前列腺素E分子网络对哺乳动物生殖的调控

磷脂酶A2、环氧合酶以及前列腺素E合成酶是前列腺素E合成途径中顺序起作用的重要酶类,其中前列腺素E合成酶有两种不同的亚型,分别介导不同的前列腺素E合成反应。前列腺素E可与其受体特异性结合,并通过旁分泌和自分泌两种形式调节细胞反应,参与多种生理过程。近来研究发现,前列腺素E受体不仅存于质膜,而在核膜上也大量存在。前列腺素E核受体介导的信号转导途径与膜受体介导的信号途径不同,对于基因转录的调控机制也不同。本文综述并探讨了上述分子所组成的网络系统在哺乳动物生殖,尤其是雌性生殖过程中所发挥的重要作用。     

前列腺素E2对小鼠骨髓细胞增殖及DNA合成的影响

本文采用半固体单层琼脂培养和液体培养_3H-TdR掺入法观察PGE_2对小鼠骨髓CFU-GM增殖分化的影响,实验结果表明PGE_2可明显抑制CFU-GM增殖和分化,抑制率与PGE_2剂量呈负相关。其50％抑制率所对应的PGE_2剂量,琼脂培养法为4.8×10~(-8)mol/L, ~3H-TdR掺入法为3.5×10~(-8)mol/L,两种方法观察的结果相近。压片染色集落分类的结果还表明PGE_2对CFU-GM各类型集落形成均有明显的抑制作用。其中以CFU-M和CFU-GM抑制最为明显。1×10~(-8)—1.2×10~(-8)mol/L的PGE_2浓度就可抑制CFU-M和CFU-GM增殖50％,当PGE_2浓度增至7.3×10~(-8)mol/L时CFU-M增殖即被抑制90％,说明单核-巨噬系祖细胞对PGE_2是十分敏感的。PGE_2对粒系集落的抑制作用机理尚不清楚。     

前列腺素E2与缺血性脑卒中

前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)是由花生四烯酸经环氧合酶途径代谢生成的前列腺素之一,PGE2通过其4种受体亚型(EP1、EP2、EP3和EP4)介导产生多种生理功能,同时是缺血性脑损伤中的重要炎症介质.而在缺血性脑卒中发病机制中,PGE2激活不同受体亚型而发挥不同的作用.本文将从受体作用特点的...     

COX-2调节的前列腺素在突触信号传递中的作用

环氧合酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)是催化花生四烯酸转化为前列腺素的限速酶,广泛参与脑创伤、缺血诱导的神经元损伤、炎症反应及神经变性性疾病等.COX-2在神经病理学中的作用与神经元的突触变化有关.增强或抑制COX-2表达可增强或抑制兴奋性谷氨酸能神经元的神经传递和长时程增强 (LTP),这些效应由COX-2的主要产物前列腺素E2(PGE2)及其受体亚型EP2所介导.因此,阐明COX-2在突触信号中的作用机制将有助于设计新的药物来预防、治疗及减轻神经源性炎症相关的神经紊乱性疾病.     

前列腺素E2受体亚型1(EP1)研究进展

前列腺素E₂(prostaglandinE₂,PGE₂)是花生四烯酸代谢产生的重要脂质分子,在多种生理和病理活动中发挥重要作用。非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)主要通过抑制PGE₂的生成而被广泛用于各类炎症性疾病的治疗和发热、疼痛症状的缓解。PGE₂功能的发挥主要依赖于与4种不同的G蛋白耦联受体相结合,其中PGE₂受体亚型1 (PGE₂receptor1,EP1)的分布相对比较局限,且PGE₂与EP1的亲和力相对较低。尽管如此,EP1在心血管、泌尿、消化等系统的生理功能维持和稳态调节方面却发挥重要作用。此外,EP1广泛参与炎症反应、痛觉维持和多系统的病理生理学功能调节。本文拟就近年来有关EP1在生理和病理生理学方面的功能和研究现状,以及与之相关药物的研究进展进行简要综述。     

前列腺素E2途径与动脉导管闭合的关系

动脉导管开放是胎儿时期的重要交通,其及时闭合对出生后生理功能同等重要,否则将导致动脉导管未闭,严重威胁患者健康甚至生命,其发生率在超低体重儿中高达60%.目前研究认为出生前后这两个生理过程主要与前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的浓度有关,因此参与PGE2合成与代谢的酶,如环氧酶(COXs)、PGE2合酶(PGESs)和前列腺素15-羟基脱氢酶(PGDH),以及四种PGE2受体及该途径相关的药物在动脉导管的结构和功能中的作用成为近年来研究的热点.     

