Effects of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Survival, and Growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development,survival,and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis.The embryos,larvae,and juveniles of C.hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities （low,15; medium,23; and high,30） to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds.Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low-and medium-salinities （P ＜ 0.05）.The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials,with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity （P＜ 0.05）.The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15 （P＜ 0.05）,whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70 （P ＜ 0.05）.These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C.hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities （15 to 30）,but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities.Thus,it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C.hongkongensis.     

盐度对珠母贝幼虫和稚贝存活和生长的影响

为了解珠母贝早期发育阶段最适存活和生长条件,于2013年5—6月在珍珠贝养殖场进行不同海水盐度对珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫、壳顶期幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响实验。结果表明：珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2285—3886,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2043—4123,最适盐度为3110;壳顶期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2310-3914,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2029—4009,最适盐度为3110·3502;稚贝存活适宜盐度为2064—3910,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为1938—4130,最适盐度为2719—3110。     

Effects of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of the juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876)

Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.     

Effect of salinity on growth and first sexual maturity of Exopalaemon carinicauda (Holthuis, 1950)

To determine the optimal salinity for growth and first sexual maturity of ExopaIaemon carinicauda, the effects of salinity on growth and reproductive performance of early juvenile prawns of E. carinicauda were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Postlarvae from the same female broodstock were reared at six salinity levels （5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30） for 12 weeks. The specific growth rate （SGR） and survival rate （SR） under different salinity levels in the first 6 weeks were calculated and compared. SGR was significantly influenced by salinity. Prawns reared in salinity of 10 grew significantly faster （P〈0.05） than those reared in salinities of 5, 20, 25, and 30. However, ANOVA confirmed that there was no significant effect among the six salinity levels on SR. For the next 6 weeks, the body length （BL）, body weight （BW） at the first sexual maturity, and the age at median sexual maturity （As0） of females were measured and compared. Female prawns reared at salinity of 10 presented significantly shorter A50, but no significant differences among the six salinity levels for BL and BW at the first sexual maturity were observed. Based on the above information, the optimal salinity for growth and first sexual maturity of juvenile E. carinicauda is approximately 10.     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of the amphipod crustacean Eogammarus sinensis

The amphipod crustacean Eogammarus sinensis has useful features that make it suitable for use in the aquaculture of fish and large decapod crustaceans.In this study,we investigated the effects of temperature and salinity on the development,fecundity,survival,and growth rate of E.sinensis.The results show that temperature significantly affected E.sinensis development,but salinity.As temperature increased,the duration of E.sinensis embryonic development decreased.Fecundity was affected significantly by temperature and the combination of temperature and salinity,but by salinity alone.In addition,high temperatures accelerated E.sinensis juvenile growth rates,whereas high salinity reduced it.Therefore,our data suggest that E.sinensis tolerates a wide range of salinities and that temperature has more significant effects than salinity on the embryonic development,fecundity,and growth of E.sinensis.Our results shall be useful for mass production of this species for use in aquaculture.     

STUDY ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY GROWTH OF TRIPLOID AND GYNOGENETIC DIPLOID LEFI—EYED FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS （T. et S. ）

The early effects of chromosomal manipulation of eggs and sperm on the yields of trip-loid and gynogenefic diploid larvae of Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Triploidy was achieved by cold shocking fen.ilized eggs at 0 - 2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fen.ilization, and the in-duced triploidy rates were 31.2% - 50% and the relative hatching rates were 53.3% - 99%. Gynnge-aetic diploids were obtained when eggs were inseminated with irradiated sperm and cold shocked at 0 -2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fertihzation. The induced gynogenetic diploid rates and the relative hatching rates were 94 % - 96 % and 48.5 % - 68.5 % respectively. The embryonic development of the triploid experimental group and of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group was delayed at first compared with the control group. But from the gastrula stage, it was not delayed anymore. There were no significant differences in the growth of the triploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae, and in the growth of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae ac-cording to Student‘s t-test (α = 0.05). The relationship between the early growth of the triploid experi-mental group larvae and that of gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae was also studied.     

