WC/ NiCrMo 钢基复合材料的断裂行为及特征

采用单边缺口梁(SENB) 法、扫描电镜和电子理论, 研究了碳化钨(WC) 增强钢基复合材料经960～1040 ℃奥氏体化及淬火、回火共12 种状态的断裂行为和断口特征。实验结果表明, 该材料在具有高强度(σ_bb～2200 MPa,σ_bc～3000 MPa) 高硬度( HRC 62～68) 的同时, 还具有较高的SENB 断裂韧性(～30 MPa ·m1/2 ), 断口形貌主要特征为WC 解理、基体准解理及分散韧窝和韧窝带。研究发现, 高体积分数(～40 %) 的硬质相对材料的断裂韧性和断裂行为起决定性作用, 基体内存在的具有高共价键强的含碳结构单元和具有较多晶格电子的α-Fe (Ni) 结构单元共同作用, 既给予硬质相以强韧支持, 又产生断裂时的微观延性。      

挤压-T5态Mg-8Gd-4Y-Nd-Zr合金的动态冲击行为

本研究采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置,结合硬度测试、金相观察、扫描电镜观察、透射电镜观察等手段,研究了挤压-T5态Mg-8Gd-4Y-Nd-Zr合金在不同应变速率条件下的动态冲击行为。结果表明:合金挤压-T5态具有优异的抗冲击性能,当应变速率为771s~(-1)时,其抗压强度可达502 MPa,与2519A铝合金的抗压强度相当;当应变速率为2 645s~(-1)时,合金的抗压强度可达682 MPa。在不同应变速率下,合金的主要断裂方式均为解理断裂,当应变速率低于1 244s~(-1)时,解理面之间以小尺寸浅平韧窝连接,当应变速率高于1 808s~(-1)时,冲击带来的绝热温升导致细晶区晶界弱化,出现沿晶断裂,形成网状组织。     

沉积颗粒对7N01-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

利用自主设计的实验方法,结合疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试以及断口微观形貌观察研究了R=0.1和R=0.5两种应力比下,石墨和氧化铝沉积颗粒对7N01-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明:在两种应力比条件下,裂纹扩展Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段中,合金在石墨颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率均最快。当R=0.5时,在裂纹扩展Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最慢。当R=0.1时,在应力强度因子ΔK15 MPa·m~(1/2)阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最慢,在ΔK=15～30 MPa·m~(1/2)阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境和大气环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相当。石墨颗粒环境下合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增加是由于石墨颗粒的润滑作用降低了疲劳卸载过程中的裂纹闭合效应。氧化铝颗粒环境下合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低是由于氧化铝颗粒在断面的沉积增强了疲劳卸载过程中的裂纹闭合效应。     

6013-T4铝合金不同温度下的动态流变应力及组织演变

采用分离式霍普金森(SHPB)压杆装置进行6013-T4铝合金动态压缩试验,获得温度为25℃、100℃、200℃、300℃、400℃,应变速率为1 000s~(-1)、2 000s~(-1)、3 000s~(-1)、4 000s~(-1)、5 000s~(-1)条件下材料的真应力-真应变曲线,并通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测了6013-T4铝合金在不同变形条件下的组织演变。结果表明:6013铝合金有明显的温度敏感性,但是对应变速率的敏感性较弱。应变速率和温度对6013铝合金微观组织的影响显著,位错密度随应变速率的升高而增大,随温度的升高而减小。基于实验数据,求得了6013铝合金Johnson-Cook模型的本构参数并建立其本构模型。与实验结果进行对比,结果表明,所建立的本构模型能够很好地预测6013铝合金的流变应力。     

在两种中强度铝合金中的初始裂纹扩展

为了检验2024-T351和7005-T6351等两种中强度铝合金J_(1c)的几何相关性,进行了三支点弯曲试验。用氧化着色法显示出载荷一挠度曲线上选定部位处的裂纹增长量。为了便于确定初始裂纹扩展时的J_(1c)值,建立了J-裂纹增长量的阻力曲线。确定了7.6厘米厚的7005铝合金厚板的断裂韧性在全厚度范围内的变化,并使其与断口金相和金相观察建立关系。本文还把从7005铝合金小试样测得的现今风行的J_(1c)值与以前用全厚度线弹性试样测得的特征参数K_(1c)作了比较。     