前列腺素E2合酶的研究进展

目录 一、前列腺素E2合酶的分类 二、胞质型前列腺素E2合酶 三、膜结合型前列腺素E2合酶-1（mPGES-1） （一）mPGES-1的结构及酶学特性 （二）mPGES-1与COXs偶联 （三）mPGES-1的生理及病理生理作用 四、膜结合型前列腺素E2合酶-2 五、斗族谷胱甘肽S转移酶 六、展望[编者按]     

前列腺素E1对大鼠离体胃平滑肌运动的作用

前列腺素Ｅ＿１对大鼠离体胃平滑肌运动的作用瞿颂义,李伟,郑天珍（兰州医学院生理学教研室兰州７３００００）胃平滑肌细胞合成的多种前列腺素（ＰＧ）调节着胃的运动,能使固体食物的排空减慢、液体食物的排空加快。为此我们取大鼠胃各部位的平滑肌条,观察其对ＰＧＥ...     

小窝蛋白-1在免疫调节中的作用

小窝（caveolae）是一类特殊的膜脂筏,富含鞘磷脂和胆固醇。小窝蛋白-1（caveolin-1）是小窝的标志蛋白质,分子量约22 kD。后者不但直接参与小窝结构的形成、膜泡运输、胆固醇稳态维持,还通过其脚手架结构域（caveolin scaffolding domain,CSD）与众多信号分子相互作用调控细胞的生长、发育和分化,最终影响机体的生理和病理过程。近年发现,小窝蛋白-1和胞膜窖不但存在于内皮细胞、脂肪细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和纤维细胞中,还广泛表达于免疫细胞中,参与调节免疫细胞活化引起的炎症应答反应。本文结合最新的研究进展和前期结果,简要综述小窝蛋白-1在巨噬细胞、T细胞、B细胞以及中性粒细胞等免疫细胞内的调节作用,以及在细菌感染如绿脓杆菌、沙门氏菌和克雷伯杆菌的炎症中的信号转导研究进展。     

Cross-talk between human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) and rat hippocampal slices in LPS-stimulated cocultures: the MSCs are activated to secrete prostaglandin E2

Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) improve functional outcome in a number of disease models through suppression of inflammation. However, their effects on neuroinflammation are unknown. In this study, we show that MSCs suppress endotoxin-induced glial activation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated OHSCs activated MSCs to increase the expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and produce prostaglandin E2. MSC-derived prostaglandin E2, then suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the OHSCs. Together, the results suggest the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of MSCs in models of disease and support earlier observations that MSCs may offer a therapy for neuroinflammation produced by trauma or disease.     

CARD9 Regulation and its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is an adaptor protein expressed on myeloid cells and located downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which transduces signals involved in innate immunity. CARD9 deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to various fungal diseases. Increasing evidence shows that CARD9 mediates the activation of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome in various CVDs and then promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in certain cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Moreover, CARD9-mediated anti-apoptosis and autophagy are implicated in the progression of CVDs. Here, we summarize the structure and function of CARD9 in innate immunity and its various roles in inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapies targeting CARD9 to prevent CVDs and raise some issues for further exploring the role of CARD9 in CVDs.     

Concurrent blockade of free radical and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1-mediated PGE(2) production improves safety and efficacy in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 952-961. ABSTRACT: While free radicals and inflammation constitute major routes of neuronal injury occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neither antioxidants nor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have shown significant efficacy in human clinical trials. We examined the possibility that concurrent blockade of free radicals and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) )-mediated inflammation might constitute a safe and effective therapeutic approach to ALS. We have developed 2-hydroxy-5-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethylaminobenzoic acid] (AAD-2004) as a derivative of aspirin. AAD-2004 completely removed free radicals at 50?nM as a potent spin-trapping molecule and inhibited microsomal PGE(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1) activity in response to both lipopolysaccharide-treated BV2 cell with IC(50) of 230?nM and recombinant human mPGES-1 protein with IC(50) of 249?nM in vitro. In superoxide dismutase 1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of ALS, AAD-2004 blocked free radical production, PGE(2) formation, and microglial activation in the spinal cords. As a consequence, AAD-2004 reduced autophagosome formation, axonopathy, and motor neuron degeneration, improving motor function and increasing life span. In these assays, AAD-2004 was superior to riluzole or ibuprofen. Gastric bleeding was not induced by AAD-2004 even at a dose 400-fold higher than that required to obtain maximal therapeutic efficacy in superoxide dismutase 1(G93A) . Targeting both mPGES-1-mediated PGE(2) and free radicals may be a promising approach to reduce neurodegeneration in ALS and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.     

