仿刺参幼参对亮氨酸最适需求量的研究

为探究仿刺参幼参对亮氨酸的最适需求量,在基础饲料中分别添加0.00%、0.80%、1.60%、2.40%、3.20%和4.00%的包膜亮氨酸,配成亮氨酸含量分别为1.29%(D1,对照组)、1.63%(D2)、1.98%(D3)、2.22%(D4)、2.58%(D5)和2.97%(D6)的6组实验饲料,饲喂初始体质量为(16.40±0.14) g的仿刺参幼参60 d。结果显示,(1)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参幼参的增重率和特定生长率显著升高,在D3组增重率达到最大值100.84%,随亮氨酸含量进一步提高,增重率和特定生长率显著降低,但D3、D4和D5组增重率和特定生长率还是显著高于对照组;(2)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参体壁的粗脂肪含量显著升高,在D3组达到最大值5.50%,且显著高于其他组,随亮氨酸含量进一步提高,仿刺参体壁粗脂肪含量显著降低,各组间水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量均无显著性差异;随饲料亮氨酸含量的升高,仿刺参体壁蛋氨酸含量显著提高;(3)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参肠道脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性显著提高,...     

饲料添加活性污泥对刺参生长、摄食及代谢的影响

为研究在海参商品饲料中添加不同含量的活性污泥对刺参养殖的效果,进行了60 d养殖试验,结果表明:添加20%和30%活性污泥组刺参增重率、日增重和特定生长率最高,投喂海参商品饲料组次之,而投喂污泥组刺参的生长最慢。投喂活性污泥和商品饲料的刺参摄食率、排粪率、饲料转化率、有机质同化率都高于投喂污泥组,在活性污泥组中,四个指标随着活性污泥添加量增加而总体呈递减趋势。投喂商品饲料和投喂20%、30%活性污泥添加量的刺参耗氧率和排氨率与污泥组相比较高。这些结果表明饲料中添加活性污泥可以促进刺参生长,提高刺参的摄食率和同化效率,对刺参耗氧率和排氨氯有一定的影响。     

饲料中脂肪含量对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼生长和消化的影响

在水温29.0±1.0℃下,将140日龄、体质量8～10g的七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciata)幼鱼放入室内54cm×40cm×28era的水箱中,投喂以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(粗蛋白45.0%)、以豆油为脂肪源配制的5种脂肪水平(10.21%、12.02%、17.17%、21.0%,和22.14%)的饲料.90d的饲养表明,七彩神仙幼鱼的成活率变化在96.67%～100.0%之间,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05).随饲料中脂肪含量的增加,鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和增重率均先增加而后降低;摄食含12.02%脂肪饲料的鱼SGR、PER和增重率极显著地高于摄食含10.22%和22.14%脂肪饲料的鱼(P<0.001),而当鱼摄食含17.17%和21.05%脂肪的饲料时,SGR、PER和增重率与摄食含12.02%脂肪饲料的鱼差异不显著(P>0.05).当饲料中脂肪含量为12.02%时,鱼对饲料中蛋白质的消化率最高;摄食含脂肪为10.22%、12.02%和17.17%的饲料时,对饲料蛋白的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05).实验表明,七彩神仙鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜脂肪含量在12.02%～17.17%之间.     

饲料中添加精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响

为研究精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响,在基础饲料中添加0、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%和4.00%的包膜精氨酸(精氨酸含量为40%),配制精氨酸含量为0.32%、0.73%、1.16%、1.61%和1.99%的5种实验饲料(命名为D1,D2,D3,D4和D5),饲喂初始体质量9.10 g的仿刺参幼参60 d。结果表明,精氨酸显著提高了仿刺参的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率,且在D4组达到最高;D3、D4和D5组仿刺参的脏壁比、肠壁比及肠长比显著低于D1和D2组,但3组之间差异不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁粗蛋白的沉积,但对水分及粗脂肪含量影响不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸、羟脯氨酸、必需氨基酸及总氨基酸的含量,降低了赖氨酸含量;体腔液中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活力随着精氨酸含量的增加而显著提高;肠道蛋白酶活力与饲料精氨酸含量呈二次负相关关系(Y酶活=-3.228X2精氨酸+2.865X精氨酸+26.24,R2=0.934),D3、D4和D5组纤维素酶活力显著高于D1和D2组,淀粉酶及脂肪酶活力不受精氨酸含量的影响。以增重率为评价指标,一元二次回归分析表明,体质量9.10 g的仿刺参饲料中精氨酸适宜含量为1.55%(7.10%饲料粗蛋白)。     

饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫生长和体组成的影响

以初始体重为39.20±0.24mg的方格星虫稚虫为实验对象,分别饲喂蛋白水平为25.21%、29.87%、35.03%、40.67%、45.47%、50.12%、55.29%、60.38%、64.85%的9种等能微颗粒饲料56d,研究饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫生长和体组成的影响。结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高,稚星虫的增重率和特定生长率都呈先增后降的趋势,当饲料蛋白水平为45.47%时,稚星虫增重率和特定生长率均达到最大值,二次曲线回归分析确定当增重率达到极值时,饲料蛋白水平为46.79%;对稚星虫体组成成分的分析表明,饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫体组成中脂肪和蛋白质的含量影响显著(P<0.05),稚星虫体蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平的上升有显著升高的趋势,64.85%组稚星虫体蛋白含量最高,显著高于其他各蛋白水平组(P<0.05)。体脂肪含量随着饲料蛋白水平的上升有降低的趋势,64.85%组稚星虫的体脂肪含量最低,显著低于25.21%、29.87%、35.03%和40.67%组(P<0.05)。饲料蛋白水平对稚星虫体灰分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。以增重率为评价指标时,方格星虫稚虫对饲料中蛋白的适宜需求量为46.79%。     

仿刺参幼参对饲料中维生素B6需求量的研究

为研究仿刺参幼参对维生素B_6的最适需求量,配制维生素B_6实测含量分别为1.23、5.29、9.35、17.47、33.71和66.17 mg/kg的6组实验饲料D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6组,饲喂初始体质量为(12.23±0.11) g的仿刺参幼参12周。结果显示,①随着维生素B_6含量的增加,实验仿刺参的增重率、特定生长率均先升后降,在D5组达到最高值;体壁粗蛋白含量先升后降,D6组显著低于其他组;D1组粗脂肪含量显著低于其他组;②体腔液中葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶及一氧化氮合酶活性均先升后降,D6组显著低于其他组;③随着饲料中维生素B_6含量的增加,肠道蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性显著升高,纤维素酶活性显著降低,肠壁厚度及绒毛长度均显著升高。以增重率为评价指标,经一元二次回归分析得出仿刺参幼参饲料中维生素B_6的适宜需求量为45 mg/kg。     

海星棘皮投喂仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)的效果

在饲料中添加海星棘皮,与两组商品饲料分别投喂体重为5.0–6.7 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka),进行60 d养殖试验,研究其对仿刺参平均增重率(AWGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、摄食率(FR)和蛋白表观消化率(APD)的影响。结果显示,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);60 d时,各组仿刺参的AWGR和SGR变化趋势相同,由高到低依次为市售2组、海星组、市售1组;海星饲料组仿刺参的FCR最低,与其他两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);海星饲料组与市售1组的FR间差异不显著(P>0.05),与市售2组FR间有显著差异(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的饲料转化率(FE)明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的APD最高,为67.28%,与市售1组的APD差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,添加海星棘皮可以较好地促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用,可添加到仿刺参幼参饲料中用作饲料源。     