BASCA热处理对TC10钛合金组织与断裂韧性的影响

本工作对TC10钛合金进行BASCA热处理(β退火+缓慢冷却+时效),通过改变BA温度(β退火温度),研究BASCA热处理对TC10钛合金微观组织与断裂韧性的影响。结果表明：BA温度对合金微观组织与断裂韧性起到决定作用,随着BA温度升高,合金微观组织类型由等轴组织转变为片层组织,断裂韧性不断增加,最大值为77 MPa·m^1/2。此外,研究了不同类型组织的裂纹尖端区域塑性变形量、裂纹扩展路径以及断口微观形貌,进一步揭示断裂机制。与片层组织相比,等轴组织的裂纹尖端区域塑性变形较大,裂纹扩展路径曲折程度较小。等轴组织的断口形貌光滑平顺,主要由韧窝构成;片层组织的断口形貌凹凸起伏明显,韧窝数量与尺寸均减小,并出现撕裂棱、空洞以及二次裂纹。     

2024-T3和2524-T34铝合金疲劳裂纹的萌生机制

通过2024-T3和新型2524-T34铝合金的疲劳实验和对试样表面及疲劳断口的观测,研究了材料的微观结构和疲劳裂纹萌生机制.实验在室温下完成,应力比为0.1、加载频率为15 Hz.结果表明:实验材料呈现了再结晶的层状晶粒结构,晶粒沿着轧制方向被拉长,并较为平坦.2024铝合金中二相粒子的分布更为密集无序,且粗大、不规...     

6061-T6 铝合金激光焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

目的研究6061-T6铝合金激光焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并分析裂纹扩展的影响因素。方法利用光纤激光器,焊接尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4 mm(焊接方向、横向、熔深方向)的6061-T6铝合金,采用SE(B)三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展试验并利用连续降K法,分别在空气和人工海水中进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用金相显微镜(OE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对金相结构进行观测分析。结果同样工艺参数的焊接接头,在海水中疲劳裂纹门槛值(4.063 016 MPa·m~(0.5))大于空气中的门槛值(3.479 166 MPa·m~(0.5));在疲劳裂纹扩展中速区(da/dN10~(-5) mm/cycle)时,海水焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于空气中的,低速区(da/d N10~(-5) mm/cycle)则小于在空气中的。结论成形良好的焊缝、晶粒细小的焊缝组织有助于接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的提高;中速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏大,主要是由腐蚀条件下焊缝裂纹尖端阳极溶解和交变载荷共同作用导致;低速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏小,主要原因是腐蚀产物堆积于疲劳裂纹扩展尖端,产生较强裂纹闭合效应。     

激光立体成形TC4钛合金的力学特性与破坏机理

对激光立体成形TC4钛合金在较宽温度(173～1173K)和应变率(0.001～10~5s~(-1))范围内,分别进行压缩、拉伸和剪切试验。结果表明:该合金无明显的力学各向异性;静态和动态加载时均存在明显的拉伸-压缩力学不对称性;其强度低于锻造和挤压成形TC4钛合金。微观分析表明:动态压缩和剪切加载时该合金易出现绝热剪切变形,但试验温度的升高会抑制绝热剪切带的产生;静态拉伸时断口为含韧窝和准解理台阶的混合性形貌,而动态拉伸时则有韧窝而没有解理台阶。动态压缩断裂机理是剪切带内形成空位和裂纹,裂纹沿α/β界面扩展形成断面。     

DP980高强钢动态拉伸力学行为

对比分析DP980高强钢在应变速率10~(-3)~10~3s~(-1)范围内的动态拉伸实验结果,研究其力学行为以及断裂模式特点。结果表明:应变速率从准静态(10~(-3)s~(-1))增加至10~0s~(-1)过程中,强度基本保持不变,塑性下降了7.5%;应变速率从100s~(-1)增加至103s~(-1)过程中,强度不断增大,而塑性在10~0~10~2s~(-1)范围内上升14%,随后在10~2~103s~(-1)范围内下降了24.7%;应变速率敏感系数m始终随应变速率的增加而升高。变形过程中,位错增殖强化和加速阻力是强度上升的主要原因。塑性变形集中在铁素体中,微孔裂纹主要沿马氏体/铁素体交界扩展。试样沿厚度方向上的宏观断口,在应变速率小于101s~(-1)时呈"V"形杯锥状,在应变速率高于10~1s~(-1)时则是与拉伸方向成约45°的纯剪切型。     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹脆性断裂的最小J_2准则