Prostaglandin(PG) E2 in regulation of immunity and inflammatory diseases

Prostaglandin(PG) E2 is an important metabolic product of arachidonic acid. PGE2 plays important roles in regulation of fever, inflammatory responses and blood pressure via four functionally antagonistic E-prostanoid (EP) receptors, which are designated as EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4, respectively. Recently, there is increasing evidence that PGE2 also regulates the maturation of immune cells and immune response. This review aims to briefly summarize and discuss the recent findings regarding the role of PGE2 in regulation of immunity.     

Growth Factor Regulation of Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Ptgs2) Expression in Colonic Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We previously found that a population of colonic stromal cells that constitutively express high levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2, also known as Cox-2) altered their location in the lamina propria in response to injury in a Myd88-dependent manner (Brown, S. L., Riehl, T. E., Walker, M. R., Geske, M. J., Doherty, J. M., Stenson, W. F., and Stappenbeck, T. S. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117, 258–269). At the time of this study, the identity of these cells and the mechanism by which they expressed high levels of Ptgs2 were unknown. Here we found that these colonic stromal cells were mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These colonic MSCs expressed high Ptgs2 levels not through interaction with bacterial products but instead as a consequence of mRNA stabilization downstream of Fgf9 (fibroblast growth factor 9), a growth factor that is constitutively expressed by the intestinal epithelium. This stabilization was mediated partially through a mechanism involving endogenous CUG-binding protein 2 (CUGbp2). These studies suggest that Fgf9 is an important factor in the regulation of Ptgs2 in colonic MSCs and may be a factor involved in its constitutive expression in vivo.     

MicroRNA 对获得性免疫的调节作用

微RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)是一类在转录后水平调节基因表达的大约22 nt的非编 码内源单链RNA.已经表明,它们与许多重要的生理和病理过程相关,包括发育、分化、细胞 凋亡、脂肪代谢、病毒感染和癌症.越来越多的证据表明,miRNA参与了获得性免疫的调节. 有趣的是,不同于开关式的调节,miRNA表现出定量的基因调节,它们能精细调节细胞免疫 反应以响应外界刺激.深入理解miRNAs对获得性免疫的调节作用有助于调节宿主免疫应答和 保护感染组织间的平衡,鉴定免疫调节新靶标和开发基于miRNA的有效疗法.本文综述了miRN A包括病毒miRNA对获得性免疫的调节作用,特别是miRNA在调节免疫活性细胞、T细胞功 能和抗体产生中的作用.     

HCV E2蛋白诱导的体液免疫及CTL应答研究

应用PCR方法扩增出HCVE2基因编码417a．a-750a．a的DNA片段,克隆到原核表达载体pQE30 LacZ启动子下游,转化JM109菌株。在JM109菌株中诱导表达出N端含6个组氨酸的E2融合蛋白,用Ni-NTA-Superflow亲和层析柱纯化作为抗原免疫实验兔和BALB／c鼠。定期取兔血,采用间接ELISA方法检测兔子体内针对E2的抗体水平和维持规律。结果显示,距初次免疫14d兔子体内已有抗体产生,直至免疫第55d抗体水平持续上升,之后抗体水平保持稳定,抗体滴度达到1：3200。六周后,取鼠脾脏制各淋巴细胞,定向刺激扩增后与经过重组真核表达质粒pCE2转染的P815细胞作用,利用LDH释放试验检测作用效果。在E：T＝200：1的情况下,杀伤率超过30％。这些结果表明工程菌株表达的HCVE2蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,可以诱发免疫实验动物机体产生较高滴度的抗体及特异性CTL应答。由此我们认为E2蛋白是发展HCV预防工程蛋白疫苗的合适候选者。     

P2X4 receptors mediate PGE2 release by tissue‐resident macrophages and initiate inflammatory pain

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key mediator of inflammation and contributes to pain hypersensitivity by promoting sensory neurons hyperexcitability. PGE2 synthesis results from activation of a multi‐step enzymatic cascade that includes cyclooxygenases (COXs), the main targets of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although NSAIDs are widely prescribed to reduce inflammatory symptoms such as swelling and pain, associated harmful side effects restrict their long‐term use. Therefore, finding new drugs that limit PG production represents an important therapeutic issue. In response to peripheral inflammatory challenges, mice lacking the ATP‐gated P2X4 channel (P2X4R) do not develop pain hypersensitivity and show a complete absence of inflammatory PGE2 in tissue exudates. In resting conditions, tissue‐resident macrophages constitutively express P2X4R. Stimulating P2X4R in macrophages triggers calcium influx and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, resulting in cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) activation and COX‐dependent release of PGE2. In naive animals, pain hypersensitivity was elicited by transfer into the paw of ATP‐primed macrophages from wild type, but not P2X4R‐deficient mice. Thus, P2X4Rs are specifically involved in inflammatory‐mediated PGE2 production and might therefore represent useful therapeutic targets.