发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响,以发酵豆粕分别替代基础饲料中的藻粉及鱼粉藻粉混合物(2∶15),配制9组等氮实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为17.7 g左右的刺参幼参70 d。结果显示,随替代藻粉比例的升高,实验刺参的增重率及特定生长率先升后降(P0.05);随替代混合物比例的升高,D8、D9组增重率及特定生长率显著低于前3组(P0.05),但前3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁粗脂肪含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了粗灰分含量(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁甘氨酸、蛋氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P0.05),提高了苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸含量(P0.05),提高了精氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn及Pb含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Cr及Pb含量(P0.05),提高了Fe及Mn含量(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,经SAS REG曲线拟合,发酵豆粕替代藻粉的最佳比例为29.75%;经SAS NLIN曲线拟合,替代46.46%的鱼粉藻粉混合物对刺参生长无显著影响。     

投饲蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质影响的初步研究

分别以配合饲料(对照组)、蚕豆(蚕豆组)饲喂平均体重为496.5 g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)66d,考察蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组和蚕豆组增重率为82.76%,36.96%;饵料系数为2.17,4.45;肥满度为13.09,7.72;粗脂肪含量为0.89%,1.43%;肌肉失水率为27.14%,15.87%;肌原纤维长度为28.32μm,33.31μm;羟脯氨酸0.12mg/g,0.16mg/g。在生长方面,与配合饲料组相比,蚕豆组草鱼的增重率、肥满度极显著降低,饲料系数极显著增加(P<0.01);在肌肉品质方面,失水率极显著降低;粗脂肪含量、肌原纤维长度、羟脯氨酸含量极显著提高(P<0.01)。结果表明,投喂蚕豆对草鱼肌肉具有特殊的改变作用。     

仿刺参幼参对缬氨酸最适需求量的研究

为探讨仿刺参幼参对缬氨酸的最适需求量,在基础饲料中添加0、0.80%、1.60%、2.40%、3.20%和4.00%的包膜缬氨酸,配制缬氨酸含量分别为0.61%(D1,对照组)、1.14%(D2)、1.46%(D3)、1.73%(D4)、2.17%(D5)和2.64%(D6)的实验饲料,饲喂体质量为(9.20±0.12)g的仿刺参幼参8周。结果显示,①添加缬氨酸对仿刺参幼参的成活率(SR)无显著影响;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组显著高于其他各组;②添加缬氨酸对肠壁比和肠长比均无显著影响;③体壁粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组,添加缬氨酸显著提高了体壁组氨酸、缬氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量,降低了亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和酪氨酸含量;④肠道中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随缬氨酸添加量的增加呈上升趋势,D1组显著低于其他各组;丙二醛(MDA)呈先下降后上升趋势,D4组显著低于对照组;⑤肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力均呈先上升后下降趋势,D3组蛋白酶显著高于其他各组,淀粉酶活力不受缬氨酸含量的影响。综上,饲料中添加适宜的缬氨酸显著提高了仿刺参的生长性能和非特异性免疫力,改变了体壁的常规成分和氨基酸含量。以增重率为评价指标,经折线回归分析得出,体质量为9.20 g的仿刺参其配合饲料中缬氨酸最适含量为1.79%(9.18%饲料蛋白质)。     

Effects of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase supplemented to practical shrimp feeds. The 5 weeks growth trial evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation in replete phosphorus (P) diets on the performances and compositions of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. No significant differences were observed in final biomass, final mean weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention and survival across all the treatments. Shrimp reared on the P deficient diet had significantly higher P retention and lower whole body P levels as compared to shrimp fed the other diets. Copper content in the whole shrimp body was significantly increased in the treatment supplemented with 1,000 IU kg^?1 feed phytase. The digestibility trial was conducted to study the combined effects of phytase supplementation levels and diet type (plant‐based versus fishmeal‐based) on apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. There were no effects of diet type so the data was combined. Phytase incorporation at both 500 and 2,000 IU kg^?1 significantly improved protein digestibility, whereas P digestibility was enhanced when 2,000 IU kg^?1 phytase was supplemented to the diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine were significantly increased when fed diets contained 500 and 2,000 IU kg^?1 phytase supplementation. Results of this work demonstrate that under the conditions of the study growth was not enhanced by phytase supplementation in P replete diets. However, nutrient retention for Cu and digestibility of P, protein and a number of amino acids were enhanced.     