实际工程的结构中,裂纹多处于复合型状态,因此复合型裂纹断裂的理论研究有着更为重要的理论意义和实用价值。本文以Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为研究对象,将偏应力张量的第二不变量2J作为判定依据,预测了裂纹起裂的角度以及开裂荷载,并与一些实验数据进行了比较,符合得也较好。计算结果进一步表明了在裂纹起裂引起的应变能转化过程中,起主要作用的是形状改变比能这一事实,由此得出了另一个结论是在裂纹尖端,平行于裂纹方向的应力级数展开式中非奇异项对裂纹的开裂角度以及开裂荷载是有影响的。     

Three-dimensional numerical investigation of brittle bond fracture

A fracture mechanics based analysis of interface bond failure is presented. The bond edge is regarded as an interface crack front loaded under combined mode 1, 2 and 3 loading, and results are obtained for the critical stress for initiation of bond failure and the location along the bond edge where failure is initiated. A numerical procedure is formulated to study the propagation of the interface crack following initiation. Assuming that the crack propagates at the interface, a criterion for propagation is formulated, and it is shown that the crack front shape predicted is consistent with the basic interface fracture mechanics assuming quasi-static crack propagation. Results for the bond strength are presented for different fracture criteria and different bond shapes.     

Calibration procedures for a computational model of ductile fracture

A recent extension of the Gurson constitutive model of damage and failure of ductile structural alloys accounts for localization and crack formation under shearing as well as tension. When properly calibrated against a basic set of experiments, this model has the potential to predict the emergence and propagation of cracks over a wide range of stress states. This paper addresses procedures for calibrating the damage parameters of the extended constitutive model. The procedures are demonstrated for DH36 steel using data from three tests: (i) tension of a round bar, (ii) mode I cracking in a compact tension specimen, and (iii) shear localization and mode II cracking in a shear-off specimen. The computational model is then used to study the emergence of the cup-cone fracture mode in the neck of a round tensile bar. Ductility of a notched round bar provides additional validation.     

On the failure of cracks under mixed-mode loads

Fracture of plates containing a crack under mixed-mode, I and II, loading conditions is investigated. Fracture mechanisms are first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior. Two distinct features are observed and they are typical of shear and tensile types of failure. From this correlation, a fracture criterion based on the competition of the attainment of a tensile fracturing stress σ_{_C} and a shear fracturing stress τ_{_C} at a fixed distance around the crack tip is proposed. Material ductility is incorporated using τ_{_C}/σ_{_C} determined from classical material failure theories. The type of fracture is predicted by comparing τ_{_max}/σ_{_max} at r=r_{_C} for a given mixed mode loading to the material ductility_{τ_C/σ_C} , i.e. τ_{_max}/σ_{_max})<(τ_{_C} /σ_{_C}) for tensile type of fracture and (τ_{_max}/σ_{_max}) r (τ_{_C}/ σ_{_C}) for shear type of fracture. It is found that, for typical engineering structural metals with certain ductility, (1) crack propagation initiates according to the maximum hoop stress criterion when the the mode mixity is near mode I and according to the maximum shear stress criterion when the mode mixity is near mode II, and (2) the transition of the failure from tensile to shear type can be predicted by the proposed criterion. For brittle materials the maximum hoop (opening) stress always reaches the tensile fracturing stress before the maximum shear stress reaches the shear fracturing stress of the material at a crack tip. Therefore, specimens made of brittle materials tend to fail under the maximum hoop stress criterion, as demonstrated by Erdogan and Sih (1963) and others. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A new method to estimate the plane strain fracture toughness of materials

Although the testing method for fracture toughness K_IC has been implemented for decades, the strict specimen size requirements make it difficult to get the accurate K_IC for the high‐toughness materials. In this study, different specimen sizes of high‐strength steels were adopted in fracture toughness testing. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces of the K_IC specimen, it is shown that the fracture energy can be divided into 2 distinct parts: (1) the energy for flat fracture and (2) the energy for shear fracture. According to the energy criterion, the K_IC values can be acquired by small‐size specimens through derivation. The results reveal that the estimated toughness value is consistent with the experimental data. The new method would be widely applied to predict the fracture toughness of metallic materials with small‐size specimens.     

