过程中的迁移形式的基础上,提出４个云南红土型金矿远景区     

高速公路低湿水田软基区路基直填施工技术

低湿水田软基区路基直填就是在含水量较高、淤泥质粘土深度较大的区域,直接铺筑一厚层风化碎石,增大路基材料承载力接触面,挤压粘土使其与风化碎石形成密实、稳定的整体板块,风化碎石之间相互咬合,增强承载能力,减小沉降变形.直铺一层厚风化碎石后,再进行冲击碾压并铺设第一层土工格栅,然后按照常规施工工艺用普通材料进行路基填筑施工,当填筑至距路床顶面下20cm时再铺设第二层土工格栅,直至完成路基填筑工程.     

残余型风化磷块岩矿床开发利用中的几个问题

残余型风化磷块岩矿床的工业价值，应引起重视，本文根据对云南滇池地区残余型风化磷块岩矿床的研究，对这类矿床开发利用中的几个问题，提出了初步认识。     

岩体风化特性研究现状与问题

根据目前国内外岩体风化问题的研究成果,从野外肉眼鉴定风化定性标志的研究,以特征指标对岩体风化程度的研究以及工程岩体风化分带研究三方面阐述了国内外岩体风化的研究现状,并对岩体风化存在的问题进行了分析,从而为其进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

红砂岩风化机理的有机酸研究

随着工业迅猛发展,环境污染日益严重,红砂岩文物由于缺乏保护已经严重风化,在很大程度上影响了美观和研究价值。为探明有机酸在风化过程的作用,揭露红砂岩的风化机理,在广东省各地对风化红砂岩进行实地考察,用高效液相色谱仪分析风化物中有机酸,结果表明在有机酸H＋离子的攻击下,金属离子从矿物中释放出来,与酸中的-COOH基反应生成难溶性酸盐,这种有机络合物在矿物表面的化学吸附导致矿物中的电子群向边缘迁移,使之更易于发生水解,加速了岩体风化,而且岩体受污染程度与风化物中有机酸的含量、种类相关。本研究探明了有机酸在风化过程中的作用,为未风化的红砂岩文物提供一种重要的预防风化依据,为已风化的红砂岩文物修复提供理论参考,从而为石质文物的保护提供更加全面的保护策略。     

煤矸石原料的预处理

煤矸石制砖原料的制备，一直受到业内同仁的关注，讨论原料风化、均化、破碎、净化工艺，正确选择原料设备，对煤矸石制砖生产线尤为重要。文章就实际生产中的煤矸石原料风化、均化、破碎、净化工艺进行了分析，供业内人士参考。     

Lead contamination in shooting range soils from abrasion of lead bullets and subsequent weathering

Contamination of shooting range soils from the use of Pb bullets is under increasing scrutiny. Past research on Pb contamination of shooting ranges has focused on weathering reactions of Pb bullets in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of abrasion of Pb bullets in contributing to soil Pb contamination. This was accomplished by firing a known mass of bullets into sand and analyzing for total Pb after removing bullets, through field sampling of a newly opened shooting range, and a laboratory weathering study. Forty-one mg of Pb were abraded per bullet as it passed through the sand, which accounted for 1.5% of the bullet mass being physically removed. At a shooting range that had been open for 3 months, the highest Pb concentration from the pistol range berm soil was 193 mg/kg at 0.5 m height, and from the rifle range berm soil was 1142 mg/kg at 1.0 m height. Most soils from the field abrasion experiment as well as soil collected from the rifle range had SPLP-Pb >15 microg/l (Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure). Typically, Pb concentration in the rifle range was greater than that of the pistol range. Based on a laboratory weathering study, virtually all metallic Pb was converted to hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2), as well as to a lesser extent cerussite (PbCO3) and massicot (PbO) within one week. Our study demonstrated that abrasion of lead bullets and their subsequent weathering can be a significant source of lead contamination in soils of a newly opened shooting range.     