饲料中赖氨酸和精氨酸含量对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体成分和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

为研究饲料中精氨酸(Arg)、赖氨酸(Lys)水平及其相互作用对大菱鲆生长、体成分和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响,本实验以初始体质量为(18.48±0.16)g的大菱鲆作为研究对象,采用3×3双因素设计,在基础饲料中分别添加Arg(0%、0.9%和2.0%)和Lys(0%、1.19%和2.39%),配制成9种等氮等能的实验饲料,每个处理设3个重复,每重复30尾鱼,养殖周期为8周。实验结果表明,当饲料中Lys添加量为1.19%时,大菱鲆增重率和特定生长率较其他两种添加量组显著升高(P < 0.05),但精氨酸的添加对其影响不显著且与赖氨酸之间不存在交互作用(P > 0.05)。饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质保留率和鱼体蛋白质含量受饲料中Lys和Arg添加量的交互影响(P < 0.05),在Arg和Lys添加量分别为0.9%和1.19%时,数值最高,显著高于赖氨酸未添加组和高添加组(P < 0.05)。全鱼粗脂肪、水分、灰分和形体指标不受Arg和Lys的交互作用影响(P > 0.05)。粗脂肪和水分随Lys的添加量升高而显著降低(P < 0.05);肝体比和脏体比均随饲料中Arg和Lys添加量的升高而显著降低(P < 0.05)。肌肉中大多数氨基酸含量受饲料Arg和Lys添加量的交互作用,显著性最低值均出现在Arg和Lys添加量分别为0.9%和2.39%组(P < 0.05)。以上结果表明,Arg和Lys的交互作用显著影响了大菱鲆幼鱼的饲料效率、鱼体蛋白质沉积和肌肉氨基酸含量;Arg和Lys添加量分别为0.9%和1.19%时,大菱鲆有最大生长和饲料利用效率;与Arg相比,Lys为主要影响因素,适量添加Lys可以促进生长,而添加量过高Lys会与Arg产生拮抗作用,抑制生长、饲料利用和肌肉氨基酸沉积。     

Evaluation of Soybean Proteins as Replacements for Menhaden Fish Meal in Practical Diets for the Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

A series of growth trials was conducted to evaluate the use of soy protein as a replacement for fish protein in isonitrogenous practical diets for juvenile red drum Sciacnops ocellatus. Feeds were offered at or in excess of satiation to juvenile red drum maintained at 26–28 C and a salinity of 25–35 ppt. In the first growth trial, red drum were offered one of four diets containing graded levels of menhaden fish meal, replacing solvent-extracted soybean meal and soy-protein isolates. Differences in weight gain, survival and feed efficiency ratios of the fish corresponded to increases in fish meal content of the diets. Due to poor performance of the fish maintained on the low (15%) fish meal diet, a methionine supplement was introduced into this diet at the midpoint of the growth trial. A positive increase in growth indicated a dietary deficiency of methionine and/or total sulfur amino acids in the unsupplemented diet. A positive response to dietary fish meal also occurred in the second growth trial despite the supplementation of L-methionine in the test diets. In low fish meal diets the utilization of solvent extracted soybean meal or a soy-protein isolate resulted in similar growth responses. Hence, the presence of an antinutrient did not likely cause reduced growth rates. In the third feeding trial, weight gain also increased with increasing fish meal content of the diet despite the equalization of digestible protein and selected amino acids. There were no significant differences in whole-body compositions which indicated similar biological value of the diets (protein digestibility, amino acid balance and energy availability). The singular deletion of fish-solubles, glycine, lysine and methionine from the diet containing the lowest level of fish meal (10 g/100 g diet) did not result in significant changes in weight gain. This indicated that these components did not add to the nutritive value and/or palatability of this formulation. The final experiment was designed to evaluate the response of red drum to a control diet (high fish meal) as compared to a low fish meal diet with and without potential attractants/palatability enhancers. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratios of fish offered the low fish meal diet supplemented with seafood flavor or fish flavor #2 were not significantly different from the control (high fish meal diet). Based on the results of this study, with suitable formulation restrictions, soy protein is acceptable for inclusion in practical diet formulations for red drum. However, soy protein itself does not appear replete in sulfur-containing amino acids and does not have acceptable palatability properties. Consequently, feeds containing reduced levels of marine proteins could require suitable attractants and/or amino acid supplements.     