湛江港区底泥悬浮物对近江牡蛎的毒害效应

模拟湛江港涉海工程施工产生的悬浮物,探讨底泥悬浮物对工程附近海区近江牡蛎养殖的影响,研究不同浓度悬浮物对大、小规格近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)的毒害效应。结果表明,悬浮物对大规格近江牡蛎(8.12±1.76 cm)的毒害影响不明显;对小规格近江牡蛎(2.33±0.78 cm),悬浮物浓度≤270 mg/L时死亡率低于30%,悬浮物浓度≥810 mg/L时死亡明显增加,死亡率达60%。通过概率单位法计算,小规格近江牡蛎的96 h半致死浓度为627.17 mg/L。     

温度和盐度对方斑东风螺胚胎发育的影响

研究了温度和盐度对方斑东风螺胚胎发育的影响。结果表明:方斑东风螺胚胎发育的最低和最高临温分别为20℃和32℃,最适温度范围为24~28℃,在此温度范围内,方斑东风螺胚胎发育所需时间[T(h) ]温[X(℃) ]呈负相关关系,它们之间的回归关系符合指数函数方程:T=438 .30e-0. 043 3X(R2 =0. 982 3,P<0 胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别为14和32,最适盐度范围为20 ~28,在适宜盐度范围内,不同盐度对方风螺的胚胎发育速度无显著影响。     

Salinity tolerance and growth response of juvenile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis> at different salinity levels

1　Introduction　Theuseofnaturalresources ,includingthosebeingofseeminglymarginalvalue ,isanimportanthumanactivitydesignedtoincreasefoodproductionandin come .Inagriculture ,soilsmaybetoosalinetosup portprofitablecrophusbandry ,yetsuchsoilmaybeusedalternat…     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of embryos and larvae of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa （Valenciennes, 1846）

The major population of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa(Valenciennes, 1846), which is an important fishery resource, is facing a large decline in China. We studied the effects of incubation temperature(16–34℃ at salinity 30) and salinity(5–45 at 25℃) on the incubation period and subsequent larval development. In the temperature experiment, the shortest incubation period was 12 days at 34℃, the lower temperature limit was 16℃, the longest mean shell length(1 193±17 μm) occurred at 25℃ and the highest survival rate 72.28%±5.62% was observed at 28℃. In the salinity experiment, the shortest incubation period was 15 days at 25. The salinity tolerance range was 15–40, the longest mean shell length(855±9 μm) and the highest survival rate 72.93%±4.85% were both observed at 35. This study demonstrated that, during the egg–mass stage, temperature and salinity regimes infl uence later growth and survival of larvae. These observations deepen our understanding of the ecology and conservation of natural populations of Rapana venosa.     

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, IRRADIANCE AND SALINITY ON GROWTH OF DIATOM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM

3-factor experiment was used to study the combined effects of temperature, irradiance and salinity on the growth of an HAB species diatomSkeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The results showed that temperature (12, 19, 25, 32 °C), irradiance (0.02, 0.08, 0.3, 1.6)×10¹⁶ quanta/(s·cm²)) and salinity (10, 18, 25, 30, 35) significantly influenced the growth of this species. There were interactive effects between any two of and among all three physical factors on the growth. In the experiment, the most optimal growth condition forS. costatum was temperature of 25°C, salinity of 18–35 and irradiance of 1.6×10¹⁶ quanta/(s·cm²). The results indicatedS. costatum could divide at higher rate and were more likely to bloom under high temperature and high illumination from spring to fall. It was able to distribute widely in ocean and estuary due to its adaptation to a wide range of salinities. This study was supported by the PREPP and National Key Basic Research Project (2001CB4097) NNSFC No. 39950001, 20177023, 49576301, 49906007 and KZCX2-206.     