Effects of experimental frost–thaw cycles on sandstones with different weathering degrees: a case from the Bingling Temple Grottoes,China

Numerous ancient sandstone grottoes remain in northwest and central China, and weathering issues have significantly influenced their preservation conditions. The dramatic naturally cyclic changes in water content and temperature in the environment have been considered to be the main drivers of the physical weathering that commonly occurs at these archaeological sites. Therefore, comparing and understanding the behaviors of sandstone with different weathering degrees under variable environmental conditions would be helpful for further study on predicting the type, location and extent of deterioration of sandstone relics in a small region (such as the surrounding rock of grottoes). This study examines Cretaceous sandstones with two weathering degrees from Bingling Temple Grottoes, China. Standard thin section photomicrographs provide petrographic and mineralogical data and show that the sandstones have identical lithologies. Three types of specifically designed frost weathering tests are then conducted on the samples. After every six weathering cycles, the weathering processes are suspended, and the corresponding parameters, such as dry weight loss, dry density, effective porosity, porosity, P wave velocity, surface hardness and drilling resistance, are measured. At the end of the weathering cycles, the sample variations in grain size distributions are compared, and statistical tests are performed to show the statistical significance of the results. The results indicate that similar deterioration patterns occur on the samples with two weathering degrees under the same weathering tests. The increase in effective porosity surpasses that of the porosity only when the weathering effect is large enough. Furthermore, sandstone with a high degree of weathering might be more susceptible to changes in the internal pores due to its greater initial interconnectivity. In an open system, physical weathering (frost–thaw and dry–wet cycles) would cause the superficial grain size distributions of different rocks to become relatively uniform. Finally, when exposed to the same weathering process, the decreases in the overall mechanical strength in the two sandstones do not differ significantly, but the loss of superficial strength may be different.

     

Characterisation of the weathering profile developed over a porphyritic biotite granite in peninsular Malaysia

Nine stages of weathering of a porphyritic biotite granite bedrock material have been distinguished on the basis of differences of colour, texture and the extent of alteration of mineral grains. Determination of the distribution pattern of the different stabes of weathering of bedrock material within the weathering profile then allowed for recognition of six stages of weathering of the bedrock considered on the scale of the mass. Characterisation of the weathering profile over the prophyritic biotite granite bedrock thus involved recognition and definition of weathering of the bedrock, both on the scale of the hand specimen, i.e. as rock material, and on the scale of the mass, i.e. as rock mass.     

常吉高速公路白垩系粉砂质泥岩风化特性研究

为了研究湖南省常德至吉首高速公路沿线的粉砂质泥岩的风化特性,对不同风化程度的粉砂质泥岩岩体进行了工程特性、风化耐久性和风化速度试验。试验结果表明：随着岩体风化程度的加深,岩石中粘土矿物含量增加,增幅达19.3％;活动性强的化学成分相对减少,含量由5.91％降到2.02％;岩石千密度降低,由2.41g／cm^3降为2.19g／cm^3;孔隙率由5.7％增至13.6％;吸水率由2.09％增至2.91％,力学性能降低,抗压强度由3.1MPa降至1.1MPa,抗拉强度由1.17MPa降至0.41MPa;岩体更容易软化崩解。岩石的风化速率与自身的风化状态和暴露的面积有关。     

Engineering aspects of limestone weathering in Istanbul, Turkey

 Devonian limestones are widespread in the eastern part of Istanbul, Turkey. To assess the influence of weathering on the geological and geomechanical characteristics of these rocks, research was carried out on some profiles from the study area. Field observations show that the weathering has been rapid and the bedrock has been weathered to a depth of up to 8 m. A model for the weathering of limestones is established and modifications proposed to the material and mass weathering schemes for characterisation of the limestone for engineering uses, as both foundation and construction material. The paper also presents the results of field and laboratory investigations, including weathering characteristics and physical and mechanical properties. Interrelationships were determined for all test results. It is concluded that chemical characteristics and the porosity are good indicators of weathering. Received: 10 July 1999 · Accepted: 17 September 1999     

红层泥岩边坡快速风化特性研究

红层泥岩边坡的快速风化是一个普遍存在而又未完全解决好的问题。选择典型工点，对红层泥岩边坡的快速风化进行原位监测试验，结果表明：红层泥岩边坡的快速风化是从表面向内进行的，且集中在表层10cm的深度内，气温的变化和降雨对泥岩边坡表层的快速风化有重要的影响。对泥岩岩块进行长时间的风化崩解试验，结果也证实日气温和含水量基本恒定时泥岩岩块的风化速度缓慢。采用泥岩岩块温度变化试验和有限元分析方法得出：红层泥岩表层处于高温状态时的降雨是其快速风化剥落的主要外因，这为红层泥岩边坡的生态治理提供了理论依据。     

Weathering of building stones and its relationship to the sustainable management of the aggregate resources in Gaza Strip,Palestine