Method for Determining Apparent Digestibility of Carbohydrate and Protein Sources for Artificial Diets for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Australostichopus mollis

Effective nursery diets can greatly reduce the cost of producing juvenile sea cucumbers for release to aquaculture or restocking programs. However, methods for systematically testing the bioavailability of artificial diet ingredients for sea cucumbers are poorly developed, and consequently, there has been little research in this field. The current study presents methods developed to test the suitability of common carbohydrate and protein sources for inclusion in artificial diets for juvenile Australostichopus mollis. Apparent digestibility of carbohydrates was moderate and did not exceed 50% for any carbohydrates assayed. Wheat starch and carrageenans showed the highest digestibility amongst carbohydrates. Differences in apparent digestibility were not reflected in growth performance of juvenile A. mollis fed carbohydrate diets; overall growth performance was poor for all diets. Artificial protein sources consistently exhibited higher apparent digestibility, ranging from 75.1% for fish meal to 98.1% for casein. Low‐cost protein sources, like meat meal, show promise for future use in artificial diet formulation. However, delivering high protein content may reduce ingestion rates and thereby lower overall digestive efficiency in juveniles. Results show that artificial carbohydrate sources have some potential as diet constituents for juvenile sea cucumbers but are unsuitable as primary energy sources. Future testing of artificial carbohydrate sources for A. mollis may require predigestion to improve digestibility.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal with corn gluten meal,pea protein isolate and their mixture in diet of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles: Effects on growth performance,feed utilization and haematological parameters

Corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein isolate (PPI) and their mixture (CPP, 1:1 ratio) were evaluated as fishmeal (FM) alternatives in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles (9.02 ± 0.12 g). A FM diet was designed as control, and other six diets had 20% and 40% FM protein replaced by CGM, PPI and CPP, respectively, with the supplementation of crystalline methionine, arginine and lysine. After the 8‐week feeding trial, significantly lower weight gain was found in fish fed the 40% CGM diet (p < .05), whereas other treatments had no statistical difference (p > .05). The values of feed efficiency ratio and feed intake, as well as proximate compositions of muscle and whole body, were not significantly influenced in all treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly influenced by protein source. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly higher content of essential amino acid in muscle than that of the 20% PPI diet. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly lower content of serum cholesterol than other treatments (p < .05). Elevated serum superoxide dismutase activity was found in fish fed the 40% plant protein diets. In conclusion, between 20% and 40% FM protein could be replaced by CGM, while about 40% FM protein derived from PPI and CPP could be applied in black sea bream.     

Proteolysis by juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gastrointestinal enzymes as a method for the evaluation of feed proteins

Protein digestibility by gastrointestinal homogenates of Dicentrarchus labrax, was investigated in 5 feeds in relation to their amino acids composition and their ability to sustain growth of D. labrax post larval juveniles. Gastric proteolysis was found to contribute <25% of the total proteolytic capacity. Correlation was found between intestinal proteolytic capacity and the feed protein content of three pairs of amino acids. The sum of basic amino acids, arginine + lysine in the feed protein exhibited a positive correlation with susceptibility to proteolysis. The sum of the acid amino acids glycine and proline showed a negative correlation.Comparison of the intestinal proteolytic enzymatic activities in 3 growth stages of this species revealed similar profiles. Post larval and large juveniles had similar proteolytic capacities when compared on the basis of equal activity on an artificial substrate of Trypsin. Specific growth rates of post larval fish fed on these 5 feeds correlated positively with their protein digestibility as measured with large juvenile's intestinal homogenates. The results suggest that in this species, the efficiency of feeds in sustaining growth at the post larval stage can be estimated by measuring the feed protein digestibility by the proteolytic system of larger sized juveniles.     