Effect of Long-Term Low-Salinity Culture on the Survival,Growth, and Nutrient Composition of Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain

This study investigated the effects of long-term low-salinity on the growth performance,proximate composition,amino acid and fatty acid profiles of Scylla paramamosain.The salinity of the low-salinity-culture group(LC)and maintained-salinity-cul-ture group(MC)were set at 5 and 25 respectively.After rearing for 30 d,the survival rate(SR)of the LC group was significantly lower,whereas the average daily molting frequency(ADMF)was significantly higher than those in MC group(P<0.05).There were no significant difference for weight gain rate(WGR)and specific growth rate(SGR)between the two groups.The moisture content of the LC group was slightly higher than the MC group without significant difference.The contents of ash,crude lipid and crude pro-tein in the LC group were lower than those in the MC group,but no significant differences were found except for ash content.A total of 17 free amino acids and 23 fatty acids were identified from the muscle of S.paramamosain.The total amino acids(TAA),essen-tial amino acids(EAA)and essential amino acid index(EAAI)had no significant difference between the two groups.The crabs from LC group had a significantly higher HUFA,including EPA,DHA,ARA.The percentage of n-3 PUFA and the ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA were significantly higher in the LC group.These results indicated that S.paramamosain rearing at low salinity had significantly de-creased SR;however,the low-salinity environment significantly promoted the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),espe-cially the n-3 PUFA,which might be related to the osmoregulation mechanism.     

盐度对尼罗罗非鱼血清甲状腺素浓度和成活率的影响

在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)由淡水逐渐向不同盐度海水(5,10,15,20,25)适应过程中,运用放射免疫测定法研究血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)浓度的变化,并分析盐度变化对尼罗罗非鱼成活率的影响。结果表明,盐度对尼罗罗非鱼血清中T3水平和成活率有着显著的影响。在盐度5~20的范围内变化后,血清T3的浓度在6 d内随着盐度上升而增大,第7天达到高峰;随后,逐渐降低并趋于稳定,在第14天时,各盐度组尼罗罗非鱼血清中T3开始处于稳定状态;稳定后,各实验组血清中T3的浓度均比对照组升高,并表现出随盐度的升高而升高的趋势。在盐度20时,实验第17天,尼罗罗非鱼的成活率为80%。而在盐度为25时,实验第11天,尼罗罗非鱼的成活率仅为54%。对不同盐度下尼罗罗非鱼死亡原因及血清甲状腺激素在盐度变化下的生理意义和对死亡率的影响作了讨论。     

Effects of temperature and salinity on survival,growth and DNA methylation of juvenile Pacific abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Temperature and salinity are two of the most potent abiotic factors infl uencing marine mollusks.In this study,we investigated the individual and combined ef fects of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of juvenile Pacifi c abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,and also examined the DNA methylation alteration that may underpin the phenotypic variation of abalone exposed to dif ferent rearing conditions.The single-factor data showed that the suitable ranges of temperature and salinity were 16–28°C at a constant salinity of 32,and 24–40 at a constant temperature of 20°C,respectively.The two-factor data indicated that both survival and growth were signifi cantly af fected by temperature,salinity and their interaction.The optimal temperature-salinity combination for juveniles was 23–25°C and 30–36.To explore environment-induced DNA methylation alteration,the methylation-sensitive amplifi ed polymorphism(MSAP)technique was used to analyze the genomic methylation profi les of abalone reared in optimal and adverse conditions.Neither temperature nor salinity induced evident changes in the global methylation level,but 67 and 63 dif ferentially methylated loci were identifi ed in temperature and salinity treatments,respectively.The between-group eigen analysis also showed that both temperature and salinity could induce epigenetic dif ferentiation in H.discus hannai Ino.The results of our study provide optimal rearing conditions for juvenile H.discus hannai Ino,and represent the fi rst step toward revealing the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of abalone in response to thermal and salt stresses.     

低盐度海水对企鹅珍珠贝存活的影响

对企鹅珍珠贝稚贝、中贝和成贝在降低盐度的海水中存活状态进行了观察和研究。在水温20~23℃,以不同盐度梯度(8、12、16、20、242、8、30和33)的海水暂养稚贝并定时检查,在广东的四个海区,对盐度变化时中贝及成贝的养殖成活率进行了观察。结果表明:盐度低于16的3个组,稚贝在60h内全部死亡,盐度20~24海水中,稚贝虽只有部分死亡,但活力较差;稚贝在14的海水中4h后转入正常海水,可全部存活,而超过8h后再移入正常海水的稚贝会陆续死亡;在盐度18海水中,稚贝一直未分泌足丝附着,而移入正常海水,6h就有小苗附着;大万山岛附近海域在雨季盐度可降至20以下,6~9月不适合养殖,而其它实验点可以通过深吊避免海水盐度变化造成企鹅珍珠贝死亡。     