不同形态铁素体试样低温断裂行为的研究

采用热模拟方法,模拟不同形态的针状铁素体、板条状铁素体和魏氏组织的试样,测定试样的断裂参量,发现不同形态伯铁素体具有不同的解理断裂应力σｆ,而且韧性高的σｆ也高;断口分析结果也表明,不同的铁素体具有不同的断口特征。低温下解理断裂的发生满足两个条件;切应力达到临界的切应力;正应力达到解理断裂应力。     

Discrete fractal fracture mechanics

A modification of the classical theory of brittle fracture of solids is offered by relating discrete nature of crack propagation to the fractal geometry of the crack. The new model incorporates all previously considered theories of fracture processes, in particular the Griffith [Griffith AA. The phenomenon of rupture and flow in solids. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond 1921;A221:163-398] theory, its contemporary extension known as LEFM and the most recently developed Quantized Fracture Mechanics (QFM) by Pugno and Ruoff [Pugno N, Ruoff RS. Quantized fracture mechanics. Philos Mag 2004;84(27):2829-45]. Using an equivalent smooth blunt crack for a given fractal crack, we find that assuming that radius of curvature of the blunt crack is a material property, the crack roughens while propagating. In other words, fractal dimension at the crack tip is a monotonically increasing function of the nominal crack length, i.e., the presence of the Mirror-Mist-Hackle phenomenon is analytically demonstrated.     

Evaluation of the fracture toughness properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Dupont Tradename Teflon) is a common polymer with many structural applications including sheet, gaskets, bearing pads, piston rings and diaphragms. The interest here developed because this polymer is being considered as the major component of a newly proposed `reactive' material with a possible application as a projectile to replace common inertial projectiles. Little mechanical property data is available on this material since it is commonly used only as a coating material with the dominant properties being its low friction coefficient and high application temperature. Previous work (Joyce, 2003) on commercially available sheet PTFE material has demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method of ASTM E1820 (1999), the elastic-plastic fracture toughness standard to develop fracture toughness properties of this material over a range of test temperatures and loading rates. Additional work on the aluminum filled `reactive' derivative of the basic PTFE polymer (Joyce and Joyce, 2004) has also recently been completed. In this work, standard ASTM E1820 fracture toughness specimens machined from sintered pucks of PTFE were tested at four test temperatures and at a range of test rates to determine the J _Ic and J resistance curve characteristics of the PTFE material. The major results are that while crack extension is difficult at standard laboratory loading rates at ambient (21 °C) temperature or above, for temperatures slightly below ambient or for elevated loading rates, a rapid degradation of fracture resistance occurs and cracking occurs in a ductile or even nearly brittle manner.     

Prediction of the Brittle Fracture Toughness of Neutron-Irradiated Reactor Pressure-Vessel Steels. Part 1

The irradiation effect on the temperature dependence of the brittle fracture toughness of reactor pressure-vessel steels is simulated using the probabilistic model for the fracture-toughness prediction, which was proposed by the authors earlier. The paper analyzes the irradiation effect on the parameters controlling the plastic deformation and brittle fracture of reactor pressure-vessel steels. We consider the mechanisms of microcrack nucleation in nonirradiated, irradiated, and post-irradiation-annealed reactor pressure-vessel steels.     

Fracture resistance of 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia

Anin situ technique for the assessment of fracture resistance employing double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens was developed in the present study. The side-grooved DCB specimens were loaded with pure bending moments in a specially designed and fabricated test fixture which went inside the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. The study as conducted on a 8 mol% fully stabilized cubic phase yttria (Y₂O₃) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic. The powder processed sheets were sintered at 1600°C for 2 h in a zirconia tube furnace. The mode I applied energy release rate, G_I was determined for both pure YSZ and treated YSZ. Two sets of experiments were conducted for the complete characterization of the ceramics. Three fracture toughness values were determined for the pure and treated ceramics, viz. (i) at the onset of the crack initiation,G _ic, (ii) at the arrest of a subcritical crack, G_ia and (iii) at the onset of the fast fracture,G _if. Two analyses of the experimental data were carried out, viz. method of extrapolation and statistical analysis. In case of the pure YSZ, a transgranular mode of the stable crack growth was identified to be predominant. The porous coating treatment appeared to have positive effects as the crack initiation resistance increased due to electrode layers. The stable crack growth behaviours of the ceramics were investigated by monitoring the crack growth velocity as a function of appliedG values. The results obtained were of direct significance in designing and fabrication of SOFC stacks.