Total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis)

Two separate feeding trials were conducted to determine the total sulfur amino acid requirement of hybrid striped bass. Semipurified diets containing 35% crude protein from fish muscle and crystalline amino acids were supplemented with graded levels of methionine. Each diet was fed to juvenile fish in triplicate aquaria receiving freshwater for 8 weeks. Fish fed the basal diet which contained 0.38% methionine and 0.13% cystine experienced complete mortality within 1 week. Prior to death, some fish fed inadequate methionine were observed to have bilateral cataracts. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish were significantly (P<0.01) affected by supplemental methionine. Regression analysis of weight gain data using the broken-line model indicated a total sulfur amino acid requirement (±s.e.) of 1.0% (±0.02%) of dry diet or 2.9% of dietary protein.     

The Modification of Poultry By-product Meal for Use in Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis Diets

Abstract— A pair of experiments were performed to assess amino acid supplementation of pet food grade poultry by‐product meal for utilization as the sole protein source for hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis. The first experiment determined the available amino acids from menhaden fishmeal and poultry by‐product meal for hybrid striped bass. The second experiment determined the efficacy of supplementing poultry by‐product meal with amino acids based on an ideal amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass muscle. The positive control diet contained 40% digestible protein solely from menhaden fishmeal and the negative control diet contained 40% digestible protein solely from pet food grade poultry by‐product meal. The negative control diet was additively supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine, and leucine at 1.16,0.57,0.31 and 0.47% of the diet, respectively. Lysine supplementation alone did not improve fish performance based on any measured response. Moreover, the negative control diet and the lysine supplemented diet had lower weight gain and feed efficiency than the positive control diet. Supplementation of the diet containing pet food grade poultry by‐product with lysine and methionine; lysine, methionine, and threonine; or lysine, methionine, threonine, and leucine improved weight gain and feed efficiency above that of the negative control diet. The diet containing poultry by‐product supplemented with lysine, methionine, and threonine produced weight gains statistically indistinguishable from those of the positive control diet. Protein and energy retention efficiencies also improved with supplementation of at least lysine and methionine and were statistically indistinguishable from those observed in fish fed the positive control diet. Supplementation with lysine and methionine reduced the hepatosomatic index to levels similar to those found in fish fed the menhaden fishmeal diet. Intraperitoneal fat levels were similar among treatments (6.1‐6.6%) with the exception that fish fed the diet supplemented with lysine, methionine, and threonine exhibited lower (5.5%) fat levels. Supplementing the poultry by‐product meal diet with only lysine and methionine increased muscle ratio to levels equivalent to those found in fish fed the positive control (fishmeal) diet. In conclusion, amino acid supplementation of pet food grade poultry by‐product meal can be used to replace fishmeal in diets for hybrid striped bass without a reduction in fish performance.     

Methionine Requirement of Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract.— Growth studies were conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . A basal diet was formulated to contain 50% crude protein from casein and gelatin, as intact protein sources, supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids (CAA), to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in the whole body protein of the juvenile Japanese flounder, except methionine. Test diets contained six graded levels of L-methionine 0.53, 0.83, 1.13, 1.43, 1.73, and 2.03% of diet (dry matter basis) or 1.06, 1.66, 2.26, 2.86, 3.46 and 4.06% of protein. To prevent leaching losses of water-soluble amino acids, CAA were pre-coated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and diets were further bound with both CMC and κ-carrageenan after addition of the pre-coated CAA. Weighing about 2.80 g, each triplicate group of the juvenile flounder were fed test diets twice a day (5% of body weight) for 40 d. Survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and apparent protein retention were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by dietary methionine concentrations. The optimum dietary level of methionine in the presence of 0.06% of dietary cystine for Japanese flounder juvenile was estimated by using break point analysis. The values determined based on weight gain and feed efficiency were 1.49% of diet (or 2.98% of protein) and 1.44% of diet (or 2.88% of protein), respectively. These requirement values are close to the methionine level of flounder whole body protein.