Effects of reduced salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion ofChlamys farreri

Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia-N excretion rate (AER) of scallopChlamys farreri (3.2–5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147–1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight) were studied in laboratory from March 21, 1997 to April 16, 1997. Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17°C and 23°C, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia-N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. Results showed that with controlled reduced salinity, the mean values of the OCR were 2.17 mg/(g.h) at 17°C, and 2.86 mg/(g.h) at 23°C and that the mean values of the AER were 178.0 μg/(g.h) at 17°C and 147.0 μg/(g.h) at 23°C. The OCR and the AER decreased with reducing salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 both at 17°C and 23°C. The effects of reduced salinity on the OCR and the AER of scallopC. farreri could be represented by the allometric equation and the exponential equation, respectively. Contribution No. 3295 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project supported by the National Ministry of Science and Technology of China and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. 96-922-02-04 and KZ951-A1-102-02.     

Effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity, and pH on the eicosapentaenoic acid production of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus

The effects of temperature, light intensity, salinity, and initial pH on the growth and fatty acid composition of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus 2078 were studied for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production potential. The fatty acid composition was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which indicated that the main fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0 and EPA. The highest EPA percentage 20.83% of total fatty acids was obtained at 20℃ with the temperature being set at 20, 24, and 28℃. Under different salinities and light intensities, the highest percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and EPA were 17.82% and 31.37% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were achieved at salinity 30 and 100μmol photon m-2s-1 illumination. The highest percentages of total PUFAs and EPA were 38.75% and 23.13% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were reached at an initial pH of 6 with the test range being from 5.0 to 9.0.     

Changes during late-stage embryonic development from egg-juvenile to free-living hatchling in Chinese freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae)

This study expands on recent reports that direct development in the Chinese potamid freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense involves the completion of all brachyuran larval stages (nauplius, zoea, and megalopa) inside the egg case during embryonic development. Detailed studies of embryonic development in this species revealed the presence of an additional larval stage (the egg-juvenile) between the megalopa and the free-living hatchling crab. We described and compared the appendages of the head, thorax, and abdomen of the egg-juvenile with those of the hatchling crab in S. yangtsekiense. Significant differences were found between most of the appendages of these two stages with a soft exoskeleton in the egg-juvenile, no joint articulation, a slimmer appearance, and a lack of setae when compared with the newly emerged free-living hatchling crab. These modifications of the appendages are related to the confinement within the egg case of the egg-megalopa and egg-juvenile during direct development, and the need for the free-living hatchling freshwater crab to move, feed, and respire. In marine crabs, the megalopa gives rise to the first crab stage whereas in freshwater crabs the egg-juvenile follows the megalopa and immediately precedes the free-living first crab stage.     

Effects of fishes on the growth and survival of Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This experiment on the effects of fishes (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Channa argus, Cyprinus carpio) on growth and survival of juvenile Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis was conducted in cages placed in Bao'an Lake. T-tests showed that effects of fishes on the carapace width growth were not significant as compared with the control (no fish). But the effects of these fishes on crab survival were negative. The causes of negative effects of fishes on crab survival were simply discussed on the basis of food habits. This research was financially supported by the Department of Agriculture (96-008-02-03), P. R. China, and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Key Project: KZ951-A1-102).     

Advances in studies of the effects of starvation on growth and development of fish larvae

Starvation has important effects on early development of fish. It determines the survival and growth of fish larvae, and plays an important role in the dynamics of fish population and fisheries recruitment, in this review, we discuss the current studies about the effects of starvation on growth and development of fish larval stage. The goals of this review are to understand some adap- tive mechanisms and ecological countermeasures of starved fish larvae and to provide the scientific guideline for exploring early life history processes, evaluating the nutrition condition and growth of larval fish, protecting fish resource and breeding fish larvae.