In the last decade, the Gaza Strip witnessed a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of building construction associated with the political development in the aftermath of Oslo Agreement. Towers (buildings composed of more than five floors) were, for the first time being built in the region in its modern history. Environmental conditions have deteriorating weathering impacts on the buildings of about 40 years old. This article aims at investigating such impacts and their features as well as the different types of weathering on the buildings. Chemical, mechanical and biological parameters of weathering were reported to work together in the old buildings. Differential weathering was also reported in some buildings either within the stone itself or the cementing material between the stone blocks. The geographic location along the coast is believed to speed up the weathering process as aerosols and rainwater contain high chloride content, which in turn reacts with the stone components. Baladi stones show higher resistance to weathering than the Israeli stone-type. Weathering rate was calculated and found to have an average of about 0.1 cm per annum. Some measures are taken to protect the buildings from the weathering attack; these include 2–3 layers (about 1 cm thick each) of plastering for about 1 m of the lower part of the external walls of the buildings. These measures are not commonly applied, and if so, they show several types of weathering. Taking protective measures is a necessary step for better sustainable management of the aggregate resources in the Gaza Strip.     

Landslide types and their relationships with weathering in a Calabrian basin,southern Italy

The basin of the Alaco River, in the Serre Massif of Calabria (Italy), is characterized by outcropping Palaeozoic granitoid rocks. The complex neotectonic history of the area and adverse climatic conditions, both active at least since the Quaternary, resulted in deep weathering of the crystalline rocks. Field observations, integrated with laboratory and in situ tests, allowed the weathering profile to be defined following the six-fold scheme proposed by the Hong Kong Geotechnical Control Office. The weathered rocks evidence a wide variety of mass movements, which were mapped over the entire basin. Debris flow-type instabilities dominate in the residual and saprolitic soils, while falls and slides are more significant in the less weathered rocks. In view of the complex vertical and lateral weathering in the rock mass and the high to very high overall susceptibility of the outcropping rocks to landsliding, it is difficult to postulate any direct relationships between individual types of mass movement and weathering grade.     

Corrosion protection and assessment of weathering steel highway structures

Three studies, undertaken to investigate various issues related to the corrosion of weathering steel highway structures, are presented in this article. The first study examines the effects of corrosion products and pitting on weathering steel plate thickness measurements obtained using a standard ultrasonic gauge. The second evaluates the potential of several zinc-based coatings, including metallizing and zinc tape, as a way of protecting elements of existing corroded structures. The third study comprises a series of reliability analyses of composite weathering steel overpass structures with uniform corrosion occurring at various locations and rates. Based on this work, it is concluded that the examined coatings offer an effective way of improving the corrosion performance of weathering steel structures. From the reliability analysis study, it is concluded that corrosion can cause significant reductions in the service lives of weathering steel highway structures. The analysis results are seen to be most sensitive to the modelled corrosion conditions. Plate thickness measurements are seen to be vital for the assessment of weathering steel highway structures, due to the high uncertainty associated with the corrosion rate.     

太原晋阳西山大佛岩石动静力学参数的对比研究

 运用声波测试方法，结合物理力学试验，研究太原晋阳西山大佛陡崖岩体2个水平钻孔中岩石的质量和风化情况。分析时特别关注岩样的块体密度、动力学和静力学参数在大佛水平进深方向上的分布规律，也研究动静力学参数间的量值关系。研究发现，大佛边坡岩样的组构、动力学和静力学3个方面的参数随钻孔水平进深的变化规律一致，可以反映大佛陡崖岩体在水平进深方向的风化程度变化，在水平进深方向上，岩体的密度、饱和抗压强度与静弹性模量、动弹性模量与波速都随着深度的增加而呈增长趋势；自陡崖表面至水平进深2.5 m左右范围内，岩体风化程度较高，水平进深大于3.0 m，岩体风化程度相对减弱，岩石质量呈稳定上升趋势。2个钻孔的岩石质量存在明显的差异，反映岩性和岩体卸荷带的影响。岩石动弹性模量与弹性波速随水平进深的变化数据表明，动弹性模量对岩体质量的变化反应比弹性波速更灵敏。另外，通过岩石静弹性模量与弹性波速的对比分析发现，岩石的组构情况对岩石动静力学参数间的关系有显著影响，岩石组构的非均匀性会导致岩石动、静力学参数之间对应关系的离散和异常。